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[1098-(9 A.DЀׂׂׂׂ]˅1ԉj jufy">Yetis ,henyyereiewreach_gious`susYabo邨mPhHf؂defePHKerboga.ԀzealBrrusapschillmomavictory;+nsteadmartoQƒ8!rnationyadi@rs8enjoyluxurySyricausestrandelayeou2waPengthsubor r.Ɂ[painfuva{icAnpch@valAanni@d; n8JeveH@kd8lost9faminxsickness,r;bsambȂypl\ ductiHhirď!al9iؠ@ Psgen؆xxpe)erwhisweptwhfifUs.Ɩra) com8dknon0;obeChtaydxhяtroop X؏pidXexpediohearȦQbAumc8XernJAMayrelicm@Q ceeQfromUILaodahboutrgdt@fnoȉXnhxho(tw*FfooapB1mPiٗf rج؂put+numгCmphmexzsiegehItn񢀸Tabq itaby Ralevai8gbcJZeo@%aggyp*ڠR*necpЂ!ificҎinht8i؁fPJYb؉خXeB+armyʌ on0i2`r8rwasiPcH.odاou0qsdfHICalvaSlefhXfa8st. ephengPClinttackϹyԥȮAtwoPttC Raymop@ishquarзWHlU!GZsinclud\8ccOMfda?Al莰acrificoffd9hmistakenotari1pChr0i(;؁؄Hqvneireor8xuXmhir0acabXrh;ulg;mseȄxzacuiinfRebodсduc`ep`mie.Rt(sMosbeXp!3sword+yharmlesswrn[synagogI‰ll er0aultituptwhinXZr Bsua,o arOjsav oC“pȓLHon8etrso@sntKom;(tpXyaXmofenRaymon(x|afzx^gar8citXlǘǘǘǘƯᤢSepulcnowegeiacl鎓vow.€h؀xfootpytrirt!humIpos1asce`ĐчCalvarAmidЃlergy;issPwhichcoSav賖lbedet(jo;pɦ9nu<emon.bTHERABCCOUNTColumnyu i H_];rbrouhp ,<9ЧmachinYüHttacklik@spXذdTPMoslemoetsscribhorro0ofassacreIvehermbewailqbutcherywшchildrp\irqs@o “`xbSyria,wou@(oefuga3backswiftamelrZkntr*vultu!066107a0Ycb>GODFREYLECTEDING (1099.D.)[1-1147 h N"1">Aׂׂׂׂ]˅w1www">EIf)memorablh whichoperbdi!X phcLatefsroceedYlectiona8uardgoverBconquestPalPine.Ԃ@jealousyambiRaymow demnbyؕwnllos;reeɀSunanim oitarmylaimGody0ouiؙ3firȃ moHwhchamp"endom.ȋag⪡accept@arsulldanghgy;Yqa0Saviour誀bePcr`witndevo(pilgrimjdnpens@royalt؊n d!؀yJe@mɇhimselfEHitDefABar;SepulchrZs@yooXt Qeublicppشi)iaruŠhtnum`fielRBp(a5izsxEgyppr􎩁1mpZoglos.totapthbatAskXn󚐏<ishEƈm1H+Fprinceنa3baa@fwe؊|hwars'ARsuspУbeн sndYcnew(*servehZ)mbracspargXnicou0reta`onlyȗgaTancredɤ蚈xQw1ifoXsoldi,d٥۩sxn)sohkaenemaQ(pgȦh!oxd.dhemb opuAexc )oQxcilK,swwaylaplagunch;rinecci`ic1{1riуvarha@pȰrs*requithaڱua(0𓙁X{Rjudi>watr2usurprgxclusǒkCj i_re/Ysm,8iiyok_liI*rѤreghto g_Arab㟈phs.ļ bКЈpwPis ҪrஏsePoRome;0roualeᙘAtry suc~LɲKq#1mpeo9pirituzemporhhechu[immategraCscȐwhi0ac tobloo~vXqpilgrcoPoubmi3ocehPSinuБ.feudpI.Γ8 bsuffic;9i؂- opNRJoppa;̏irgHif˗oxgoHѭ>8u0xePciar; ndheodestishopasatisfiedithHventualPrsionfr,njdeaGodfreyouthildrenPrmfuturecquisitaewHtairoDamascus.

