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ULhEXPERIMENTTRIPSITHGowwwυwwv5393>K.ROh//ǀohp -1442458>BCRIBER’SOTES;p> NM@ody> ҀINDXTAGX DAIDXTINDX 0001/02C+03oe04Uq05Fـ06J07d608 ـ09%0A3 0B@0CTـ0Do 0E}0F`10bN11 012 2132ŀ14Qc155.16c17eL 182 19E/ 1Au1Bv ܀1Cyv 1Dpt р1Ed8 1F 20&H 21n> 22- 239 24=< 25yр26 ΀27 ր28V 29p 2A}2BT 2CT* 2D~ 2E/ 2F6 30? Ԁ31O 32b ހ33|34~ 35I 36L ׀37d 38p39t 3A|3B3C"'3DI3EL؀3FQ40T$41y42 43 'ڀ44 ( 45 346 8#47 \48 c?49!"4A#!"4B%DAƀ4C&׀4D&߀4E& 74F&W50&g 51&uX52'M 53'WT54)+55)Jn56*957*I58*`59*|,5A+)5B+E €5C+Pπ5D-Y5E-`65F.60.Հ61.#62.= ׀63/^64/l650 661671=681E691Mʀ6A1O)Ҁ6B1x%6C3<6D4[Ӏ6E4`26F57050715?)ɀ725i736o4747$757%767@777\787{797~7A8ƀ7B8#7C8( 7D8HU7E97F97@̀809xۀ819{82: 83:0,84:]85:o<86;+2ŀ87;^88;a؀89;d8A;h8B;l8C;q8D;u\8E793>Oj94?995?@o96@097@298@9׀99@W 9A@a9B@k9CAkCр9DB.׀9EBD9FEHiA0F2LA1F~A2IwA3J \A4Li \A5VFȀA6VGkɀA7W3ۀA8WIA9WQҀAAWR ABWc ACWf ADWy րAEW~! AFX !B0X$C!B1XhM!B2Y6B3Y9^!ڀB4Z'!B5Z?"B6ZH&"B7Zn"ŀB8Zo0$؀B9] M$BA]n"BB]rH$BC^:Q%BD_ !%BE_.("BF_V#C0_o#C1_t%C2_x%C3_z%C4_}&C5`#ԀC6`o#C7b $C8b Y$C9dy&$CAe $CBe-CCe.-&CDe[x&CEfTP&CFg%"&πD0gG'&D1gnN'D2h<'D3h>)D4hA)D5hHR)ۀD6i)D7i9(D8iX(ƀD9iu7)DAj,1IDXT)5AMYeq}(4@LXdq}'3?KWdp| $0=JVbnz $0<HT`my $1=IUamy !-9EQ]iu)5BNZgs    ) 5 A M Y e p }   & 2 ? K W b n z HANDBOOK OF RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION; FOR THE USE OF AMERICAN ENGINEERS. CONTAINING THE NECESSARY RULES, TABLES, AND FORMULÆ FOR THE LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, AND MANAGEMENT OF RAILROADS, AS BUILT IN THE UNITED STATES. With 158 IllustrationsPREFACE.GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.ANALYTICAL INDEX.ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS, AND CORRECTIONS.INTRODUCTION.CHAPTER I. RECONNOISSANCE.CHAPTER II. SURVEY.CHAPTER III. LOCATION.CHAPTER IV. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS.CHAPTER V. LAYING OUT WORK.CHAPTER VI. EARTHWORK.CHAPTER VII. ROCKWORK.CHAPTER VIII. WOODEN BRIDGES.CHAPTER IX. IRON BRIDGES.CHAPTER X. STONE BRIDGES.CHAPTER XI. MASONRY.CHAPTER XII. FOUNDATIONS.CHAPTER XIII. SUPERSTRUCTURE.CHAPTER XIV. EQUIPMENT.CHAPTER XV. STATIONS.CHAPTER XVI. MANAGEMENT.APPENDIX.TRANSCRIBER’S NOTESRISE AND PROGRESS OF RAILROADS.INFLUENCE OF RAILROADS.SAFETY OF RAILROAD TRAVELLING.PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS.MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF LOCOMOTION.DETERMINATION OF CHARACTER OF ROAD.GAUGE.GENERAL ESTABLISHMENT OF ROUTE.GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY.BAROMETRICAL LEVELLING.TOPOGRAPHICAL SKETCHING.GENERAL ESTABLISHMENT OF GRADES.EQUATING FOR GRADES.COMPARISON OF SURVEYED LINES.ALIGNMENT.FINAL ADJUSTING OF GRADES.COMPARISON OF LOCATED LINES.SPECIFICATION.THE CONTRACT.SOLICIT FOR BIDS.FORM FOR A BID.COMPARISON OF BIDS.77. Specification for Graduation.78. Specification for Masonry.84. Specifications for Superstructure.85. Specification for Fencing.86. General Provisions.SLOPES.CULVERTS.MASONRY.TUNNELS.FORM OF RAILROAD SECTIONS.EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT.TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL.OF THE AVERAGE HAUL.DRAINING.METHOD OF CONDUCTING OPERATIONS.CONTRACTOR’S MEASUREMENTS.SUBSOIL DRAINING.ROCK EXCAVATION.BLASTING AND QUARRYING.TUNNELLING.SHAFTS.OF THE FORCES AT WORK IN BRIDGES.TENSION.COMPRESSION.CROSS STRAIN.DETRUSION.ACTUAL STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.RULES FOR PRACTICE.OF THE TRUSS.THE ARCH.OF THE ROAD-WAY.LATERAL BRACING.PILE BRIDGING.TRESTLING.DRAWBRIDGES.CENTRES.GENERAL RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS.WROUGHT