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{\f241\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f242\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f244\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f245\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\f246\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f247\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f248\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f249\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\f251\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f252\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f254\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f255\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f256\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
{\f257\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f258\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f259\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f261\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f262\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f264\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f265\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f266\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f267\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f268\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f269\fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f353\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Mincho Western{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f351\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Mincho CE{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f352\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Mincho Cyr{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f354\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Mincho Greek{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f355\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Mincho Tur{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f358\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Mincho Baltic{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f363\froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Batang Western{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f361\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Batang CE{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}
{\f362\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Batang Cyr{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f364\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Batang Greek{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f365\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Batang Tur{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}
{\f368\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Batang Baltic{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f373\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 SimSun Western{\*\falt \'cb\'ce\'cc\'e5};}{\f451\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Century CE;}{\f452\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Century Cyr;}
{\f454\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Century Greek;}{\f455\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Century Tur;}{\f458\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Century Baltic;}{\f470\froman\fcharset222\fprq2 Angsana New (Thai);}{\f480\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Cordia New (Thai);}
{\f501\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Sylfaen CE;}{\f502\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Sylfaen Cyr;}{\f504\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Sylfaen Greek;}{\f505\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Sylfaen Tur;}{\f508\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Sylfaen Baltic;}
{\f583\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f581\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f582\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f584\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}
{\f585\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f586\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}{\f587\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f588\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}
{\f589\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f590\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f591\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Trebuchet MS CE;}{\f592\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Cyr;}
{\f594\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Greek;}{\f595\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Tur;}{\f598\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Baltic;}{\f601\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f602\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}
{\f604\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f605\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f606\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f607\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f608\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f609\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f610\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f613\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f611\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}
{\f612\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f614\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f615\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f616\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f617\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f618\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f619\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f620\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}
{\f621\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f622\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}{\f624\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}{\f625\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}{\f628\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}
{\f629\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}{\f631\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE CE;}{\f632\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman CE Cyr;}{\f634\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman CE Greek;}
{\f635\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman CE Tur;}{\f636\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman CE (Hebrew);}{\f637\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman CE (Arabic);}{\f638\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman CE Baltic;}
{\f639\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman CE (Vietnamese);}{\f641\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR CE;}{\f642\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR Cyr;}{\f644\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR Greek;}
{\f645\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR Tur;}{\f646\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR (Hebrew);}{\f647\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR (Arabic);}{\f648\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR Baltic;}
{\f649\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman CYR (Vietnamese);}{\f651\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek CE;}{\f652\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek Cyr;}{\f654\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek Greek;}
{\f655\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek Tur;}{\f656\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek (Hebrew);}{\f657\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek (Arabic);}
{\f658\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek Baltic;}{\f659\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek (Vietnamese);}{\f661\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR CE;}{\f662\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR Cyr;}
{\f664\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR Greek;}{\f665\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR Tur;}{\f666\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR (Hebrew);}{\f667\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR (Arabic);}
{\f668\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR Baltic;}{\f669\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman TUR (Vietnamese);}{\f671\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic CE;}{\f672\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic Cyr;}
{\f674\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic Greek;}{\f675\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic Tur;}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic (Hebrew);}
{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic (Arabic);}{\f678\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic Baltic;}{\f679\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic (Vietnamese);}{\f681\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE CE;}
{\f682\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial CE Cyr;}{\f684\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial CE Greek;}{\f685\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial CE Tur;}{\f686\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial CE (Hebrew);}
{\f687\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial CE (Arabic);}{\f688\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial CE Baltic;}{\f689\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial CE (Vietnamese);}{\f691\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CYR CE;}{\f692\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial CYR Cyr;}
{\f694\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial CYR Greek;}{\f695\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial CYR Tur;}{\f696\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial CYR (Hebrew);}{\f697\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial CYR (Arabic);}
{\f698\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial CYR Baltic;}{\f699\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial CYR (Vietnamese);}{\f701\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Greek CE;}{\f702\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Greek Cyr;}{\f704\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek Greek;}
{\f705\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Greek Tur;}{\f706\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Greek (Hebrew);}{\f707\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Greek (Arabic);}{\f708\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Greek Baltic;}
{\f709\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Greek (Vietnamese);}{\f711\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial TUR CE;}{\f712\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial TUR Cyr;}{\f714\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial TUR Greek;}{\f715\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial TUR Tur;}
{\f716\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial TUR (Hebrew);}{\f717\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial TUR (Arabic);}{\f718\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial TUR Baltic;}{\f719\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial TUR (Vietnamese);}
{\f721\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Baltic CE;}{\f722\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Baltic Cyr;}{\f724\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Baltic Greek;}{\f725\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Baltic Tur;}
{\f726\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Baltic (Hebrew);}{\f727\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Baltic (Arabic);}{\f728\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic Baltic;}{\f729\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Baltic (Vietnamese);}
{\f741\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Lucida Console CE;}{\f742\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Lucida Console Cyr;}{\f744\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Lucida Console Greek;}{\f745\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Lucida Console Tur;}
{\f751\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode CE;}{\f752\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Cyr;}{\f754\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Greek;}{\f755\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Tur;}
{\f756\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode (Hebrew);}{\f761\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Black CE;}{\f762\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Black Cyr;}{\f764\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Black Greek;}
{\f765\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Black Tur;}{\f768\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Black Baltic;}{\f771\fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Comic Sans MS CE;}{\f772\fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Cyr;}
{\f774\fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Greek;}{\f775\fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Tur;}{\f778\fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Baltic;}{\f781\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Impact CE;}{\f782\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Impact Cyr;}
{\f784\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Impact Greek;}{\f785\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Impact Tur;}{\f788\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Impact Baltic;}{\f791\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Georgia CE;}{\f792\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Georgia Cyr;}
{\f794\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Georgia Greek;}{\f795\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Georgia Tur;}{\f798\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Georgia Baltic;}{\f801\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium CE;}
{\f802\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cyr;}{\f804\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Greek;}{\f805\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Tur;}{\f808\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Baltic;}
{\f811\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Palatino Linotype CE;}{\f812\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Cyr;}{\f814\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Greek;}{\f815\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Tur;}
{\f818\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Baltic;}{\f819\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Palatino Linotype (Vietnamese);}{\f851\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif CE;}{\f852\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Cyr;}
{\f854\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Greek;}{\f855\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Tur;}{\f856\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Hebrew);}
{\f857\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Arabic);}{\f858\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Baltic;}{\f859\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Vietnamese);}
{\f860\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Thai);}{\f924\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MAC C Swiss Greek;}{\f931\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 MAC C Times CE;}{\f934\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 MAC C Times Greek;}
{\f935\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 MAC C Times Tur;}{\f1011\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MakBodoni-Poster CE;}{\f1014\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MakBodoni-Poster Greek;}{\f1015\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MakBodoni-Poster Tur;}
{\f1024\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MakCirMiro Greek;}{\f1051\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MANTRA CE;}{\f1054\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MANTRA Greek;}{\f1055\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MANTRA Tur;}{\f1061\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 Marbolo-Normal CE;}
{\f1064\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 Marbolo-Normal Greek;}{\f1065\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 Marbolo-Normal Tur;}{\f1081\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MarkerFeltThin CE;}{\f1084\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MarkerFeltThin Greek;}
{\f1085\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MarkerFeltThin Tur;}{\f1161\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MOZAMBIQUE CE;}{\f1164\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MOZAMBIQUE Greek;}{\f1165\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MOZAMBIQUE Tur;}{\f1194\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 YU L Swiss Greek;}
{\f1204\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 YU L Times Greek;}{\f1231\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Narrow CE;}{\f1232\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Narrow Cyr;}{\f1234\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Narrow Greek;}
{\f1235\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Narrow Tur;}{\f1238\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Narrow Baltic;}{\f1243\froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @Batang Western;}{\f1241\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 @Batang CE;}{\f1242\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 @Batang Cyr;}
{\f1244\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 @Batang Greek;}{\f1245\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 @Batang Tur;}{\f1248\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 @Batang Baltic;}{\f1251\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Book Antiqua CE;}{\f1252\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Book Antiqua Cyr;}
{\f1254\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Book Antiqua Greek;}{\f1255\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Book Antiqua Tur;}{\f1258\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Book Antiqua Baltic;}{\f1261\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Bookman Old Style CE;}
{\f1262\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Cyr;}{\f1264\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Greek;}{\f1265\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Tur;}{\f1268\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Baltic;}
{\f1271\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Century Gothic CE;}{\f1272\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Century Gothic Cyr;}{\f1274\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Century Gothic Greek;}{\f1275\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Century Gothic Tur;}
{\f1278\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Century Gothic Baltic;}{\f1281\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Garamond CE;}{\f1282\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Garamond Cyr;}{\f1284\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Garamond Greek;}{\f1285\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Garamond Tur;}
{\f1288\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Garamond Baltic;}{\f1291\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Haettenschweiler CE;}{\f1292\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Cyr;}{\f1294\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Greek;}
{\f1295\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Tur;}{\f1298\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Baltic;}{\f1303\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @MS Mincho Western;}{\f1301\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @MS Mincho CE;}
{\f1302\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @MS Mincho Cyr;}{\f1304\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @MS Mincho Greek;}{\f1305\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @MS Mincho Tur;}{\f1308\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @MS Mincho Baltic;}
{\f1321\fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva CE;}{\f1322\fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Cyr;}{\f1324\fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Greek;}{\f1325\fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Tur;}
{\f1328\fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Baltic;}{\f1333\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 @SimSun Western;}{\f1601\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 Allegro BT CE;}{\f1604\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 Allegro BT Greek;}{\f1605\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 Allegro BT Tur;}
{\f1611\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 AvantGarde Bk BT CE;}{\f1614\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 AvantGarde Bk BT Greek;}{\f1615\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 AvantGarde Bk BT Tur;}{\f1621\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 BankGothic Md BT CE;}
{\f1624\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 BankGothic Md BT Greek;}{\f1625\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 BankGothic Md BT Tur;}{\f1631\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Benguiat Bk BT CE;}{\f1634\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Benguiat Bk BT Greek;}
{\f1635\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Benguiat Bk BT Tur;}{\f1641\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 BernhardFashion BT CE;}{\f1644\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 BernhardFashion BT Greek;}{\f1645\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 BernhardFashion BT Tur;}
{\f1651\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 BernhardMod BT CE;}{\f1654\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 BernhardMod BT Greek;}{\f1655\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 BernhardMod BT Tur;}{\f1661\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 Bremen Bd BT CE;}
{\f1664\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 Bremen Bd BT Greek;}{\f1665\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 Bremen Bd BT Tur;}{\f1691\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 CopprplGoth Bd BT CE;}{\f1694\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 CopprplGoth Bd BT Greek;}
{\f1695\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 CopprplGoth Bd BT Tur;}{\f1711\fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 English111 Vivace BT CE;}{\f1714\fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 English111 Vivace BT Greek;}{\f1715\fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 English111 Vivace BT Tur;}
{\f1721\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 FuturaBlack BT CE;}{\f1724\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 FuturaBlack BT Greek;}{\f1725\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 FuturaBlack BT Tur;}{\f1731\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Futura Md BT CE;}
{\f1734\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Futura Md BT Greek;}{\f1735\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Futura Md BT Tur;}{\f1741\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Futura XBlk BT CE;}{\f1744\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Futura XBlk BT Greek;}
{\f1745\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Futura XBlk BT Tur;}{\f1751\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Futura Lt BT CE;}{\f1754\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Futura Lt BT Greek;}{\f1755\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Futura Lt BT Tur;}
{\f1761\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 GoudyHandtooled BT CE;}{\f1764\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 GoudyHandtooled BT Greek;}{\f1765\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 GoudyHandtooled BT Tur;}{\f1771\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 GoudyOlSt BT CE;}
{\f1774\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 GoudyOlSt BT Greek;}{\f1775\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 GoudyOlSt BT Tur;}{\f1781\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Humanst521 BT CE;}{\f1784\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Humanst521 BT Greek;}
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{\f1999\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 MS Reference Serif (Vietnamese);}{\f2001\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana Ref CE;}{\f2002\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Ref Cyr;}{\f2004\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Ref Greek;}
{\f2005\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Ref Tur;}{\f2008\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Ref Baltic;}{\f2009\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana Ref (Vietnamese);}{\f2011\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Georgia Ref CE;}
{\f2012\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Georgia Ref Cyr;}{\f2014\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Georgia Ref Greek;}{\f2015\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Georgia Ref Tur;}{\f2018\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Georgia Ref Baltic;}
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{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
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{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
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\af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid244609369}{\list\listtemplateid-301437988{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid273754480}{\list\listtemplateid-1481890552{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040
\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid310794694}
{\list\listtemplateid-907356924\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat5\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1442124360\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1241691304\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid248699358\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-998628444\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1048673294\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1060290448\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1315541692\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1073877690\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1022848622\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid353120284}{\list\listtemplateid1648249426{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160
\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid387414782}{\list\listtemplateid1949988662{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat5
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600
\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid493031849}{\list\listtemplateid1904880808{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat6\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040
\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid494221326}
{\list\listtemplateid390486314{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid499858529}{\list\listtemplateid-1833267388{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid521624263}{\list\listtemplateid944820442{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid641932593}{\list\listtemplateid650953522{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320
\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid827482809}{\list\listtemplateid-123058050
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760
\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }
{\listname ;}\listid1059783896}{\list\listtemplateid-544810616{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720
\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1202354260}{\list\listtemplateid-1296816144{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160
\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1237938602}{\list\listtemplateid635455328{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600
\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1289122830}{\list\listtemplateid-1400586486\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li405\jclisttab\tx405\lin405 }{\listname ;}\listid1310867291}
{\list\listtemplateid-1400586486\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li405
\jclisttab\tx405\lin405 }{\listname ;}\listid1392924485}{\list\listtemplateid1875046274{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
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\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1486895515}{\list\listtemplateid1050675276\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1510634854}{\list\listtemplateid-1635853082\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-950921340\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1518621006}{\list\listtemplateid1852466478
\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-107567892\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1260
\jclisttab\tx1260\lin1260 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807577\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160
\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807567\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807577\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600
\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320
\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807567\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040
\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807577\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760
\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1524630375}{\list\listtemplateid1339353476{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1683775194}{\list\listtemplateid-150581042\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1706324111}{\list\listtemplateid403342280{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320
\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1711614972}{\list\listtemplateid-878544244
\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1201207844\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1080
\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160
\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600
\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320
\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040
\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760
\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1792432900}{\list\listtemplateid897878460{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1795370931}{\list\listtemplateid-312854626{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1837261296}{\list\listtemplateid-1052991276\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1342056928\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1858497214}{\list\listtemplateid1110097478
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\ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514  Copyright Lidija Rangelovska.