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L Y e p } The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes, Volume 08, by Henry Smith WilliamsTHE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLDContributors, and Editorial Revisers.CONTENTSPARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABSTHE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACYTHE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSETHE SCOPE AND INFLUENCE OF ARABIC HISTORYHISTORY IN OUTLINE OF PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABSCHAPTER I. THE PARTHIAN EMPIRECHAPTER II. THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDSCHAPTER III. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ARABSCHAPTER IV. MOHAMMEDCHAPTER V. THE SPREAD OF ISLAMCHAPTER VI. THE OMAYYADSCHAPTER VII. THE ARABS IN EUROPECHAPTER VIII. THE ABBASIDSCHAPTER IX. THE DECLINE OF THE MOSLEMS IN SPAINCHAPTER X. ARAB CIVILISATIONCHAPTER XI. TRIBAL LIFE OF THE EPIC PERIODCHAPTER XII. THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN ISLAMBRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERSARABS PAST AND PRESENTTHE NAME OF ARABTHE ARABS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURSARAB CIVILISATIONTHE KOREISH OF MECCAARAB POETRYRELIGION OF THE ANCIENT ARABSMOHAMMEDSUCCESSORS OF MOHAMMEDMOSLEM CONQUESTSCIVIL WARS AMONG THE MOSLEMSINFLUENCE OF PERSIA ON THE MOSLEMSARAB RECORDS AND TRADITIONSARAB LEARNINGINFLUENCE OF THE ARABS UPON EUROPELATER EVENTS OF ARABIC CIVILIZATIONLATER ISLAMITE MOVEMENTSFOOTNOTESTHE PARTHIAN EMPIRE (250 B.C.-228 A.D.)THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDS (228-651 A.D.)THE ARABSTHE KINGDOM OF ARMENIA (189 B.C.-1375 A.D.)Justin’s Account of the ParthiansTHEIR CUSTOMSSELEUCUS AND ARSACESWARS WITH ROMEModern Accounts of ParthiaTHE PARTHIAN EMPIREARSACES AND THE ARSACIDSPARTHIAN CUSTOMSBACTRIA AND PARTHIA CONSOLIDATECONQUESTS OF MITHRIDATESMEDIA AND BABYLONIA CONQUEREDPARTHIAN “KINGDOMS”SCYTHIAN CONQUEST OF BACTRIATHE SCYTHIANS RAVAGE PARTHIAFIRST CONFLICT WITH ROMEORODES DEFEATS THE ROMANSPLUTARCH’S ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF CARRHÆPHRAATES IV REPELS MARK ANTONYANARCHY IN PARTHIATHE ROMANS INTERVENETHE DECAY OF PARTHIAN GREATNESSPERSIA CONQUERS PARTHIASASSANIAN POWERSAPOR FIGHTS ROMETHE WAR WITH PALMYRAA NEW WAR WITH ROMEARDASHIR II TO BAHRAM IVTHE RULE OF YEZDEGERD ITHE ARABS AID IN WAR WITH ROMEWAR WITH THE HEPHTHALITESKAVADH INEW CONFLICT WITH ROMEEXPLOITS OF MUNDHIRCHOSROES “THE JUST”CHOSROES ATTACKS ROMEHORMUZD IVCIVIL WARVICES OF CHOSROES IICONFLICT WITH HERACLIUS; FALL OF CHOSROES IISUCCESSORS OF CHOSROES IIANARCHY AND CHAOSARAB INCURSIONSARAB CONQUESTARAB HISTORY BEFORE MOHAMMEDMohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul-MuttalibRELIGIOUS UNRESTMohammed’s LifeHIS MARRIAGE WITH KHADIJAMOHAMMED AS A PROPHET (610 OR 612 A.D.)MOHAMMED