IRON.CAST-IRON.GENERAL TABLE OF THE NATURE OF MATERIALS.OF POSTS.HOWE’S BRIDGE.BRACES.RODS.COUNTERBRACING.PRATT’S BRIDGE.SUSPENSION RODS.COUNTER RODS.LATTICE BRIDGES.S. W. HALL’S WOODEN TRUSS AND ARCH BRIDGE.McCallum’s patent railroad bridge.OBLIQUE BRIDGES.NATURE AND STRENGTH OF IRON.CLASSIFICATION OF IRON BRIDGES.COMBINATIONS OF CAST AND WROUGHT IRON.SUSPENSION BRIDGES.BOILER PLATE BRIDGES.218. GENERAL RATIOS OF THE STRENGTH OF IRON.OF THE STRENGTH OF BOILER PLATES.WHIPPLE’S IRON BRIDGES.OF THE CABLES.CABLES.ANCHOR CHAINS.ANCHORING MASONRY.TOWERS.SUSPENDING RODS.OF THE STIFFENING TRUSSES, GIRDERS, AND STAYS.CONTRACTION OF THE WATER-WAY.OF THE FORM OF THE ARCH.THICKNESS OF VOUSSOIRS, (RING STONES).THICKNESS AND FORM OF ABUTMENTS.PIERS.THE FIVE CENTRED CURVE.STONES.LIMES, CEMENTS, MORTARS, AND CONCRETES.CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHES.CULVERTS AND DRAINS.RETAINING WALLS.SAND.FLASHING MORTAR.POINTING MORTAR.GROUT.PILE DRIVING.MITCHELL’S SCREW PILE.DR. POTTS’S ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM.COFFER-DAM.FOUNDATION BY CAISSON.TIMBERWORK.SECTION OF THE RAIL.CHAIRS AND JOINTS.FROGS.SWITCHES.SIDINGS AND CROSSINGS.ELEVATION OF THE EXTERIOR RAIL.OF THE ACTUAL DIMENSIONS OF RAILS.THE HEAD.THE VERTICAL RIB.THE BOTTOM FLANGE.OF THE INCLINATION.OF THE HEAD CURVATURE.OF THE VERTICAL DEPTH (HEIGHT) OF THE RAIL.OF THE LIFE OF RAILS.TABLE OF THE WEIGHT PER MILE OF DIFFERENT RAILS.TRACK-LAYING.PART I. LOCOMOTIVES.PART II. CARS.BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE LOCOMOTIVE.THE ENGLISH LOCOMOTIVE OF 1850.THE AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE OF 1855.GENERAL DESCRIPTION.MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. RESISTANCE TO THE MOTION OF RAILROAD TRAINS.TRACTION AND ADHESION.FUEL.GENERATION OF STEAM.APPLICATION OF STEAM.OF BOILER PROPORTIONS.REVIEW OF THE FORMULÆ AND FORMATION OF THE TABLES.ADAPTATION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE TO THE MOVEMENT OF RAILWAY TRAINS.GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.WHEELS AND AXLES.CLASSIFICATION OF CARS.RETARDING OF TRAINS.CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS.LOCATION OF BUILDINGS.TERMINAL PASSENGER HOUSE.TERMINAL FREIGHT HOUSE.ENGINE HOUSE AND APPURTENANCES.WOOD SHED AND TANK.OF THE WATER SUPPLY.EXAMPLE OF USE OF PRECEDING RULES.ORGANIZATION OF EMPLOYEES.DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES.NUMBER OF TRAINS TO BE USED.AMOUNT OF SERVICE OF ENGINES.EXPENSES, RECEIPTS, PROFITS.EXPRESS TRAINS.COMPARATIVE COST OF WORKING HEAVY AND LIGHT TRAINS.BRANCH ROADS.REPRODUCTION OF ROAD AND STOCK.WORKING RAILROADS BY CONTRACT.CLASSIFICATION OF FREIGHT.TIME TABLES.LOCOMOTIVE REGISTERS.TELEGRAPH.NEW YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD.EXPENSES.RECEIPTS AND PROFITS.INCREASED COST OF WORKING.COST AND MAINTENANCE OF WAY AND WORKS.OF THE INCREASED DANGER OF FAST TRAVELLING.RAILS.SLEEPERS.BRIDGES.EXTRAS.A. DECIMAL ARITHMETIC.B. ALGEBRAIC FORMULÆ.C. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.D. VALUE OF THE BIRMINGHAM GAUGES.E. LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS.F. EFFECT OF GRADES ON THE COST OF WORKING RAILROADS.G. SPECIFICATION FOR A PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE FOR THE A. AND B. RAILROAD.H. RELATIVE COST OF TRANSPORT BY RAILROAD AND BY STAGE.I. FORM FOR RECORDING THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL TRIPS WITH LOCOMOTIVES.K. 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