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\cs20\f0\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid14570162\charrsid14570162 The Afghan Trip}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14570162 
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid10833377 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 VII.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid10833377  HYPERLINK  \\l "unitednations" 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li360\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid14384886 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid5271807 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid1275513 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 I.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid5271807 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 
\ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid1275513  HYPERLINK  \\l "middleeast" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid1275513 {\*\datafield 
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\\l "coalition" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid16477775 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a00000063006f0061006c006900740069006f006e0000000000002700000000006e00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid11231066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 III.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid11231066  HYPERLINK  
\\l "oil" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid11231066 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000040000006f0069006c0000000000000002000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid11231066\charrsid11231066 Is It All about Oil?}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid16477775 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid13435805 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 IV.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid13435805  HYPERLINK  
\\l "axisoil" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid13435805 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000800000061007800690073006f0069006c000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid16594060\charrsid13435805 The Axis of Oil}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid16594060 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid7692090 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 V.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid7692090  HYPERLINK  \\
l "Saddam" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid7692090 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000007000000530061006400640061006d000000fb11000000000000006500000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid7692090\charrsid7692090 Saddam\rquote s One Thousand Nights}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid14966776 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid16329439 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 VI.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid16329439  HYPERLINK  
\\l "streak" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid16329439 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000007000000730074007200650061006b0000000800000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid6889620 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 VII.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid6889620  HYPERLINK  \\
l "Turkey" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid6889620 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000070000005400750072006b006500790000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 Turkey\rquote s Jewish Friend}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid16329439 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid2373660 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 VIII.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid2373660  HYPERLINK  
\\l "Israel" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid2373660 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000007000000490073007200610065006c00000000000000000000000004006e0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Israel \endash  The Next Target}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid14628920 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid5012951 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 IX.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid5012951  HYPERLINK  \\
l "oilforfood" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid5012951 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000b0000006f0069006c0066006f00720066006f006f006400000000000075000000010000006f0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 
\ltrch \cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 Oil for Food Program}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid2373660 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid6438770 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 X.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid6438770  HYPERLINK  \\
l "middleclass" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid6438770 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000c0000006d006900640064006c00650063006c0061007300730000000000006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid13198994\charrsid6438770 Iraq\rquote s Middle Class}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid13198994 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid11496011 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 XI.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid11496011  HYPERLINK  
\\l "revenant" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid11496011 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000072006500760065006e0061006e0074000000006100000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid6438770\charrsid11496011 Iraq\rquote s Revenant Sons}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid6438770 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid8597095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 XII.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid8597095  HYPERLINK  \\
l "debts" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid8597095 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000006000000640065006200740073000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 Forgiving Iraq\rquote s Debts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid8597095 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid10833377 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 XIII.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid10833377 
 HYPERLINK  \\l "kosovoiraq" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000b0000006b006f0073006f0076006f006900720061007100000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 
\ltrch \cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid7488909\charrsid10833377 Kosovo\rquote s Iraqi Lessons}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid7488909 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid5012951 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 XIV.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid5012951  HYPERLINK  \\
l "madman" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid5012951 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000070000006d00610064006d0061006e0000000000000001000000203900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 The Iraqi and the Madman}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid5012951 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s23 \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid8922993 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 XV.\tab}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid8922993  HYPERLINK  \\
l "justwar" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\charrsid8922993 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000080000006a007500730074007700610072000000000020000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid5012951\charrsid8922993 Just War or Just a War?}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\kerning28\insrsid5012951\charrsid5271807 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid8922993 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs28\kerning28\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 {\*\bkmkstart hated}The Roots of Anti-Americanism}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid16389601\charrsid14944572 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16389601 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16389601 {\*\bkmkend hated}By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16389601  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16389601 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16389601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The United States is one of the last remaining land empires. That it is made the butt of opprobrium and odium is hardly surprising, or unprecedented. Empires - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, the British, the Ottomans - were always targeted by the disgruntled, the disenfranchised and the dispossessed and by their self-appointed delegates, the intelligentsia.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Yet, even by historical standards, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} seems to be provoking blanket repulsion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Pew
{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Research{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Center{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} published in December 2002 a repo
rt titled "What the World Thinks in 2002". "The World", was reduced by the pollsters to 44 countries and 38,000 interviewees. Two other surveys published last year - by the German Marshall Fund and the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations - largely suppor
ted Pew's findings.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The most startling and unambiguous revelation was the extent of anti-American groundswell everywhere: among America's NATO allies, in developing countries, Muslim nations and even in eastern Europe where Americans, only a decade ago, wer
e lionized as much-adulated liberators.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Four years later, things have gotten even worse.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Between March and May 2006, Pew surveyed 16,710 people in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Indonesia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Nigeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Only 23% of Spaniards had a positive opinion of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, down from 41% the year before. A similar drop was evinced in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}India{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} (from 71% to 56%), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (from 52% o 43%), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Indonesia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (from 38% to 30%), and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (from 23% to 12%). In {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
' s putative ally, support was down by one third from 2002, to 50% or so. Declines were noted in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, somewhat offset by marginal rises in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Two thirds of Russians and overwhelming majorities in 
13 out of 15 countries regarded the conduct of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as a greater threat to world peace that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's nuclear ambitions. The distinction formerly made between the American people and the Bush administration is also eroding. Majorities in only 7 of 14 countries had favorable views of Americans. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 "People around the world embrace things American and, at the same time, decry {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} influence on their societies. Similarly, pluralities in most of the nations surveyed complain about American unilateralism."-
 expounded the year 2002 Pew report.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Yet, even this "embrace of things American" is ambiguous.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Violently "independent", inanely litigious and quarrelsome, solipsistically provincial, and fatuously ignorant - this nation of video clips and sound bites, the 
United States, is often perceived as trying to impose its narcissistic pseudo-culture upon a world exhausted by wars hot and cold and corrupted by vacuous materialism.
\par Recent accounting scandals, crumbling markets, political scams, human rights violations, technological setbacks, and rising social tensions have revealed how rotten and inherently contradictory the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} edifice is and how concerned are Americans with appearances rather than substance.
\par To religious fundamentalists, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is the Great Satan, a latter-day {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
City}}Sodom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Gomorrah{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, a cesspool of immorality and spiritual decay. To many European liberals, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a throwback to darker ages of religious zealotry, pernicious bigotry, virulent nationalism, and the capricious misrule of the mighty.
\par According to most recent surveys by Gallup, MORI, the Council for Secular Humanism, the US Census Bureau, and others - the vast majority of Americans are chauvinistic, moralizing, bible-thumping, cantankerous, and trigger-happy. About half of them belie
ve that Satan exists - not as a metaphor, but as a real physical entity.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has a record defense spending per head, a vertiginous rate of incarceration, among the highest numbers of legal executions and gun-related deaths. It is still engaged in atavi
stic debates about abortion, the role of religion, and whether to teach the theory of evolution.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 According to a series of special feature articles in The Economist, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is generally well-liked in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}, but less so than before. It is utterly detested 
by the Muslim street, even in "progressive" Arab countries, such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Everyone - Europeans and Arabs, Asians and Africans - think that "the spread of American ideas and customs is a bad thing."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Admittedly, we typically devalue most that which we have formerly idealized and idolized.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 To the liberal-minded, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United States of America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} reified the most noble, lofty, and worthy values, ideals, and causes. It was a dream in the throes of becoming, a vision of liberty, peace, justice, prosperity,
 and progress. Its system, though far from flawless, was considered superior - both morally and functionally - to anything ever conceived by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Man.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}

\par Such unrealistic expectations inevitably and invariably lead to disenchantment, disillusionment, bitter disapp
ointment, seething anger, and a sense of humiliation for having been thus deluded, or, rather, self-deceived. This backlash is further exacerbated by the haughty hectoring of the ubiquitous American missionaries of the "free-market-cum-democracy" church.

\par A
mericans everywhere aggressively preach the superior virtues of their homeland. Edward K. Thompson, managing editor of "Life" (1949-1961) warned against this propensity to feign omniscience and omnipotence: "Life (the magazine) must be curious, alert, eru
dite and moral, but it must achieve this without being holier-than-thou, a cynic, a know-it-all, or a Peeping Tom."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Thus, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s foreign policy - i.e., its presence and actions abroad - is, by far, its foremost vulnerability.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 According to the Pew study, 
the image of the Unites States as a benign world power slipped dramatically in the space of two years in Slovakia (down 14 percent), in Poland (-7), in the Czech Republic (-6) and even in fervently pro-Western Bulgaria (-4 percent). It rose exponentially 
in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (up 10 percent) and, most astoundingly, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (+24 percent) - but from a very low base.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The crux may be that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} maintains one set of sanctimonious standards at home while egregiously and nonchalantly flouting them far and wide. Hence the fervid demonstrations against its military presence in places as disparate as 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Philippines{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
In January 2000, Staff Sergeant Frank J. Ronghi sexually molested, forcibly sodomized ("indecent acts with a child") and t
hen murdered an 11-years old girl in the basement of her drab building in Kosovo, when her father went to market to do some shopping. His is by no means the most atrocious link in a long chain of brutalities inflicted by American soldiers overseas, the la
test of which are taking place in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. In all these cases, the perpetrators were removed from the scene to face justice - or, more often, a travesty thereof - back home.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Americans - officials, scholars, peacemakers, non-government organizations - maintain 
a colonial state of mind. Backward natives come cheap, their lives dispensable, their systems of governance and economies inherently inferior. The white man's burden must not be encumbered by the vagaries of primitive indigenous jurisprudence. Hence 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s fierce resistance to and indefatigable obstruction of the International Criminal Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Opportunistic multilateralism notwithstanding, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} still owes the poorer nations of the world close to $200 million - its arrears to the UN peacekeeping operati
ons, usually asked to mop up after an American invasion or bombing. It not only refuses to subject its soldiers to the jurisdiction of the World Criminal Court - but also its facilities to the inspectors of the Chemical Weapons Convention, its military to
 
the sanctions of the (anti) land mines treaty and the provisions of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, and its industry to the environmental constraints of the Kyoto Protocol, the rulings of the World Trade Organization, and the rigors of global intellect
ual property rights.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Despite its instinctual unilateralism, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is never averse to exploiting multilateral institutions to its ends. It is the only shareholder with a veto power in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), by now widely considere
d to have degenerated into a long arm of the American administration. The United Nations Security Council, raucous protestations aside, has rubber-stamped American martial exploits from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Panama{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 It seems as though {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} uses - and thus, perforce, abuses - the international system for its own, ever changing, ends. International law is invoked by it when convenient - ignored when importune.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 In short, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a bully. It is a law unto itself and it legislates on the fly, twisting arms and breaking 
bones when faced with opposition and ignoring the very edicts it promulgates at its convenience. Its soldiers and peacekeepers, its bankers and businessmen, its traders and diplomats are its long arms, an embodiment of this potent and malignant mixture of
 supremacy and contempt.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 But why is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} being singled out?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
In politics and even more so in geopolitics, double standards and bullying are common. Apartheid South Africa, colonial France, mainland China, post-1967 Israel - and virtually every other polity - were at one time or another characterized by both.\~
 But while these countries usually mistreated only their own subjects - the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} does so also exterritorialy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Even as it never ceases to hector, preach, chastise, and instruct - it does not recoil from 
violating its own decrees and ignoring its own teachings. It is, therefore, not the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's intrinsic nature, nor its self-perception, or social model that I find most reprehensible - but its actions, particularly its foreign policy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s manifest hypoc
risy, its moral talk and often immoral walk, its persistent application of double standards, irks and grates. I firmly believe that it is better to face a forthright villain than a masquerading saint. It is easy to confront a Hitler, a Stalin, or a Mao, v
ile and bloodied, irredeemably depraved, worthy only of annihilation. The subtleties of coping with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 are far more demanding and far less rewarding.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This self-proclaimed champion of human rights has aided and abetted countless murderous dict
atorships. This alleged sponsor of free trade is the most protectionist of rich nations. This ostensible beacon of charity contributes less than 0.1% of its GDP to foreign aid (compared to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Scandinavia{\*\xmlclose}
's 0.6%, for instance). This upright proponent of international law (under whose aegis it bombed and invaded half a dozen countries this past decade alone) is in avowed opposition to crucial pillars of the international order.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Naturally, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s enemies and critics are envious of its might and wealth. They would have probably acted the same as the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, if they only could. But {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's haughtiness and obtuse refusal to engage in soul searching and house cleaning do little to ameliorate this antagonism.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 To the peoples of the poor world, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is both a colonial power and a mercantilist exploiter. To further its geopolitical and economic goals from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose} to the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}, it persists in buttressing regimes with scant regard for human rights, in cahoots with venal and sometimes homicidal indig
enous politicians. And it drains the developing world of its brains, its labour, and its raw materials, giving little in return.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 All powers are self-interested - but {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/14.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00310034002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\ul\cf2 narcissistic}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 . It is bent on e
xploiting and, having exploited, on discarding. It is a global Dr. Frankenstein, spawning mutated monsters in its wake. Its "drain and dump" policies consistently boomerang to haunt it.
\par Both Saddam Hussein and Manuel Noriega - two acknowledged monsters - were aided and abetted by the CIA and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} military. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had to invade {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Panama{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 to depose the latter and to molest {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for the second time in order to force the removal of the former.
\par The Kosovo Liberation Army, an American anti-Milosevic pet, provoked a civil war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} tin 2001. Osama bin-Laden, another CIA golem,\~
restored to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0
{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 11}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}September 11, 2001{\*\xmlclose} some of the materiel it so generously bestowed on him in his anti-Russian days.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Normally the outcomes of expedience, the Ugly American's alli
ances and allegiances shift kaleidoscopically. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were transmuted from foes to allies in the fortnight prior to the Afghan campaign. Milosevic has metamorphosed from staunch ally to rabid foe in days.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This capricious inconsistency casts in grave doubt {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's sincerity - and in sharp relief its unreliability and disloyalty, its short term thinking, truncated attention span, soundbite mentality, and dangerous, "black and white", simplism.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 In its heartland, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is isolationist. Its deniz
ens erroneously believe that the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave is an economically self-sufficient and self-contained continent. Yet, it is not what Americans trust or wish that matters to others. It is what they do. And what they do is meddle
, often unilaterally, always ignorantly, sometimes forcefully.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Elsewhere, inevitable unilateralism is mitigated by inclusive cosmopolitanism. It is exacerbated by provincialism - and American decision-makers are mostly provincials, popularly elected by provincials. As opposed to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Great Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is ill-suited and ill-equipped to micromanage the world.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
It is too puerile, too abrasive, too arrogant and it has a lot to learn. Its refusal to acknowledge its shortcomings, its confusion of brain wit
h brawn (i.e., money or bombs), its legalistic-litigious character, its culture of instant gratification and one-dimensional over-simplification, its heartless lack of empathy, and bloated sense of entitlement are detrimental to world peace and stability.

