Archives containing the RDF files for *all* our books can be downloaded at https://book.klll.cc/wiki/Gutenberg:Feeds#The_Complete_Project_Gutenberg_Catalog Project Gutenberg 2003-08-01 Public domain in the USA. 370 Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, kniaz 1842 1921 Кропоткин, Пётр Алексеевич Kropotkin, P. A. Kropotkin, Peter Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Wikipedia page about this book: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution Produced by Charles Aldarondo "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" by P. Kropotkin is a scientific publication written in the late 19th to early 20th century. In this work, Kropotkin challenges the prevailing Darwinian notion of the "struggle for existence" as the primary factor driving evolution, instead proposing that mutual aid and cooperation among species play a more crucial role in survival and evolution. The opening of the book presents Kropotkin's observations during his travels in Eastern Siberia and Northern Manchuria, where he noted the harsh conditions of nature and the consequent scarcity of animal life. He contrasts this with the numerous instances of cooperation and mutual aid among species, which he believes are essential for survival in the face of dire environmental challenges. Kropotkin sets the stage for further discussions on various species of animals—pointing out how they work together for mutual benefit, thereby laying a foundation for his thesis that cooperation, rather than competition, is a fundamental law of nature and a significant factor in the evolutionary process. (This is an automatically generated summary.) Reading ease score: 51.9 (10th to 12th grade). Somewhat difficult to read. en Cooperation Social groups Social institutions HM Text Anarchism Category: Science - Biology Category: Environmental Issues Category: Archaeology & Anthropology 620133 2025-07-02T10:33:52.825459 text/html 619954 2025-01-08T23:57:15.609284 text/html 316251 2025-07-02T10:34:00.915402 application/epub+zip 324508 2025-07-02T10:33:55.953389 application/epub+zip 302040 2025-07-02T10:33:54.798406 application/epub+zip 569158 2025-07-02T10:34:05.089332 application/x-mobipocket-ebook 544035 2025-07-02T10:34:00.199387 application/x-mobipocket-ebook 481620 2022-09-02T14:12:10.095852 application/x-mobipocket-ebook 597054 2025-07-02T10:33:52.445418 text/plain; charset=us-ascii 596910 2014-11-15T08:18:06 text/plain; charset=us-ascii 596875 2011-06-14T14:11:06 text/plain; charset=us-ascii 20180 2025-07-02T10:34:05.215331 application/rdf+xml 15954 2025-07-02T10:33:55.290390 image/jpeg 3901 2025-07-02T10:33:55.043359 image/jpeg 225519 2014-11-15T08:18:26 application/octet-stream application/zip 225461 2011-06-14T14:11:44 application/octet-stream application/zip 316403 2025-07-02T10:33:52.870444 application/octet-stream application/zip en.wikipedia