AN OUTLAWTHE HEGIRA (622 A.D.)THE BATTLE OF BEDR (624 A.D.)BATTLE OF OHOD (MARCH, 625 A.D.)EXPEDITION AGAINST THE JEWS (626 A.D.)SIEGE OF MEDINA, EXTERMINATION OF THE JEWS (627-628 A.D.)MOHAMMED’S PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (629 A.D.)SUBJECTION OF MECCA (630 A.D.)THE VICTORY OF HONAIN AND AUTASTHE LAST YEARS OF MOHAMMED’S LIFE (630-632 A.D.)GIBBON’S ESTIMATE OF MOHAMMED AND MOHAMMEDANISMABU BEKR, FIRST CALIPH AFTER MOHAMMEDTHE CALIPH OMARTHE CONQUEST OF PERSIATHE SYRIAN CONQUEST COMPLETEDEGYPT CAPTURED (639 A.D.)THE ALLEGED BURNING OF THE LIBRARYOTHMAN, THE THIRD CALIPHALI (656-661 A.D.)FOUNDATION OF THE OMAYYADSYAZID MADE CALIPHSIEGE OF MECCAABDUL-MALIK, CALIPH (685-705 A.D.)THE EASTERN CALIPHATESULEIMAN’S AMBITIONSTHE LAST OMAYYADS (717-750 A.D.)THE INVASION OF FRANCEFOUNDING OF BAGHDAD (762 A.D.)HARUN AR-RASHID (786-809 A.D.)AL-MAMUN AND HIS SUCCESSORSBAGHDAD UNDER THE CALIPHSGRADUAL DECLINE OF ARABIAN DOMINION IN THE EASTTHE VARIOUS RELIGIOUS SECTSTHE SELJUK TURKSARABS AND TURKS UNITE AGAINST THE CHRISTIANSSALADIN AND HIS SUCCESSORS AGAINST THE CRUSADERSTHE MONGOLS UNDER JENGHIZ KHAN INVADE WESTERN ASIAALMANSORDECAY OF POWEREND OF THE OMAYYADSINDEPENDENT KINGDOMSTHE ALMORAVIDSDYNASTY OF THE ALMOHADSTHE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (1212 A.D.)THE DECLINE OF ARAB POWERTHE KORANDOZY’S ESTIMATE OF THE KORANDOCTRINE OF ISLAMISMTHE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCATHE HOLY WARARAB CULTURECOMMERCE AND INDUSTRYPAPER, COMPASS, AND GUNPOWDERINFLUENCE OF THE ARABS ON EUROPEAN CIVILISATIONSCHOLASTICISMMATHEMATICAL SCIENCEMEDICINEARCHITECTUREMUSICChapter I. The Parthian EmpireChapter II. The Empire of the SassanidsChapter III. Early History of the ArabsChapter IV. MohammedChapter V. The Spread of IslamChapter VI. The OmayyadsChapter VII. The Arabs in EuropeChapter VIII. The AbbasidsChapter IX. The Decline of the Moslems in SpainChapter X. Arab CivilisationTABLE OF CONTENTSBOOK I. THE CRUSADESBOOK II. THE PAPACYPREFATORY ESSAY THE VALUE OF THE CRUSADES IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN HISTORYHISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE CRUSADESCHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE CRUSADESCHAPTER II. THE FIRST CRUSADECHAPTER III. THE SECOND CRUSADECHAPTER IV. THE THIRD CRUSADECHAPTER V. THE FOURTH TO THE SIXTH CRUSADESCHAPTER VI. THE LAST CRUSADESCHAPTER VII. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADESAPPENDIX. FEUDALISMINTRODUCTION HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE PAPACYCHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND RISE OF THE PAPACYCHAPTER II. “THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”—CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREATCHAPTER III. THE HIGH NOON OF THE PAPACYCHAPTER IV. 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