\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is often called by others to intervene. Many initiate conflicts or prolong them with the express purpose of dragging 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} into the quagmire. It then is either castigated for not having responded to such calls - or reprimanded for having responde
d. It seems that it cannot win. Abstention and involvement alike garner it only ill-will.
\par But people call upon {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to get involved because they know it rises to the challenge. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} should make it unequivocally and unambiguously clear that - with the exception of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Americas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - its sole interests rest in commerce. It should make it equally known that it will protect its citizens and defend its assets, if need be by force.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Indeed, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s - and the world's - best bet are a reversion to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Monroe{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and (technologically updated) Mahan doctrines. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Wilson{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Fourteen Points brought the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} nothing but two World Wars and a Cold War thereafter. It is time to disengage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Note - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} the Narcissist}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The majority of worldwide respondents to the last two global P
ew enter surveys (in 2002 and 2006) regarded the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as the greatest menace to world peace - far greater than the likes of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Thinkers and scholars as diverse as }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/lasch.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006c0061007300630068002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Christopher Lasch}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  i
n "The Cultural Narcissist" and Theodore Millon in "Personality Disorders of Everyday Life" have singled out the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 as the quintessential }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/14.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00310034002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\ul\cf2 narcissistic society}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The "American Dream" in itself is 
benign. It involves materialistic self-realization, the belief in the ideal of equal opportunities and equal access to the system, and in just rewards for hard work, merit, and natural gifts. But the Dream has been rendered nightmarish by the confluence w
ith {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s narcissistic traits.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s internal ethos is universally-accepted by all Americans. It incorporates the American Dream and the conviction that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} stands for everything that is good and right. Consequently, as the reification of goodness, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is in constant battle with evil and its ever-changing demonic emissaries - from Hitler to Saddam Hussein.
\par There is no national consensus about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s external ethos. Some Americans are isolationists, others interventionists. Both g
roups are hypervigilant, paranoid, and self-righteous - but isolationists are introverted and }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/faq67.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00660061007100360037002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 schizoid}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 . Theirs is\~ siege mentality. Interventionists are missionary. They feel omnipotent and invincible. T
hey are extroverted and psychopathic. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Read the article }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/14.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00310034002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 
\ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Collective Narcissism}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par Read about Christopher Lasch }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/lasch.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006c0061007300630068002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 HERE}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This pathology can be traced back and at
tributed to a confluence of historical events and processes, the equivalents of trauma and abuse in an individual's early childhood.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United States of America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} started out as a series of loosely connected, remote, savage, and negligible colonial outposts
. The denizens of these settlements were former victims of religious persecution, indentured servants, lapsed nobility, and other refugees. Their Declaration of Independence reads like a maudlin list of grievances coupled with desperate protestations of l
ove and loyalty to their abuser, the King of Britain.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The inhabitants of the colonies defended against their perceived helplessness and very real inferiority with compensatory, imagined, and feigned superiority and fantasies of omnipotence. Victims frequent
ly internalize their abusers and themselves become bullies. Hence the rough, immutable kernel of American }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/narcissismglance.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
{\*\datafield 
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till is, in some important respects, a pre-Enlightenment, white supremacist society. It is rife with superstition, prejudice, conspicuous religiosity, intolerance, philistinism, and lack of social solidarity. Its religiosity is overt, aggressive, virulent
 and ubiquitous. It is replete with an eschatology, which involves a changing cast of demonized "enemies", both political and cultural. 
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ifestation of their "Chosen People Syndrome". They are missionary, messianic, zealous, fanatical, and nauseatingly self-righteous, bigoted, and hypocritical. This is especially discernible in the double-speak and double-standard that underlies American fo
reign policy. 
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n order to control, manipulate, and sadistically humiliate the recipients.
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ality which leads to violent acting out and unbridled jingoism. Their persecutory delusions sit well with their adherence to social Darwinism (natural selection of the fittest, let the weaker fall by the wayside, might is right, etc.). 
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nited States always finds itself in company with the least palatable regimes in the world: together with Nazi Germany it had a working eugenics program (the 1935 anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws and the Nazi sterilization law were modeled after American anti-mi
s
cegenation and sterilization statutes), together with the likes of Saudi Arabia it executes its prisoners, it was the last developed nation to abolish slavery, alone with South Africa it had instituted official apartheid in a vast swathe of its territory.

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Add to this volatile mix an ethos of malignant individualism, racism both latent and overt, a trampling, "no holds barred" ambitiousness, competitiveness, frontier violence-based morality, and proud simple-mindedness - and an ominous portrait of the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as a deeply disturbed polity emerges.
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\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp105.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 In God We Trust}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp112.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 Why America is Hated}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/iraqmetaphor.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0069007200610071006d00650074006100700068006f0072002e00680074006d00
6c00000000000000009f00000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 The Iraqi and the Madman}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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6d006c00000000000072000000bc0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
\par \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
European intellectuals yearn for the mutually exclusive: an {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} contained and a regime-changed {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The Chinese are more pr
agmatic - though, bound by what is left of their Marxism, they still ascribe American behavior to the irreconcilable contradictions inherent in capitalism. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
The United States is impelled by its economy and values to world dominion, claimed last week an ana
lysis titled "American Empire Steps Up Fourth Expansion" in the communist party's mouthpiece People's Daily. Expansionism is an "eternal theme" in American history and a "main line" running through its foreign policy. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
The contemporary {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is actually a l
and-based empire, comprising the territorial fruits of previous armed conflicts with its neighbors and foes, often one and the same. The global spread of American influence through its culture, political alliances, science and multinationals is merely an 
extrapolation of a trend two centuries in the making.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
How did a small country succeed to thus transform itself?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 The paper attributes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s success to its political stability, neglecting to mention its pluralism and multi-party system, the sources of sai
d endurance. But then, in an interesting departure from the official party line, it praises US "scientific and technological innovations and new achievements in economic development". Somewhat tautologically, it also credits {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s status as an empire to its "external expansions".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
The rest of the article is, alas, no better reasoned, nor better informed. American pilgrims were forced westward because "they found there was neither tile over their heads nor a speck of land under their feet (in the East Coa
st)." But it is the emphases that are of interest, not the shoddy workmanship.
\par The article clearly identifies {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's (capitalistic) economy and its (liberal, pluralistic, religious and democratic) values as its competitive mainstays and founts of strength. "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} unique commercial expansion spirit (combined with the) the puritan's 'concept of mission' (are its fortes)", gushes the anonymous author.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
The paper distinguishes four phases of distension: "First, continental expansion stage; second, overseas expa
nsion stage; third, the stage of global contention for hegemony; and fourth, the stage of world domination." The second, third and fourth are mainly economic, cultural and military. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
In an echo of defunct Soviet and Euro-left conspiracy theories, the paper insists that expansion was "triggered by commercial capital." This capital - better known in the West as the military-industrial complex - also determines {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} foreign policy. Thus, the American Empire is closer to the commercially driven {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}British Empire{\*\xmlclose} tha
n to the militarily propelled Roman one.
\par Actually, the author thinks aloud, isn't {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s reign merely the successor of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s? Wasn't it John Locke, a British philosopher, who said that expansion - a "natural right" - responds to domestic needs? Wasn't it Benjamin Franklin who claimed that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} must "constantly acquire new land to open up living space" (the forerunner of the infamous German "Lebensraum")?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
The author quotes James Jerome Hill, the American railway magnet, as exclaiming, during the US-Spanish War, that "If you review the commercial history, you will discover anyone who controls oriental trade will get hold of global wealth." Thus, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} expansion was concerned mainly with "protecting American commercial monopoly or advantageous position." {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} entered the first world war only when "its free trade position was challenged," opines the red-top.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
American moral values are designed to "serve commercial capital". This blending of the spiritual with the pecuniary is very disorienting
. "Even the Americans themselves find it hard to distinguish which matter is expanding national interests under the banner of 'enforcing justice on behalf of Heaven' and which is propagating their ideology and concept of value on the plea of national inte
rests."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
The paper mentions the conviction, held by most Americans, that their system and values are the "best things in human society." Moreover, Americans are missionaries with a "manifest destiny" and "the duty and obligation to help other countries and n
ations" and to serve as the "the beacon lighting up the way for the development of other countries and nations." If all else fails, it feels justified to "force its best things on other countries by the method of Crusades."\line \line 
This is a patently non-Orthodox, non-Marxist interpretation of history and of the role of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - the prime specimen of capitalism - in it. Economy, admits the author, plays only one part in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's ascendance. Tribute must be given to its values as well. This view of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - at the height of an international crisis pitting 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against it - is nothing if not revolutionary.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
American history is re-cast as an inevitable progression of concentric circles. At first, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} acted as a classic colonial pow
er, vying for real estate first\~ with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Latin America{\*\xmlclose} and later with the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose} all over the world. The Marshall Plan was a ploy to make {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} dependent on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} largesse. The Old Continent, sneers the paper, is nothing more than "US little partner".
\par Now, with the demise of the USSR, bemoans the columnist, the United States exhibits "rising hegemonic airs" and does "whatever it pleased", concurrently twisting economic, cultural and military arms. Inevitably and especially after September 11, call
s for an American "new empire" are on the rise. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} "was chosen as the first target for this new round of expansion."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
But the expansionist drive has become self-defeating: "Only when the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} refrains from taking the road of pursuing global empir
e, can it avoid terrorists' bombs or other forms of attacks befalling on its own territory", concludes the opinion piece.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 What is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} up to? Is this article a signal encrypted in the best Cold War tradition?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 Another commentary published a few days later 
may contain the public key. It is titled "The Paradox of American Power". The author quotes at length from "The Paradox of American Power - Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone" written by Joseph Nye, the Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of
 Government at Harvard and a former Assistant Secretary of Defense:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
"Hard power works through coercion, using military sticks and economic carrots to get others to do our will. Soft power works through attraction ... Our attractiveness rests on our culture,
 our political values and our policies by taking into account the interests of others".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
As it summarizes Nye's teachings, the tone of the piece is avuncular and conciliatory, not enraged or patronizing:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 "In today's world, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is no doubt in 
an advantageous position with its hard power. But ... power politics always invite resentment and the paradox of American power is that the stronger the nation grows, the weaker its influence becomes. As the saying goes, a danger to oneself results from a
n
 excess of power and an accumulation of misfortunes stems from lavish of praises and favors. He, whose power grows to such a swelling state that he strikes anybody he wants to and turns a deaf ear to others' advice, will unavoidably put himself in a strai
t
ened circumstance someday. When one indulges oneself in wars of aggression under the pretext of 'self security' will possibly get, in return, more factors of insecurity ... Military forces cannot fundamentally solve problems and war benefits no one includ
ing the war starter."\line \line Nor are these views the preserve of the arthritic upper echelons of the precariously balanced Chinese Communist party. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
In an interview he granted to Xinhua, the Chinese news agency, last week, Shen Jiru, chief of the Division of International Strategy of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Institute{\*\xmlclose} of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}World Economics{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Politics, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Chinese{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Academy
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} of Social Sciences, reiterated his conviction that "the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aims to create a unipolar world through the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} issue."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
Mirroring the People's Daily, he did not think that the looming {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 war can be entirely explained as a "dispute on oil or economic interests." It was, he thought, about "the future model of international order: a multipolar and democratic one, or the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} strategic goal of a unipolar world." {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} h
as been encouraged by dissent in the West. It shows that the "multipolar international community is an "inevitable" momentum of history."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
Why this sudden flurry of historiosophic ruminations?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
According to Stratfor, the strategic forecasting consultancy, "f
or Beijing, the only way to stymie the fourth phase is through promoting multilateralism; barring that, China must be prepared to confront the United States in the future, and U.S. history can give some guidance ... Thus, Beijing continues to focus on the
 concept of multilateralism and the legitimacy of the United Nations as the best ways to slow or even disrupt U.S. expansionism. At the same time, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Beijing{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} is preparing to face a future confrontation with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} if necessary."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 When its economy matures, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} wants to become another {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. It has started emulating {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 two decades ago - and never ceased. Recent steps include painful privatization, restructuring of the banking system, clamping down on corruption and bad governance, paring 
down the central bureaucracy, revamping the military and security apparatus and creating mechanisms for smooth political transitions. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} plans to send a man to the moon. It invests heavily in basic science and research and development. It is moving gr
adually up the manufacturing food chain to higher value added industries. It is the quintessential leapfrogger, much of its cadre moving straight from the rustic to the plastic - computers, cellular phones, wireless and the like.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15956437\charrsid15956437 Ironically, it could never
 have made it even this far without its ostensible foe. Thousands of bright Chinese students train in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. American technologies, management, knowledge, capital and marketing permeate {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Beijing{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s economic fabric. Bilateral trade is flourishing. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} enjoys the biggest share of the world's - in large part American - foreign direct investment flows. Should the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} disintegrate tomorrow - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 would assuredly follow.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 {\*\bkmkstart islam}Islam and Liberalism}{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 {\*\bkmkend islam}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp59.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 The Crescent and the Cross - Introduction}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp59a.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 The Crescent and the Cross - A First Encounter}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp59b.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 The Crescent and the Cross - The Communities of God}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2427593 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Islam is not merely a religion. It is also - and perhaps, foremost - a state ideology. It is all-pervasive and missionary. It permeates every aspect of social cooperation and cultur
e. It is an organizing principle, a narrative, a philosophy, a value system, and a vade mecum. In this it resembles Confucianism and, to some extent, Hinduism. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Judaism and its offspring, Christianity - though heavily involved in political affairs througho
ut the ages - have kept their dignified distance from such carnal matters. These are religions of "heaven" as opposed to Islam, a practical, pragmatic, hands-on, ubiquitous, "earthly" creed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2427593 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 Secular religions - Democratic Liberalism, Communism, Fascism, N
azism, Socialism and other isms - are more akin to Islam than to, let's say, Buddhism. They are universal, prescriptive, and total. They provide recipes, rules, and norms regarding every aspect of existence - individual, social, cultural, moral, economic,
 political, military, and philosophical. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
At the end of the Cold War, Democratic Liberalism stood triumphant over the fresh graves of its ideological opponents. They have all been eradicated. This precipitated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Fukuyama
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s premature diagnosis (the End of History). But one state ideology, one bitter rival, one implacable opponent, one contestant for world domination, one antithesis remained - Islam.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Militant Islam is, therefore, not a cancerous mutation of "true" Islam. On the contrary, it is the purest express
ion of its nature as an imperialistic religion which demands unmitigated obedience from its followers and regards all infidels as both inferior and avowed enemies. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
The same can be said about Democratic Liberalism. Like Islam, it does not hesitate to exerc
ise force, is missionary, colonizing, and regards itself as a monopolist of the "truth" and of "universal values". Its antagonists are invariably portrayed as depraved, primitive, and below par. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Such mutually exclusive claims were bound to lead to an all-out conflict sooner or later. The "War on Terrorism" is only the latest round in a millennium-old war between Islam and other "world systems".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Such interpretation of recent events enrages many. They demand to know (often in harsh tones):
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 - Don't you see any difference between terrorists who murder civilians and regular armies in battle?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Both regulars and irregulars slaughter civilians as a matter of course. "Collateral damage" is the main outcome of modern, total warfare - and of low intensity conflicts alike. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
There is a major difference between terrorists and soldiers, though:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Terrorists make carnage of noncombatants their main tactic - while regular armies rarely do. Such conduct is criminal and deplorable, whoever the perpetrator.
