Project Gutenberg 2003-11-01 Public domain in the USA. 490 Toynbee, Arnold 1889 1975 Toynbee, Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Arnold J. Turkey: a Past and a Future E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, L. Barber, and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders "Turkey: A Past and a Future" by A.J. Toynbee is a historical account written in the early 20th century. The text explores the complex historical, cultural, and ethnic landscape of Turkey, particularly in the context of its transformation during and after World War I. It delves into the various peoples and civilizations that have shaped Turkey's past, as well as the Ottoman Empire's multifaceted nature, revealing both its historical significance and its contemporary challenges. The opening of the work sets the stage by illustrating Turkey's rich tapestry of landscapes and cities while acknowledging the diverse range of ethnic groups that reside within its borders. Toynbee describes the geographic variety of the region, from the deserts of Mesopotamia to the highlands of Armenia, and discusses the cities that have served as cultural and commercial hubs through the ages, such as Constantinople and Aleppo. He emphasizes the tensions arising from the empire's ethnic diversity and the effects of war and government policies on this intricate societal fabric. Overall, the opening portrays a nation marked by its complexities and contradictions, establishing a foundation for understanding Turkey's past and future. (This is an automatically generated summary.) Reading ease score: 52.4 (10th to 12th grade). Somewhat difficult to read. en Eastern question World War, 1914-1918 -- Turkey Turkey -- History D501 Text Category: History - Other 169490 2025-10-04T11:06:27.291943 text/html 169476 169325 2024-11-05T04:07:00.025186 2023-10-05T05:10:39.055682 text/html text/html 133533 2025-10-04T11:06:32.555911 application/epub+zip 134468 2025-10-04T11:06:29.856935 application/epub+zip 125913 2025-10-04T11:06:28.847953 application/epub+zip 269832 2025-10-04T11:06:34.606865 application/x-mobipocket-ebook 258313 2025-10-04T11:06:31.957880 application/x-mobipocket-ebook 185823 2022-09-05T07:11:17.624576 application/x-mobipocket-ebook 154845 2025-10-04T11:06:27.043942 text/plain; charset=us-ascii 135020 2024-10-28T17:39:59 text/plain; charset=us-ascii 17007 2025-10-04T11:06:34.731866 application/rdf+xml 14050 2025-10-04T11:06:29.327977 image/jpeg 3762 2025-10-04T11:06:29.086922 image/jpeg 133066 2025-10-04T11:06:27.306916 application/octet-stream application/zip Archives containing the RDF files for *all* our books can be downloaded at https://book.klll.cc/wiki/Gutenberg:Feeds#The_Complete_Project_Gutenberg_Catalog en.wikipedia