\par But what about the killing of combatants in battle? How should we judge the slaying of soldiers by terrorists in combat?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Modern nation-states enshrined the self-appropriated monopoly on violence in their constitutions and ordinances (and in international law). Only state organs - the army, the police - are permitted to kill, torture, and incarcerate. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Terrorists are trust-busters: they, too, want to kill, torture, and incarcerate. They seek to break the death cartel of governments by joining its ranks.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2427593 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 Thus, when a soldier kills
 terrorists and ("inadvertently") civilians (as "collateral damage") - it is considered above board. But when the terrorist decimates the very same soldier - he is decried as an outlaw. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Moreover, the misbehavior of some countries - not least the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - led to the legitimization of terrorism. Often nation-states use terrorist organizations to further their geopolitical goals. When this happens, erstwhile outcasts become "freedom fighters", pariahs become allies, murderers are recast as sensitive so
uls struggling for equal rights. This contributes to the blurring of ethical percepts and the blunting of moral judgment.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
- Would you rather live under sharia law? Don't you find Liberal Democracy vastly superior to Islam?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Superior, no. Different - of course. Having been born and raised in the West, I naturally prefer its standards to Islam's. Had I been born in a Muslim country, I would have probably found the West and its principles perverted and obnoxious. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
The question is meaningless because it presupposes the existence of an objective, universal, culture and period independent set of preferences. Luckily, there is no such thing. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
- In this clash of civilization whose side are you on?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
This is not a clash of civilizations. Western culture is inextricably intertwined with Islamic knowledge, teachings, and philosophy. Christian fundamentalists have more in common with Muslim militants than with East Coast or French intellectuals. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Muslims have always been the West's most defining Other. Islamic existence and "gaze" helped to mold the West's emerging identity as a historical construct. From {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the incessant friction and fertilizing interactions with Islam shaped Western values, beliefs, doctrines, moral tenets, political and military institutions, arts, and sciences. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
This war is about world domination. Two incompatible thought and value systems compete for the hearts and minds (and purchasing power) of the denizens of the global village. Like in the Westerns, by high noon, either one of them is le
ft standing - or both will have perished.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Where does my loyalty reside?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
I am a Westerner, so I hope the West wins this confrontation. But, in the process, it would be good if it were humbled, deconstructed, and reconstructed. One beneficial outcome of this
 conflict is the demise of the superpower system - a relic of days bygone and best forgotten. I fully believe and trust that in militant Islam, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has found its match. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
In other words, I regard militant Islam as a catalyst that will hasten the transformation of the global power structure from unipolar to multipolar. It may also commute the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} itself. It will definitely rejuvenate religious thought and cultural discourse. All wars do.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Aren't you overdoing it? After all, al-Qaida is just a bunch of terrorists on the run!}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
The West is not fighting al-Qaida. It is facing down the circumstances and ideas that gave rise to al-Qaida. Conditions - such as poverty, ignorance, disease, oppression, and xenophobic superstitions - are difficult t
o change or to reverse. Ideas are impossible to suppress. Already, militant Islam is far more widespread and established that any Western government would care to admit.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
History shows that all terrorist groupings ultimately join the mainstream. Many countries - from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ireland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}East Timor{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Nicaragua{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - are governed by former terrorists. Terrorism enhances social upward mobility and fosters the redistribution of wealth and resources from the haves to haves not.
\par Al-Qaida, despite its ominous p
ortrayal in the Western press - is no exception. It, too, will succumb, in due time, to the twin lures of power and money. Nihilistic and decentralized as it is - its express goals are the rule of Islam and equitable economic development. It is bound to g
et its way in some countries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
The world of the future will be truly pluralistic. The proselytizing zeal of Liberal Democracy and Capitalism has rendered them illiberal and intolerant. The West must accept the fact that a sizable chunk of humanity does not r
egard materialism, individualism, liberalism, progress, and democracy - at least in their Western guises - as universal or desirable. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Live and let live (and live and let die) must replace the West's malignant optimism and intellectual and spiritual arrogance.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Edward K. Thompson, the managing editor of "Life" from 1949 to 1961, once wrote:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
"'Life' must be curious, alert, erudite and moral, but it must achieve this without being holier-than-thou, a cynic, a know-it-all or a Peeping Tom."}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
The West has grossly
 and thoroughly violated Thompson's edict. In its oft-interrupted intercourse with these forsaken regions of the globe, it has acted, alternately, as a Peeping Tom, a cynic and a know it all. It has invariably behaved as if it were holier-than-thou. In an
 unmitigated and fantastic succession of blunders, miscalculations, vain promises, unkept threats and unkempt diplomats - it has driven the world to the verge of war and the regions it "adopted" to the threshold of economic and social upheaval.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Enamored wit
h the new ideology of free marketry cum democracy, the West first assumed the role of the omniscient. It designed ingenious models, devised foolproof laws, imposed fail-safe institutions and strongly "recommended" measures. Its representatives, the tribun
es of the West, ruled the plebeian East with determination rarely equaled by skill or knowledge.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Velvet hands couched in iron gloves, ignorance disguised by economic newspeak, geostrategic interests masquerading as forms of government, characterized their d
ealings with the natives. Preaching and beseeching from ever higher pulpits, they poured opprobrium and sweet delusions on the eagerly duped, naive, bewildered masses. 
\par The deceit was evident to the indigenous cynics - but it was the failure that dissuaded
 them and others besides. The West lost its former colonies not when it lied egregiously, not when it pretended to know for sure when it surely did not know, not when it manipulated and coaxed and coerced - but when it failed. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
To the peoples of these regions, the king was fully dressed. It was not a little child but an enormous debacle that exposed his nudity. In its presumptuousness and pretentiousness, feigned surety and vain clich\'e9
s, imported economic models and exported cheap raw materials - the West succeeded to demolish beyond reconstruction whole economies, to ravage communities, to wreak ruination upon the centuries-old social fabric, woven diligently by generations. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
It brought crime and drugs and mayhem but gave very little in return, only a horiz
on beclouded and thundering with vacuous eloquence. As a result, while tottering regional governments still pay lip service to the values of Capitalism, the masses are enraged and restless and rebellious and baleful and anti-Western to the core. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 The disen
chanted were not likely to acquiesce for long - not only with the West's neo-colonialism but also with its incompetence and inaptitude, with the nonchalant experimentation that it imposed upon them and with the abyss between its proclamations and its perf
ormance.
\par Throughout this time, the envoys of the West - its mediocre politicians, its insatiably ruthless media, its obese tourists, its illiterate soldiers, and its armchair economists - continue to play the role of God, wreaking greater havoc than even th
e original. 
\par While confessing to omniscience (in breach of every tradition scientific and religious), they also developed a kind of world weary, unshaven cynicism interlaced with fascination at the depths plumbed by the locals' immorality and amorality. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 T
he jet-set Peeping Toms reside in five star hotels (or luxurious apartments) overlooking the communist, or Middle-Eastern, or African shantytowns. They drive utility vehicles to the shabby offices of the native bureaucrats and dine in $100 per meal restau
rants ("it's so cheap here"). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
In between kebab and hummus they bemoan and grieve the corruption and nepotism and cronyism ("I simply love their ethnic food, but they are so..."). They mourn the autochthonous inability to act decisively, to cut red tape, to
 manufacture quality, to open to the world, to be less xenophobic (said while casting a disdainful glance at the native waiter). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
To them it looks like an ancient force of nature and, therefore, an inevitability - hence their cynicism. Mostly provincial pe
ople with horizons limited by consumption and by wealth, these heralds of the West adopt cynicism as shorthand for cosmopolitanism. They erroneously believe that feigned sarcasm lends them an air of ruggedness and rich experience and the virile aroma of d
ecadent erudition. Yet all it does is make them obnoxious and even more repellent to the residents than they already were.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2427593 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 Ever the preachers, the West - both Europeans and Americans - uphold themselves as role models of virtue to be emulated, as points of
 reference, almost inhuman or superhuman in their taming of the vices, avarice up front. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944572 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14944572\charrsid14944572 
Yet the chaos and corruption in their own homes is broadcast live, day in and day out, into the cubicles inhabited by the very people they seek to so transform. And t
hey conspire and collaborate in all manner of venality and crime and scam and rigged elections in all the countries they put the gospel to. 
\par In trying to put an end to history, they seem to have provoked another round of it - more vicious, more enduring, m
ore traumatic than before. That the West is paying the price for its mistakes I have no doubt. For isn't it a part and parcel of its teachings that everything has a price and that there is always a time of reckoning?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28 {\*\bkmkstart reluctant}The New {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the Reluctant Empire}{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid14944572 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 {\*\bkmkend reluctant}By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 When the annals of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are written, its transition from republic to empire is likely to warrant special attention. Nor is the emergence of this land and naval juggern
aut without precedent. Though history rarely repeats itself in details - both Ancient Rome and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} hold relevant - albeit very limited - lessons.

\par The first teaches us how seamless the transformation from democracy to military dictatorship appears - w
hen it is gradual and, ostensibly, reactive (responding to external shocks and events). The second illustrates the risks inherent in relying on mercenaries and insurgents as tools of foreign and military policy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Arnold Toynbee, the distinguished historian 
correctly observed that the last days of empires are characterized by grandiose construction schemes, faraway conquests and a materialistic spree of conspicuous consumption. Is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} about to disintegrate?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The notion sounds preposterous. Hale, affluent, mighty, victorious and assured - the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 appears to be beyond destruction. But so did the U.S.S.R. in 1981. As history accelerates, processes which used to unfold over centuries, now consume mere decades. Telecommunications, global transports and
 information networks, such as the Internet - pit the likes of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against the ultimate superpowers: world opinion and global capital.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 But first, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The disintegration of empires is rarely the outcome of merely one or more external shocks. For these
 to have their deleterious effects, the edifice must be already rotten, the pillars crumbling, the consensus gone, the ethos disputed and adversity rampant. As internal tensions mount and the centrifugal outweighs the centripetal - democracy is surreptiti
ously and incrementally eroded and replaced by an authoritarian form of government.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
In his tome, "The Future of Freedom", Fareed Zakaria bemoans the existence of "illiberal democracy" - with all the trappings of one but without its constitutional substance and philosophical foundations. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is: }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
''increasingly embracing a simple-minded populism that values popularity and openness as the key measures of legitimacy... The result is a deep imbalance in the American system, more democracy but less liberty.''}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Herodotus (Histories, Book III) would have concurred:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
''In a democracy, malpractices are bound to occur ... corrupt dealings in government services lead ... to close personal associations, the men responsible for them putting their heads together
 and mutually supporting one another. And so it goes on, until somebody or other comes forward as the people's champion and breaks up the cliques which are out for their own interests. This wins him the admiration of the mob, and as a result he soon finds
 himself entrusted with absolute power.''}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \line }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0 As would Jose Ortega y Gasset (The Revolt of the Masses, 1932):}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
"A characteristic of our times is the predominance, even in groups traditionally selective, of the mass and the vulgar. Thus, in intellectual life, whi
ch of its essence requires and presupposes qualification, one can note the progressive triumph of the pseudo-intellectual, unqualified, unqualifiable..."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The columnist }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.antiwar.com/orig/deliso73.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Chris Deliso notes in Antiwar.com}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  that }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
"since September 11th especially, the country has suffered draconian restrictions on civil liberties and the rapid erosion of judicial and governmental transparency. At the same time, the increasing expenditure of taxpayer dollars has been conduct
ed at variance with traditional ideals of free market competition and avoidance of embedded government cronyism. Now, with the invasion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, the nadir has been reached: long-suppressed desires for empire have come out into the open."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Deliso ascribes these worrisome trends to }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
"three toxic substances. The first is relentless paranoia of the outside world. According to this, all kinds of civilian restrictions and pre-emptive foreign wars become justified for the sake of 'national security'. Second is the a
ll-pervasive cronyism between government oligarchs and corporations, which retard the practice of a free market economy. Finally, there is a belief in the ineluctable nature of 'progress', i.e., a teleological narrative that describes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s political system as supreme, and destined to supercede and convert those of all other nations."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 As others have noted, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s transition from republic to empire is remarkably reminiscent of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s. The irony is that as the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} inevitably becomes less demo
cratic - it will also become less elitist. The mediocre and inapt peripatetic representatives of the popular will be replaced not by disinterested technocrats and expert civil servants but by usurpers, power brokers, interest groups, and criminal-politici
ans.\line \line The Founding Fathers looked to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as a model. It is often forgotten that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has been a republic (509-27 BC) for as long as it has been an empire (27 BC - 476 AD). Hence the Senate, the bicameral legislature, the institutions of jury and profession
al judges, the interlocking system of checks and balances and other fixtures of American life.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, like the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, was a multicultural, multiethnic and inclusive melting pot. The family and religion - the mainstays of the American value system - were also 
the pivots of Roman society. Their work ethic was "Protestant" and their conduct "Calvinistic": frugality, self-reliance, steadfastness, seriousness, "fides" (good faith and reliability) were considered virtues.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 From 287 BC, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was a full-fledged democracy and meritocracy - one's acquired wealth rather than one's arbitrary birth determined one's place in life.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The Roman takeover of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is reminiscent of the expansion of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 during the 19th century. Later, Rome claimed to be "liberating" Gr
eek cities (from Macedonian domination and other Middle Eastern tyrants) - but then proceeded to establish a series of protectorates throughout Asia Minor, Greece and today's Israel, Palestine, Syria, Egypt and North Africa.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 As {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s sphere of interests a
nd orbit of alliances widened to include ever growing segments of the world, conflicts became inevitable. Still, early Roman historians, patriotic to a fault, always describe Roman wars as "just" (i.e., in "self-defense"). {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was very concerned with inte
rnational public opinion and often formed coalitions to attack its foes and adversaries. It then typically turned on its erstwhile allies and either conquered or otherwise absorbed them into its body politic.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Roman commanders and procurators meddled in the
 internal affairs of these territories. Opposition - in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Carthage{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Corinth
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and elsewhere - was crushed by overwhelming force. Lesser powers - such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Pergamum{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - learned the lesson and succumbed to Roman hegemony. Roman culture - constructed on Greek foundations - permeated the nascent empire and Latin became the Lingua Franca.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
But, as Cato the Elder forewarned, foreign possessions and the absence of any martial threat corrupted {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Tax extortion, bribery, political machinations, personality cults, and mora
l laxity abounded. Income equality led to ostentatious consumption of the few, contrasted with the rural and urban destitution of the many. A growing share of gross domestic product was appropriated for the state by the political class. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s trade deficit ballooned as its farmers proved unable to compete with cheap imports from the provinces.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
A whole class of businessmen - the equites, later known as the equesterian order (the equivalent of today's "oligarchs") - lucratively transacted with the administra
tion. When erstwhile state functions - such as tax collection - were privatized, they moved in and benefited mightily. The equites manipulated the commodities markets, lent money at usurious rates, and colluded with Senators and office holders.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Sallust, th
e Roman historian, blamed the civil wars that followed on this wealth disparity. Cato the Elder attributed them to moral decadence. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Cicero{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 thought that the emergence of the armed forces and the "mob" (the masses) as political players spelt doom for Senatorial, republican {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Some are comparing the relentlessly increasing weight of the Pentagon since 1941 to the rise to prominence of the military in republican {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Yet, this is misleading. The role of the army in the Roman republic was enshrined in the ce
nturiate assembly (the army as a voting collective) and the consuls, magistrates in chief were, invariably, former army generals. Though many American presidents, starting with George Washington, were former generals - the ethos of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is individualistic, not military.
\par Thus, when the tribune Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (133 BC) embarked on a land reform, he was opposed by the entrenched interests of the nobility (the optimi). Undeterred, through a series of piecemeal, utterly legal steps, Tib
erius Gracchus sought to transform himself into a despot and neutralize the carefully constructed system of checks and balances that sustained republican {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}. The Senators themselves headed the mob that assassinated him. This was the fate of his no less radical brother, Gaius, ten years later.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
These upheavals gave rise to the populares - self-appointed populist spokesmen for the disenfranchised "common man" in the Senate. They were vehemently confronted by the nobility-backed Senators, the optimates. To ad
d instability to earthquake, Roman generals began recruiting property-less volunteers to serve as mercenaries in essentially private armies. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, an impoverished aristocrat turned army commander, actually attacked {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} itself twice.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The 
turning point may have been the passage of the Lex Gabinia following an attack of Mediterranean pirates on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}port{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName
}}Ostia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 68 BC. It granted Pompey command of the republic's navy as well as untrammeled access to its treasury. It was the first time tha
t the republic relinquished control of its armed forces - but not the last. A decade later, Julius Caesar was granted the same power for his military expedition in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Gaul{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 To secure popular support, Roman politicians doled out tax cuts, free entertainment, a
nd free food. Ambitious Romans - such as Julius Caesar - spent most of their time electioneering and raising campaign finance, often in the form of 'loans" to be repaid with lucrative contracts and sinecures once the sponsored candidate attained office. L
ong-established, prominent families - political dynasties - increased their hold on power from one generation to the next.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Partisanship was rampant. Even Cicero - a much-admired orator and lawyer - failed to unite the Senators and equites against assorted f
anatics and demagogues. The Senate kept repeatedly and deliberately undermining the interests of both the soldiery and the equites, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's non-Senatorial businessmen.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This clash of vested interests and ulterior motives gave rise to Gaius Julius Caesar, a d
riven and talented populist. Caesar crossed the Rubicon, the river that separated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Gaul{\*\xmlclose} from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, and subdued a rebellious and obstructive Senate. He was offered by an intimidated establishment, the position of dictator for life which he accepted. The republic was over.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Life in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} improved dramatically with the introduction of autocracy. Roman administration was streamlined and became less corrupt. Food security was achieved. Social divisions healed. The republic was mourned only by the discarded ancien 
regime and by intellectuals. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} the city-state was no more. It has matured into an Empire.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 And now, to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s crippled successor, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The modus operandi of the United States involves ad-hoc alliances with indigenous warlords, drug czars, terrorist
s, guerrilleros, freedom fighters, and armed opposition groups aimed at ousting unfriendly incumbent regimes, imposing political settlements or military solutions, countering other foreign influences, attaining commercial goals, or securing long-term pres
ence and say in local affairs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s "exploit and discard" or "drain and dump" policies consistently boomerang to haunt it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Both Saddam Hussein in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Manuel Noriega in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Panama{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were aided and abetted by the CIA and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} military. Later, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had to invade 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Panama{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to depose the latter and conquer {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for the second time to force the removal of the former.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The Kosovo Liberation Army, an American anti-Milosevic pet, provoked, to great European consternation, a civil war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 two years ago. Osama bin-Laden, another CIA golem,\~"restored" to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0
{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 11}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}September 11, 2001{\*\xmlclose}
 some of the materiel it so generously bestowed on his anti-Russian outfit - before he was dumped unceremoniously once the Soviets retreated from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Normally the outc
omes of expedience, the Ugly American's alliances and allegiances shift kaleidoscopically. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were transmuted from foes to allies in the fortnight prior to the Afghan campaign. Milosevic has metamorphosed from staunch ally to rabid foe in days.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This capricious inconsistency casts in grave doubt {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's sincerity - and in sharp relief its unreliability and disloyalty, its short term thinking, truncated attention span, soundbite mentality, and dangerous, "black and white", simplism. It is al
so a sign of short-sightedness and historical ignorance. All major empires fell prey to rampant mercenaries, erstwhile "allies" turned bitter enemies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 At its peak, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ottoman Empire{\*\xmlclose}
 ruled most of the Balkan, up to the very gates of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Vienna{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Serbia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bosnia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Romania{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Greece{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North Africa{\*\xmlclose} including {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Algeria
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and most of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Arab{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It lasted 600 years.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The Ottomans invaded {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 while still serving as a proxy army of mercenaries and guerilla fighters. When not at war with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, they were often used by this contemporary superpower ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
) to further its geopolitical goals against its enemies - very much as the Afghan Mujaheedin or the Albanian KLA collaborated with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and its sidekick, the EU, during the last two decades of the twentieth century.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Not unlike the Moslem Afghani warriors of 1989, the Ottomans, too, turned on their benefactors and brought on the demise of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 after 1000 years of uninterrupted existence as a superpower.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The Otto
mans were named after Osman I, the Oguz (Turkmen) tribal leader, the off spring of a noble Kayi family. They were ghazis (Islamic Turkish warriors).\~ Fleeing from the Mongols of Genghis Khan, they invaded {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Anatolia
{\*\xmlclose} in the second half of the 11th century. They immediately and inevitably clashed with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and delivered to it the first of a string of humiliating and debilitating defeats in the battle of Manzikert, in 1071.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 They spread inexorably throughout the fertile {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Anatolia
{\*\xmlclose}, confronting in the process the Byzantines and the Mongols. They were no match to the brute efficacy of the latter, though. They lost most of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Anatolia{\*\xmlclose}
 to the Mongols and maintained a few autonomous pockets of resistance in its eastern fringes. One of these anti-Mongol principalities (in the northwest) was led by Osman I.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Osman's was not the strongest principality. Its neighbour to the east, the Germiyan principality, was much stronger and more sophisticated culturally. Osman, therefore, drove west, towards the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Bosporus{\*\xmlclose}
 and the Marble (Marmara) Sea. His desperate struggles against the corrupt and decadent Byzantines, made him the Robin Hood, the folk hero of the millions of urban unemployed, nomads, and dislocated peasants turned brigands - from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the Balkan. Osman offered to these desperados war booty, a purposeful life, and Islamic religious fanaticism. They joined his armies in droves.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, his avowed enemy, was no longer prosperous and powerful, but it was culturally superior and vital, Christian, and modern. But it was d
ecaying. Its social fabric was disintegrating, corroded by venality, hubris, paranoia, avarice, inter-generational strife, and lack of clear religious and cultural orientations. Its army, much reduced and humbled by defeats and budget cuts, was unable to 
secure the frontier. Economic, religious, and social discontent undermined its consensus.
\par Gradually, it lost its erstwhile allies. The Ilhanid dynasty in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Persia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} refused to back it against its tormentors. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, high handed and conceited, was left to fight the Islamic terrorism on its borders all by itself. Mercenaries imported by the Byzantines from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} served only to destabilize it further. Osman's successors tore {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 to hemorrhaging shreds, conquering the rest of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Anatolia{\*\xmlclose} and the Balkan. They even employed Christian mercenaries against the Byzantines.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 When Orhan, a successor of Osman, secured a territorial continuum and access to the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Sea of Marmara{\*\xmlclose}, he took on another Turkmen empire, based in Aydin.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The people of Aydin were mercenaries at the service of competing factions in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Thrace{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} versus {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Constantinople{\*\xmlclose}). Orhan wanted to cut into this lucrative business. He started by defeating emperor Andronicus III and his advisor, John Cantacuzenus in the battle of Pelekanon in 1329. This unleashed the Ottoman troops upon 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Nicaea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (1331) and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Nicomedia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (1337).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Faced with the loss of the historic heart of their empire, the Byzantines accepted a Faustian deal. They made peace with the Moslem Turks and recruited them as allies and mercenaries against the 
Christian enemies of Christian Byzantium - the Serbs, the Italians, and the Bulgarians. Orhan became the principal ally of the young and dynamic Byzantine politician (later emperor) John VI Cantacuzenus, thus gaining entry, for the first time, into Christ
ian Europe.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Andronicus III died in 1341and another civil war broke out in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. John Cantacuzenus, deprived of the much expected regency, confronted Alexius Apocaucus, the patriarch John Calecas, and the powerful and cunning empress mother Anne of Savoy.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The Serb king Dusan wavered between support and rejection for Cantacuzenus, who was crowned as Emperor John VI in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Thrace{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in 1346. The new emperor, aided by hordes of Turkish troops, demolished the coalition set against him. A revolution erupted in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Thrace{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. "The Zealots", having seized power In Thessalonica, declared an independent community which lasted till 1350.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} was reduced to penury by these events and by the Black Death of 1347. It fought with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Venice{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Genoa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} only to lose tax revenues hitherto paid by the Genoese. Foreign powers - the Turks included - manipulated the hopelessly fractured Byzantine ruling classes to their advantage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 In the meantime, Orhan was introduced to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
's modern weaponry, its superior tactics of la
ying siege, and its internecine politics by his Byzantine masters. After he helped Cantacuzenus grab the Byzantine throne from John V Palaeologus, the new emperor granted him the right to ravage both Thrace and his own daughter, Theodora, whom Orhan marri
ed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Ottoman raiding parties between Gallipoli and Thrace became a common sight. The loot was used to attract all manner of outcasts and dispossessed and to arm them. Byzantium was thus arming and financing its own worst enemy, facilitating its own demise.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 I
n 1354, Ottoman mercenaries occupied and fortified the earthquake shattered Gallipoli. The Ottomans crossed permanently into Europe. When Orhan's son, Suleyman, transformed Gallipoli into an ominous base from which to overpower Christian Europe - the empe
ror (and other Christian nations) protested.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The Ottomans ignored them and proceeded with their expansionary preparations. They raided the Balkan as far as Adrianople. Cantacuzenus was toppled and denounced for his collaboration with the Turks. Europe woke 
up to the nightmare on its doorstep. But it was way too late.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
It was the emperor John V Palaeologus who forced Cantacuzenus to abdicate and to retire to a monastery. John V appealed to the Pope, and through him, to the Western world, for help against the T
urks. But the Popes were more concerned with the three centuries old schism between the Roman Church and the Church in Constantinople. John V has begged for help for more than a decade. In 1366, he visited Hungary and pleaded for assistance, but in vain.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 T
he Ottomans embarked on three centuries of unhindered conquests, arrested only at the gates of Vienna in the 17th century. Recurrent international (read European) alliances and crusades failed to constrain them. The Serbs, the Bulgars, the Hungarians were
 all routed in bloody battlefields.
\par Cut off from its grain supplies and tax base, proud Byzantium accepted the suzerainty of the Ottomans, their former mercenaries. When emperor John V united the churches of Constantinople and Rome in a vain and impetuous e
ffort to secure the military involvement of the West - he only succeeded to fracture Byzantium further.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Murad, the Ottoman ruler, incorporated large parts of Christian south-eastern and central Europe into his burgeoning feudal empire. Local kings and empe
rors were left to govern as administrators, vassals to the Ottomans. They paid annual tribute and provided contingents to the Ottoman army. These achievements were consolidated by later Ottoman rulers for centuries to come.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 In 1449 the sultan Mehmed II pre
pared to assault Constantinople. The West wringed its hands but provided no material or military help. The union of the two churches - Rome and Constantinople - was celebrated in the magnificent church of in Hagia Sophia in 1452. But the people of Byzanti
um revolted and protested against this opportunistic move. Many said that they preferred the rule of the Turks to being enslaved by the Latin West. Soon their wish would come true.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 On May 29, 1453 Turkish soldiers forced their way into the shattered city. M
ost of the commanders (among them Venetians and Genoese) were dead or wounded. Constantine, the last emperor, fought, on foot, at one of the gates and was seen no more.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Constantinople was plundered and savaged for three long days and nights by the triumphant Turks.

\par The }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Encyclopedia Britannica }}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 (2002 edition) sums it up thus:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
"The Ottoman Empire had now superseded the Byzantine Empire; and some Greeks, like the contemporary historian Critobulus of Imbros, recognized t
he logic of the change by bestowing on the Sultan all the attributes of the emperor. The material structure of the empire, which had long been crumbling, was now under the management of the sultan-basileus. But the Orthodox faith was less susceptible to c
h
ange. The Sultan acknowledged the fact that the church had proved to be the most enduring element in the Byzantine world, and he gave the Patriarch of Constantinople an unprecedented measure of temporal authority by making him answerable for all Christian
s living under Ottoman rule.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
The last scattered pockets of Byzantine resistance were eliminated within a decade after 1453. Athens fell to the Turks in 1456-58, and in 1460 the two despots of Morea surrendered. Thomas fled to Italy, Demetrius to the Sultan's court. In 1461 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Trebizond{\*\xmlclose}
, capital of the last remnant of Greek empire, which had maintained its precarious independence by paying court to Turks and Mongols alike, finally succumbed; the transformation of the Byzantine world into the Ottoman world was at last complete."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \cf17 \page }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 
{\*\bkmkstart democracy}The Democratic Ideal and New Colonialism
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 {\*\bkmkend democracy}By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 
"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful concerned individuals can precipitate change in the world ... indeed, it is the only thing that ever has"}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 (Margaret Mead)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 I. The Democratic Ideal and New Colonialism}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
"Democracy" is not the rule of the people. It is government by periodically vetted representatives of the people. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Democracy is not tantamount to a continuous expression of the p
opular will as it pertains to a range of issues. Functioning and fair democracy is representative and not participatory. Participatory "people power" is mob rule, not democracy. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Granted, "people power" is often required in order to establish democracy whe
re it is unprecedented. Revolutions - velvet, rose, and orange - recently introduced democracy in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Eastern Europe{\*\xmlclose}
, for instance. People power - mass street demonstrations - toppled obnoxious dictatorships from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Philippines{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Peru{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Indonesia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
But once the institutions of democracy are in place and more or less functional, the people can and must rest. They should let their chosen delegates do the job they were elected to do. And they must hold their emissaries responsible and accountable 
in fair and free ballots once every two or four or five years.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 As heads of the state in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Latin America{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}East Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 can attest, these vital lessons are lost on the dozens of "new democracies" the world over. Many of these presidents and pr
ime ministers, though democratically elected (multiply, in some cases), have fallen prey to enraged and vigorous "people power" movements in their countries. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 And these breaches of the democratic tradition are not the only or most egregious ones. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The West
 boasts of the three waves of democratization that swept across the world 1975. Yet, in most developing countries and nations in transition, "democracy" is an empty word. Granted, the hallmarks of democracy are there: candidate lists, parties, election pr
opaganda, and voting. But its quiddity is absent. It is being consistently hollowed out and rendered mock by election fraud, exclusionary policies, cronyism, corruption, intimidation, and collusion with Western interests, both commercial and political.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The 
new "democracies" are thinly-disguised and criminalized plutocracies (recall the Russian oligarchs), authoritarian regimes ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus
{\*\xmlclose}), or Vichy-like heterarchies ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Bosnia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, to mention three recent examples). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The new
 "democracies" suffer from many of the same ills that afflict their veteran role models: murky campaign finances, venal revolving doors between state administration and private enterprise, endemic corruption, self-censoring media, socially, economically, 
and politically excluded minorities, and so on. But while this malaise does not threaten the foundations of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - it does imperil the stability and future of the likes of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Serbia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Moldova{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Indonesia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bolivia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Worse still, the West has transformed the ideal of democracy into an ideology at the service of imposing a new colonial regime on its former colonies. Spearheaded by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region
}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the white and Christian nations of the West embarked with missionary zeal on a transformation, willy-nilly, of their erstwhile charges into paragons of democracy and good governance. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
And not for the first time. Napoleon justified his gory campaigns by claiming that they served to spread French ideals throughout a barbarous world. Kipling bemoaned the "White Man's (civilizing) burden", referring specifically to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s role in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Hitler believed himself to be the last remaining barrier between the hordes of Bolshevism and the West. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Vatican{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} concurred with him.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This s
elf-righteousness would have been more tolerable had the West actually meant and practiced what it preached, however self-delusionally. Yet, in dozens of cases in the last 60 years alone, Western countries intervened, often by force of arms, to reverse an
d nullify the outcomes of perfectly legal and legitimate popular and democratic elections. They did so because of economic and geopolitical interests and they usually installed rabid dictators in place of the deposed elected functionaries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 This hypocrisy cost them dearly. Few in the poor and developing world believe that the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 or any of its allies are out to further the causes of democracy, human rights, and global peace. The nations of the West have sown cynicism and they are reaping strife and terrorism in return.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
Moreover, democracy is far from what it is made out to be. Confronted with history, the myth breaks down. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
For instance, it is maintained by their chief proponents that democracies are more peaceful than dictatorships. But the two most belligerent countries in the world are, by a wide margin, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (closely followed by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). As of late, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is one of the most tranquil polities.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Democracies are said to be inherently stable (or to successfully incor
porate the instability inherent in politics). This, too, is a confabulation. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Weimar{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} gave birth to Adolf Hitler and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 had almost 50 governments in as many years. The bloodiest civil wars in history erupted in Republican Spain and, seven decades earlier, in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czechoslovakia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USSR
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yugoslavia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 imploded upon becoming democratic, having survived intact for more than half a century as tyrannies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Democracies are said to be conducive to economic growth (indeed, to be a prere
quisite to such). But the fastest economic growth rates in history go to imperial {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Nazi Germany, Stalinist Russia, and post-Mao {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Finally, how represented is the vox populi even in established democracies? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 In a democracy, people can freely prote
st and make their opinions known, no doubt. Sometimes, they can even change their representatives (though the rate of turnover in the US Congress in the last two decades is lower than it was in the last 20 years of the Politburo). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 But is this a sufficient
 incentive (or deterrent)? The members of the various elites in Western democracies are mobile - they ceaselessly and facilely hop from one lucrative sinecure to another. Lost the elections as a Senator? How about a multi-million dollar book contract, a c
onsultant position with a firm you formerly oversaw or regulated, your own talk show on television, a cushy job in the administration?
\par The truth is that voters are powerless. The rich and mighty take care of their own. Malfeasance carries little risk and ra
rely any sanction. Western democracies are ossified bastions of self-perpetuating interest groups aided and abetted and legitimized by the ritualized spectacle that we call "elections". And don't you think the denizens of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} and eastern Europe and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose} are blissfully unaware of this charade.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 II. {\*\bkmkstart empire}Democracy and Empire}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\bkmkend empire}

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 As the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is re-discovering in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, maintaining democratic institutions and empire-building are incompatible activities. History repeatedly shows that one cannot preserve a democratic core in conjunction with an oppressed periphery of colonial real estate.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The role of imperial power entails the suppression, subversion, or manipulation of all forms of free speech, governance, and election
s. It usually involves unsavory practices such as torture, illegal confinement, assassinations, and collusion with organized crime. Empires typically degenerate into an abyss of corruption, megalomaniacal projects, deceit, paranoia, and self-directed aggr
ession.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The annals of both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}
Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} teach us that, as democracy grows entrenched, empires disintegrate fitfully. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} chose to keep its empire by sacrificing its republic. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} chose to democratize by letting go of its unwieldy holdings overseas. Both polities failed to uphold their erstwhile social institutions while they grappled with their smothering possessions.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 
{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1031{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 10070188}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn alignHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn dxHeightHR}{\sv 30}}
{\sp{\sn fStandardHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fHorizRule}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}\picscalex563\picscaley6\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 
\par }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3
\pndec\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-europe-cee01.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Europe's Four Speeds}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/fascism.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Fascism - The Tensile Permanence}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp61.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Communism, Capitalism, Feudalism}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp162.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Left and Right in a Divided Europe}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp61.html" }}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Forward to the Past - Capitalism in Post-Communist Europe}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0 \page }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\f0\fs28 {\*\bkmkstart list}Add Me to the List
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0 {\*\bkmkend list}By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\f0\ul\cf2 Sam Vaknin, Ph.D.}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The terrorists are winning. Gradually but perceptibly, the USA and the United Kingdom (UK) are shedding their liberal democratic veneer, axing their traditions, reinterpreting their constitution (USA) and case law (UK) and, thus, becoming police states.

\par Bo
th the US Patriot Act, recently extended by Congress and Tony Blair's newly acquired powers to exclude and deport not only active terrorists but also people who disagree with his foreign policy suspend long-standing and hard-won human and civil rights. Th
e right to privacy has been all but eradicated in both countries.
\par Blair and Bush exercise self-defense through moral suicide. Visitors to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as well as residents and naturalized Britons must adhere to 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s set of values and observe them, thunders t
he former. Presumably, it is the same set of values that Blair is so bent on bending and ignoring. And as for Bush, remember {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Guantanamo{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Abu-Ghraib.

\par The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will maintain a registry of undesirables. Please add me to the list, Mr. Blair. I believe that the terrorist attacks in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were a desperate and criminal response to your own war crimes throughout the world and, lately, on a monstrous scale, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Terrorism is deplorable and red in tooth and claw. It should be fought with determination and imagi
nation - not with oppression and slaughters of the innocent.
\par Your mother should have taught you that hanging around bad company invariably ends badly. Evidently, she failed in this particular respect. You cast your obsequious lot with a narcissistic, thugg
ish, gun-toting, trigger-happy, bible-thumping, and dangerously violent nation, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States of America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Violence breeds counter-violence and profound contempt. You found yourself on the receiving end of both in ample doses in July 2005. The taste of one's medicine is always bitter.
\par In a string of uninterrupted and unpunished war crimes, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) taught Muslim militants that civilians are potential warriors and merit no special treatment or protection. International la
w has become the self-interested and biased "justice" of the victors, a policy tool, a discriminatory travesty, worthy only of condemnation.
\par From {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Dresden{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Hiroshima{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, through 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Vietnam{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yugoslavia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, and down to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the hectoring and hypocr
itical West itself made no distinction between peaceful population and combatants. Lately, it took to invading or threatening to invade Muslim territories, occupying holy places, and massacring tens of thousands of innocents in the process. More than 100,
000 civilians died in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} since the American-British led "liberation".
\par Yet, as New-York and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Madrid{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 can attest, ignoring one's own rules of engagement in warfare is a recipe for recurrent disaster. By courting the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, Blair is courting a pernicious transformation in the nature of his people and country that generations of future patriots and compatriots are bound to mourn.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 
{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1035{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 10070188}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn alignHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn dxHeightHR}{\sv 30}}
{\sp{\sn fStandardHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fHorizRule}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}\picscalex563\picscaley6\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 
\par }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3
\pndec\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 
\ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28 {\*\bkmkstart hostel}The American Hostel}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0 {\*\bkmkend hostel}By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\f0\ul\cf2 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
The movie "Hostel" (2005) is a potent depiction of gore and graphic horror. More subtly, it is also a counterfactual and jingoistic political allegory for the post 9-11 age.
\par A couple of wholesome American youths (one of them a }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/jews.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Jew}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
) are nabbed by a ring of east Europeans who cater to the depraved needs of sadists by providing them with fresh supplies of torture victims. The good guys are invariably American (or mistaken for Americans, or the allies of Americ
ans, Japanese). The bad guys are invariably European; a decadent and unfaithful Icelandic, seductive Czech and Russian women, a Dr. Mengele type German, a Ukrainian pimp. The torture chambers are located in a small village in the outskirts of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Bratislava{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the capital of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Slovakia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Europe{\*\xmlclose}. Everyone is in on the take, the police especially.
\par The events depicted in the film are not without historical precedent, but the moviemakers got the locations all wrong: nine of ten serial killers worldwide are born and bred in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Born Killers is an American phenomenon, not a European one.
\par Moreover, the New Europe (to borrow the American Secretary of Defense's unforgettable coinage) - namely, the countries of eastern and central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} - are obsequious vassals of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It is the Old Europe that regards the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its inhabitants as a menace to world peace and stability and a clear and present danger to us all.
\par Indeed, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, as Nobel prize winner Harold Pinter recen
tly pointed out in his acceptance speech, is an evil and psychopathic polity. Niall Ferguson, the renowned historian, claims that from its very inception, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} set out to cannibalize its neighbors and prey on the weak while amassing wealth and territories in the process.
\par Like any psychopath, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 believes that it should be immune to the consequences of its misconduct abroad. Hence its shock when al-Qaida brought the blazing message home: you are not beyond reach. Hence {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s insistence that its military and intelligence services - frequently busy raping ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Philippines{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}), }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp63.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 murdering}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Vietnam{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kosovo{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}), and pillaging ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
) - be exempted from international law and the remit of the International Criminal Court.
\par The (American) protagonist in the movie gets sliced up but, against all odds, succeeds to extract the badly mutilated Japanese from her hellish cell and escape. Catching a glimpse of her eyeless self, she later commits s
uicide. Indomitable, he then proceed to torture and amputate the sinister ringleader, a Central European-vaguely German, respectable-looking, middle-class type. He is too late so save his Jewish friend, though (a not so veiled reference to the Holocaust).

\par This is how Americans view themselves: as good-hearted, good-natured, naive, somewhat gullible, fun-loving, and generous people universally victimized by inscrutable and malevolent foreigners, bent on sadistic and needless destruction. Denial is a defense
 mechanism very common among }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/npdglance.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 narcissists}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  and }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  
HYPERLINK "http://open-site.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Psychiatric_Disorders/Personality/Antisocial/" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 psychopaths}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 . The truth is, of course, radically different.
\par With the exception of World War II, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has acted as a rapacious conqueror of other peoples' lands under the flimsiest of pretexts. Its expansion was always violent and involved numerous acts of genocide and warfare. Now it i
s gradually eroding its only redeeming feature: its democracy. It is slowly being transformed from republic to empire, as did {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 two thousand years ago.
\par The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a terrorist state. While there is no disputing that the abhorrent al-Qaida network of murd
erers should be hunted down and exterminated mercilessly - it is equally morally commendable to wish for the dissolution of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and for its disintegration into its constituent states. Pax without {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Americana{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is the best of all worlds}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28 {\*\bkmkstart failed}The Semi-failed State}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 {\*\bkmkend failed}By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2 Sam Vaknin, Ph.D.}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The US State Department's designation of "rogue state" periodically falls in and out of favor. It is used to refer to countries hostile to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, with authoritarian, brutal, and venal regimes, and a predilection to ignore international law and 
conventions, encourage global or local terrorism and the manufacture and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Most rogue states are not failed ones. 
\par A failed state is a country whose government has no control and cannot exercise a }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/crime.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 monopoly}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
 on the legitimate use of force over a substantial part of its territory or citizenry. It is continuously and successfully challenged by private military power: terrorists, warlords, or militias. Its promulgations and laws are futile and inapplicable.

\par With the exception of the first criterion (hostility towards Pax Americana), some scholars claim that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is, itself, a rogue state (q.v., for instance, William Blum's "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Rogue{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}State{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}: A Guide to the
 World's Only Superpower" and "Rogue Nation" }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0 by}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Prestowitz&action=edit" \\
o "Clyde Prestowitz" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Clyde Prestowitz}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 ).
\par Admittedly, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s unilateralist, thuggish and capricious foreign policy repr
esents a constant threat to world peace and stability. But labeling the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 a "rogue state" may be overdoing it. It better fits the profile of a semi-failed state.
\par A semi-failed state is a country whose government maintains all the trappings and appearance
s of power, legitimacy, and control. Its army and police are integral and operative. Its institutions function. Its government and parliament promulgate laws and its courts enforce them. It is not challenged by any competing military structures within its
 recognized borders.
\par Yet, the semi-failed state - while going through the motions - is dead on its feet. It is a political and societal zombie. It functions due mainly to inertia and lack of better or clear alternatives. Its population is disgruntled, hosti
le, and suspicious. Other countries regard it with derision, fear, and abhorrence. It is rotting from the inside and doomed to implode.
\par In a semi-failed state, high crime rates and rampant venality, nepotism, and cronyism affect the government's ability to
 enforce laws and implement programs. It reacts by adding layers of intransigent and opaque bureaucracy to an already unwieldy mammoth. The institutions of the semi-failed state are hopelessly politicized and, thus, biased, distrusted, and compromised. It
s judiciary is in a state of decrepit decline as unqualified beneficiaries of patronage join the ranks.
\par The result is social fragmentation as traditional and local leaders, backed by angry and rebellious constituents, take matters into their own hands. Cent
rifugal politics supplant statehood and the nation is unable to justly and effectively balance the competing claims of the center versus the periphery.
\par The utter (but insidious) institutional failure that typifies the semi-failed state is usually exposed with the total disarray that follows an emergency (such as a natural disaster or a terrorist attack). 
\par To deflect criticism and in a vain attempt to reunite its fracturing populace, the semi-failed state often embarks on military adventures (cloaked as "sel
f-defense" or "geopolitical necessity"). Empire-building is an indicator of looming and imminent disintegration. Foreign aggression replaces reconstruction and rational policy-making at home. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} prior to the Civil War, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USSR{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} between 1956 and 1982, federal {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yugoslavia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} after 1989, and Nazi Germany are the most obvious examples.
\par Is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} a semi-failed state? 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 I. Empire-building and foreign aggression}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par Its neighbors always perceived the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as an imminent security risk (ask {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, half of whose territory was captured by successive and aggressive American administrations). The two world wars transformed the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} into a global threat, able and only too willing to project power to protect its interests and disseminate its brand of missionary liberal-capitalism.
\par In the last 150 years, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has repeatedly militarily attacked, unprovoked, other peaceful or pacified nations, near and far. To further its (often economic) ends, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} has not refrained from encouraging and using terrorism i
n various parts of the globe. It has developed and deployed weapons of mass destruction and is still the biggest arms manufacturer and trader in the world. It has repeatedly reneged on its international obligations and breached international laws and conv
entions.
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 II. Dysfunctional institutions}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par Hurricane Katrina (August-September 2005) exposed the frailty and lack of preparedness of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) and, to some extent, the National Guard. It brought into sharp relief the cancerous 
politicization of the crony-infested federal government. 
\par FEMA is only the latest in a long chain of failed institutions. The SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) coped poorly with virulent corruption and malfeasance in Wall Street. The FDA (Food and D
rug Administration) capitulated in the face of commercial and political pressures and neglected to remove from the market malfunctioning medical devices and drugs with lethal side effects. 
\par The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has sacrificed {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s
 nature reserves to business interests. A heavily politicized Supreme Court legitimized manifestly tainted election results and made a president out of the loser of the popular vote. The disenfranchisement of minorities, the poor, and ex-convicts is now i
n full swing. 
\par The legislature - the two houses of Congress - are deadlocked and paralyzed owing to partisanship and corruption. The executive either ignores laws passed by the the legislative branch of government (President Bush issued well over 750 "presi
dential statements", effectively obviating many of them) or actively encroaches on Congressional turf (for instance, by sending the FBI to search the offices of elected Representatives).
\par The organs of the government of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} now function only w
hen exposed to acute embarrassment and a revolted public opinion. Private firms and charities sprout to fulfill the gaps.
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 III. The National Consensus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par Americans long mistook the institutional stability of their political system, guaranteed by the Constitution, for a national consensus. They actually believe that the former guarantees the latter - that institutional firmness and durability }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 ARE}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  the national consensus. The reverse, as we know, is true: it takes a national consensus to yield stable institutions.
 No social structure - no matter how venerable and veteran - can resist the winds of change in public sentiment.
\par Hurricane Katrina again demonstrated the unbridgeable divides in American society between rich and poor and black and white. But this time, the rift runs deeper.
\par The Bush administration is the first since the Civil War to dare to change the fundamental rules of the political game (for instance by seeking to abolish the filibuster in the Senate and by a profligacy of recess appointments of judges 
and officials). Its instincts and reflexes are elitist, undemocratic, and violent. It is delusional and its brand of fanatic religiosity is not well-received even among the majority of Americans who are believers. Additionally, it is openly and unabashedl
y corrupt and ridden with nepotism and cronyism.
\par Yet, Bush, unlike Nixon, is not an aberration. He is unlikely to be impeached. He was overwhelmingly re-elected even as his quagmire war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} unraveled and the self-enrichment and paranoia of his close circle became public. 
\par This is the new and true face of at least half of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, to the horror and dismay of the other half, its liberals. If the history of the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is any judge, these two camps are unlikely to sit back and navel-gaze. Semi-failed 
states typically disintegrate. A bloodied (perhaps even nuclear) second civil war is in the cards.
\par Should the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 devolve into its constituent states, the world will breathe a sigh of relief. A European Union (EU)-like economic zone between the parts of the former {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} is bound to be far more pacific and to contribute to world stability - something its malignant former incarnation had so signally failed to do.
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Reprinted with permission from:}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 "The Second Civil War in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its Aftermath" by Sam Vaknin (second, revised impression, 2029)}{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Summary of Chapter 83}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par "The polities of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries swung between extremes of nationalism and polyethnic multiculturalism. 
Following the Great War (1914-8), the disintegration of most of the continental empires - notably the Habsburg and Ottoman - led to a resurgence of a particularly virulent strain of the former, dressed as Fascism, Nazism, and Stalinism. 
\par The aftermath of the Second World War brought on a predictable backlash in the West against all manner of nationalism and racism. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USSR{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yugoslavia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czech Republic{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, the EU (European Union, then European Community), the Commonwealth led by the United Kingdom, and the prominent {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 epitomized the eventual triumph of multiculturalism, multi-ethnic states, and, in the Western democracies, pluralism.
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}, just emerging from a phase of brutal colonialism, were out of synch with these developments in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Europe{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North America{\*\xmlclose}
 and began to espouse their own brands of jingoistic patriotisms. Attempts to impose liberal-democratic, multi-cultural, tolerant, pluralistic, and multi-ethnic principles on these emergent entities was largely perceived and vehemently rejected
 by them as disguised neo-colonialism.
\par The disintegration, during the second half of the twentieth century, of the organizing principles of international affairs - most crucially Empire in the 1960s and Communism in the 1980s - led to the re-eruption of ex
clusionary, intolerant, and militant nationalism. The Balkan secession wars of the 1990s served as a stark reminder than historical forces and ideologies never vanish - they merely lie dormant.
\par Polyethnic multiculturalism came under attack elsewhere and everywhere - from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belgium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Straining to contain this worrisome throwback to its tainted history, Europeans implemented various models. In the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, regions, such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Scotland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Northern Ireland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were granted greater autonomy. The EU's "ev
er closer union", reified by its unfortunate draft constitution, was intermittently rejected and resented by increasingly xenophobic and alienated constituencies. 
\par This time around, between 1980 and 2020, nationalism copulated with militant religiosity to 
produce particularly nasty offspring in Muslim terrorism, Christian fundamentalist (American) thuggish unilateralism, Hindu supremacy, and Jewish messianism. Scholars, such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}
Huntington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, spoke of a "clash of civilizations".
\par Ironically, the much-heralded conflict took place not between the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its enemies without - but within the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in a second and devastating Civil War.
\par Americans long mistook the institutional stability of their political system, guaranteed by the Constitution, for a national consensus. They actually believed that the former guarantees the latter - that institutional firmness and durability }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 ARE}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  the national consensus. The reverse, as we know, is true: it takes a national consensus to yield stable institutions. No social stru
cture - no matter how venerable and veteran - can resist the winds of change in public sentiment.
\par In hindsight, the watershed obtained during the Bush-Cheney presidency (2001-2009). The social and political concord frayed and then disintegrated with each s
uccessive blow: the war in Iraq (2003-7), the botched evacuation and rescue efforts in the wake of hurricane Katrina (2005), the issuance of "presidential statements" effectively obviating laws passed by Congress, the incarceration of journalists and inti
m
idation of legislators (e.g., nocturnal FBI searches of offices on Capitol Hill), the failed assassination attempt on the President's life (2006), the further restrictions placed on civil and human rights in Patriot Acts III and IV (2008), and, finally, t
he nuclear terrorist attack on Houston in the closing days of this divisive reign. 
\par The attempt in 2008 to "indefinitely postpone" the presidential elections by imposing a Federal state of emergency in the entire {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 exacerbated matters.
\par From there, it went only downhill.
\par As opposed to the first Civil War (1860-5), the Second Civil War (2021-26) was fought within communities and across state boundaries. It was not territorial and classic - but total and guerilla-like. It cut across the country's geography an
d pitted one ideological camp against another.
\par It may be too soon to objectively analyze and evaluate this gargantuan conflict. It was preceded by a decade of violent demonstrations, home-grown urban terrorism, and numerous skirmishes involving the Nationa
l Guard and even, in violation of the Constitution, the armed forces.
\par Some historians cast the whole period as a battle of the religious vs. the secular. It clearly was not. By 2021, most Americans professed to being deeply religious, in one manner or fash
ion. No one seriously disputed the importance of the Church - but many insisted on its separation from the state. 
\par Hence the protracted (and heated) confrontation between pro-life and pro-choice advocates when Wade vs. Roe was overturned by a politicized a
nd weakened Supreme Court in 2007. Hence the drawn out (and violent) debates about the teaching of evolution theory in schools or the use of embryonic stem cells in medical research.
\par Nor was the Civil War fought between isolationists and interventionists. 
An ever more brazen brand of post-September 11 global terrorism and a growing dependence on international trade inexorably drove most Americans to accept their new role as an Empire. They actually learned to enjoy it, both emotionally and economically.

\par Thu
s, even erstwhile Jacksonian isolationists reluctantly acquiesced in their country's foreign exploits. But they insisted on blatant unilateralism and the projection of American might merely and only to protect American interests. They abhorred the mission
ary ideology of the neo-conservatives. Spreading values, such as democracy, should better be left to }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/ngos.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 NGOs}
}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0  and charities - they thundered.
\par The Civil War was not about the preservation of East Coast liberalism, as some self-serving scholars would have it. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 was never less racist and homophobic than in the years immediately preceding the conflagration. The debate, again, revolved around institutions. Should changing mores be enshrined in legislation and c
ase law? Should the national ethos itself be rewritten? Should the very definition and quiddity of being an American (white, male, straight) be revisited?
\par Neo-Marxist chroniclers attribute the causes of the Second Civil War to the growing disparities of we
alth between the haves and the haves not. Presidents Bush and Cheney surely reversed L.B. Johnson's Great Society. They and their successors erased the numerous entitlements and aid programs that many of the economically disenfranchised came to depend upo
n and to regard as a birth right and as a cornerstone of the social contract. 
\par Turning the clock back on affirmative action and food stamps, for instance, indeed provoked widespread violence. But such outbursts can hardly be construed to have been the precursors of the gigantic flame that consumed the USA a few years hence.
\par Finally, the Civil War was not about free trade (beneficial to the service and manufacturing based economies of some states) versus protectionism (helpful to the agricultural belts and bo
wls of the hinterland and to the recovering Gulf Coast). America's economy was far too dependent on the outside world to reverse course. Its national debt was being financed by Asians, its products were being sold all over, its commodities and foods were 
coming from Africa and Latin America. The USA was in hock to a globalized and merciless economy. Protectionism was campaign posturing - not a cogent and coherent trade policy.
\par So, what were the roots and causes of the Second Civil War?
\par None of the above in 
isolation - and all of the above in confluence. For decades, the citizenry's trust in a packed and rigged Supreme Court declined. Politicians came to be regarded as a detached and heartless plutocracy. Americans felt orphaned, cheated, and robbed. The nat
ional consensus - the implicit agreement that together is better than alone - has thus evaporated. The outcome was the shots and explosions that rocked the United States (and the world in tow) on January 20, 2021."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1071098 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 {\*\bkmkstart myths}Afghan Myths }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 \line }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 
\ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 {\*\bkmkend myths}An Interview with Anssi Kullberg}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 Anssi Kristian Kullberg}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
 is presently employed as a researcher for the Legal and Country Intelligence Service, Western and Central Asia Desk, at the Finnish Directorate of Immigration. This interview represe
nts his personal views only and not those of his employer. On Black Tuesday, 11th September, he was in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kyrgyzstan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, on his way to the notorious {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Ferghana{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Valley{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, in a reconstruction of the late Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim's intelligence expedition to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Turkistan{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1906-1908.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Q: Was the Taliban the creation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}? Can you tell us about its formation and how was {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} involved in it?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 The Taliban was not a creation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, although {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was among several states that contributed 
to the genesis and development of this peculiar movement. It is true that the Taliban (which was established only as late as in 1994 as a religious movement) had a significant influx from Pakistani madrassas. But the Taliban is not only an extreme religio
us movement, but also an ethnic Pashtun one. The Pashtuns are a bit less than half of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s population, but in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} there are 16 million resident Pashtuns plus 3 million as refugees. There are more Pashtuns in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} than in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} nowadays. The "Pakistanis" involved in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are in fact Afghans.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The role of the Pakistani Islamist opposition in the formation and support of the Taliban is widely recorded. But more important are those who made it a military power. This is where {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} enters the game, too. In order to understand the Taliban, we must recall the background situation in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ever since the events in 1970s.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The Taliban is not monolithic. Even less so is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Northern Alliance{\*\xmlclose}. Neither were the Afghan communists united
. This was made evident by the internal power struggles following the ousting of King Zahir Shah in 1973. Daoud was overthrown and killed by communists in 1978. But the communists were divided into the Khalq faction, favored by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and the Parcham faction, favored by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose}
. In 1978 it was the Khalq faction that took over, but their more moderate leader Nur Mohammed Taraki was overthrown and killed by the hardliner Khalq communist Hafizullah Amin. In 1979, the Soviet Spetsnaz murdered Amin and 
replaced him with the Parcham follower Babrak Karmal, who was close to the KGB. Then the Soviet army invaded.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The communist secret service Khad (KhAD), whose leaders were Karmal and Sayid Mohammed Najibullah, was actually an Afghan branch of the KGB. It ha
d been preceded by the communist secret services of Taraki and Amin (AGSA, KAM), but from 1979 onwards this organization of terror was instructed and trained by the KGB. The culture of terror and the horrible persecution of the civil population continued 
without a pause from the communist takeover up until the overthrowing of Najibullah's regime in 1992 when Massoud liberated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kabul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Western minds seem to implicitly suppose that when the Cold War was over, the communists and the structures they had created just suddenly disappeared. This is a recurrent fatal misperception especially of the Americans.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
According to Professor Azmat Hayat Khan of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}University{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Peshawar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, when Ahmad Shah Massoud's mujaheddin liberated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kabul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1992, and Najibullah gave up power
, the communist generals of the army and of Khad agreed to prolong the Afghan civil war in order to discredit President Burhanuddin Rabbani's mujahid government and prevent {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} from stabilizing. The Uzbek communist General Abdurrashid Dostum continued the rebellion against Rabbani and Massoud in Mazar-i-Sharif, massively backed by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose} and later by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Uzbekistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Another rebellious general was Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Most of the ethnic Pashtun Khalq army generals as well as those of
 the Khad defected to Hekmatyar's troops. A decisive role was the one played by General Shahnawaz Tanai, the communist commander of the artillery, who defected to Hekmatyar's side as early as in 1990. Later in 1995, when Hekmatyar's rebellion was losing\~
 strength, Tanai defected to the Taliban. So did many other communist army and Khad officers.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
It was Tanai's defection that provided the Taliban with Soviet artillery, Soviet air force, Soviet intelligence and Soviet technical and military knowledge. The American Anthony {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}
Arnold{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} argued already then that Tanai's moves were a KGB-inspired provocation. The former KGB General Oleg Kalugin said that it was {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} who trained most of the terrorists the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is now chasing.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940089 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 As regards the Taliban, it was nothing special when they took over {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kandahar{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} in 1994. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kandahar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 was a Pashtun city and the strict interpretation of Islam the Taliban propounds is not so much based on the Qur'an but on the narrow-minded social norms of an agrarian Pashtun village. Mullah Omar is often 
described as having the background of a relatively simple-minded rustic mullah, although he was also politically active in Mohammed Nabi Mohammadi's Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Revolutionary Islamic Movement), which later opposed the Taliban.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 But apart fro
m Mullah Mohammed Omar and some other leaders who seem to have truly religious backgrounds (and no other education), the Taliban's military and intelligence are dominated by Soviet-trained communists.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Besides Tanai, there is for example the late first Tali
ban military commander and one of its founders, "Mullah Borjan", whose real name was Turan Abdurrahman, a prominent communist military officer. Many Taliban "mullahs" have no religious training at all. They are former communist military and security agent
s
 who have grown up beards and adopted new names and identities replete with the title "mullah". The Taliban artillery commander was the former Soviet Army's Afghan military intelligence officer Shah Sawar. The Taliban intelligence service chief Mohammed A
kbar used to head a department of the Khad. And the Taliban air force commander Mohammed Gilani was a communist general, too. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940089 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940089 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 Perhaps because of this immensely influential influx into the Taliban, their interpretation of Islam is quite alien for most of t
he world's Muslims, but closely resembles the interpretation of Islam that the communists and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 have traditionally espoused in their anti-Islamic propaganda.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The decisive strengthening of the Taliban took place in 1995-1996, when it was seen as a "stabilizing" force in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. This was a great fallacy based on the Taliban's success in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kandahar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, which was indeed their "home field". Anywhere else the Taliban did not bring about stability, but quite the opposite. Among those with a rising interest in the Taliban forces, were all the main players: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its satellite regimes in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose}, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. At the initiative of the Turkmen dictator Saparmurat Niyazov, the Russian energy giant Gazprom, headed by the then Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} firm Unocal, contracted to lay a pipeline from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkmenistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, circumventing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and crossing the Afghan territory that the Taliban had supposedly "stabilized". For {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, it has been a traditi
onal national interest to secure energy supplies from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose}, since it is sandwiched between two vehemently hostile great powers, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. For {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, this was seen as a way to control Central Asian energy resources and to extend its influence towards the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Indian Ocean{\*\xmlclose}
. Two Saudi Arabian oil companies were also involved.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940089 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 During the same years, the Taliban received sizable armed support. It did not come mainly from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Financial succor came from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. But the most decisive increase 
in the Taliban's strength came from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
: the defections of the Khalq and Khad generals directly into the Taliban's leadership, vast amounts of Russian weaponry in several mysteriously "captured" stashes, including a very suspicious "hijacking" and escap
e of a Russian jet loaded with weapons that ended up in the hands of the Taliban's ex-communist leaders. With these new weapons, the Taliban marched on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Herat{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} in 1995, and finally managed to capture {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kabul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1996. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940089 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Najibullah was hanged, but Najibullah's hanging by his former Taliban-turned prot\'e9g\'e9s seems to have camouflaged the actual developments in the Afghan power struggle.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had an interest to cut the strong ties between Massoud's mujaheddin and the Tajik opposition that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had crushed since it attacked {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tajikistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in 1992 and backed the communists into power there. The old provocateur Hekmatyar was by then defeated and had finally given up his fight - after losing his men and arms by Tanai's defection to the Taliban - and accepted a seat in the 
government in compensation. Since Hekmatyar was finished, a new Pashtun force was needed in those years. Taliban was a rising force that various external players tried to exploit by infiltration, support and manipulation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2386794 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 When the Cold War was declared over by the West, it did not stop elsewhere. After 1989 the West really lost interest in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and until some months before his death Massoud was trying to appeal to it in vain. The West was uninterested, but others were. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, of course, was interested in the goings on in its unstable neighbor. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} was financing and supporting dangerous Sunni fundamentalist groups, and later the Taliban. The Saudis also provided them with their own Saudi fanatics that had become troublesome at home. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was supporting its own agents within Afghan Shia groups. And the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose} and later {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} continued to provide massive armed support to the last communist dictator of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Najibullah, and later to the notorious General Dostum.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2386794 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The Russian principle was "divide and rule", with the basic idea of keeping the West out and assuring that the region would not strengthen so that the Soviet empire could return once it has regained its military might. Because of this stratagem, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has supported the Tajiks of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Northern Alliance{\*\xmlclose} through {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tajikistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - only sufficiently to form a buffer zone against the Taliban, but without being able to gain substantial victories or to intervene in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tajikistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Moreover, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has been arming and supporting the Uzbeks under the command of Dostum and General Malik who later defected to the Taliban's side. This support has been directed through {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region
}}Uzbekistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and still continues - ironically, with the West's full blessing. Less known has been the Russian support directed through {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Turkmenistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the Taliban, and to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan that is said to threaten Karimov's rule there.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Q: What was and is the role of the CIA in all this? Was {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s ISI the CIA's long arm? Was bin Laden a CIA agent?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A chronic feat
ure of American intelligence policy seems to be historical amnesia and inability to see the complex nature of conflicts and local relationships. This was also manifested during the Soviet occupation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. British intelligence and part of the Pakistani intelligence community clashed with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} already during the Cold War period, because they wanted to support Ahmad Shah Massoud, the "Lion of Panjshir". It was Massoud and his mujaheddin who finally, after getting Stingers from the British, managed 
to make the war too expensive for the Soviets, forcing them to retreat in 1989.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Meanwhile, the CIA was incompetent enough to be dependent on the Pakistani intelligence services that, especially in Zia ul-Haq's period, favored Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a pompous
 figure who claimed to have extensive contacts throughout the Islamic world. He indeed had some contacts, including with Osama bin Laden, but he was considered to be a KGB provocateur by Massoud and many others, and was never of any help in the Afghan ind
ependence struggle.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Instead of fighting the Soviet occupants, Hekmatyar preferred to fight other Afghans, and to conspire with suspicious Arab circles imported by his contact bin Laden to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Peshawar
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The Stingers that the CIA had provided to Hekmatyar, were not used to liberate {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Instead, Hekmatyar sold them to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and they were later used against the Americans in a well-known incident.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
When the Soviet troops moved out, Hekmatyar pursued a bloody rebellion against the legal Afghan government, deva
stating the country along with another rebel general, Dostum. (Though they were not aligned.) In 1993, Hekmatyar supported the KGB general and spymaster Haidar Aliyev's coup in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Azerbaijan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and, in 1994, Hekmatyar was involved in supporting pro-Russian Lezghin terrorists in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose}
. Hekmatyar is still active. He lives in Teheran, and has recently finally revealed his true colors by siding with the Taliban.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
As far as I know, Osama bin Laden was never a CIA agent. However, there are relatively plausible claims that he was close to Saudi intelligence, especially to the recently fired intelligence chief Prince Turki bin Faizal, until they broke up. }{\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2386794 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Osama first appeared in the Afghan War theater either in 1979, or, at the latest in 1984. But at the beginning he was first and foremost a businessman. He served the interests of those who wished to construct roads accessible for tanks to cross through 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Indian Ocean{\*\xmlclose}
. This might also explain his characteristic opportunism - quite atypical for a self-proclaimed warrior of faith.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
International jihadists surely want to portray him as a religious fighter or Muslim hero, but this is not the true picture, but, mostly, a myth created by the Western media. This is where Arab, Pakistani and Indonesian teenag
ers learn that Osama is a fighter in a universal struggle of Islam against its oppressors.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 But bin Laden never fought the Soviets to liberate {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. For most of this period, he was not even in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. He was managing an office in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Peshawar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and the only credible claim about him being in a battle has been made by the former CIA official Milton Bearden concerning a minor skirmish that took place in spring 1987.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Bin Laden's first significant contact in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Peshawar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was the Palestinian Professor Abdullah
 Azzam, whom bin Laden has later described as his mentor. Azzam was an Arab idealist, who wanted to concentrate on the liberation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, and who wanted to support Massoud, whom he correctly regarded as being the right person to uphold. Bin Laden d
isagreed. He wanted to support the disloyal Islamist fanatic Hekmatyar. As a result, Azzam and his son were blown up in a car bomb in 1989, and consequently, bin Laden took over his organization and transformed it into Al-Qaida (the Base). }{\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Already before these events, he started to transform the agency by flooding it with his Arab contacts from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}
. These Arabs were not interested in liberating Afghanistan as much as in hiding from the law enforcement agencies of their own countries, most of all Egypt's.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 When 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} attacked {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tajikistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, bin Laden and his folks were by no means interested in liberating {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tajikistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} from a new communist yoke. Instead, bin Laden left 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and dispersed his terrorist network, directing it to act against the West. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 It is bizarre that a man claiming to be an Islamic fundamentalist supported the invasion by the Arab socialist (and thereby atheist) {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, both with conservative Islamic regimes.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Al-Qaida's supported all causes and activities against the West: the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and any pro-Western Muslim regime like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Robbers on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname PlaceName}}Jolo{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Philippines{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 qualified for Al-Qaida's support although they hardly knew anything about the Qur'an. They were immediately t
hey were portrayed as "Islamic fighters". Even the strictly atheist anti-Turkish terrorist organization PKK has been welcomed. At the same time they definitely have not supported Muslims advocating Turkish-modeled moderate independence, like the Chechens,
 the original Tajik opposition or the Azeri government under President Abulfaz Elchibey.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
As concerning Pakistan's intelligence service, the ISI, I think it would be gross underestimation of a potential regional great power and its British colonial tradition
s of military and intelligence to describe it just as an arm of the CIA or of the Islamists. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
These are widespread myths. The ISI is neither the hero nor the villain of this story. I think the ISI is interested simply in the national interest of Pakistan, 
which consists of four main elements: security against the hostile strong neighbors India and Iran, security against the instability and uncontrolled forces ravaging Afghanistan and infiltrating Pakistan through the large Pashtun population, the conflict 
over Kashmir, and Pakistan's own international status.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is an historical buffer zone in the ancient Great Game of Central Eurasia. It is the gateway through which {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s enemies can attack or destabilize it, and it is equally the buffer that stops these enemies. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s is interested in regional stability while its enemies seek to use any instability against it. There is a great divide within {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} between Pakistani nationalists and internationalist Islamists. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} is relatively democratic compared with its neighbors - even including {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, considering its treatment of minorities and the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} issue. It, thus, has the problems of a democracy. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has quite free and critical press, local administration and intellectual opposition, the Islamists included. It is not, and has never been, an Islamist dictatorship like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Q: Can you chart the relationship between the ISI and the Taliban?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 The policy of the ISI was strongly correlated with developments in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s leadership. The main divide concerning the ISI's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} policies did not concern\~
 religious issues as it did the ethnic question related to the political and military aspirations of the Pashtun people in both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Actually one of the greatest dangers to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s national existence would be the emergence of the idea of Greater Pashtunistan, splitting 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in two.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
This was an idea favored and agitated by the pro-Soviet Pashtuns - many of whom are now influential in the Taliban. The Pakistani researcher Musa Khan Jalalzai noticed this and described these people as "enemies of Pakistani interests".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 would like to split {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and destroy it, and Russian geopolitics is still based on a "final thrust to the South". {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} equally fear that 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Baluchistan{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Punjab{\*\xmlclose} would finally be united under Pakistani rule. Incorporating 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Pashtunistan{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has the potential to become a South Asian superpower with plausible expansionist chances. Yet this has never really been an aspiration of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}. Like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} under {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ataturk{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 under such leaders as Ayub Khan and now Pervez Musharraf has been introverted in its nationalism and based on constitutional and national ideas similar to those of present day {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
During the military dictatorship of Zia ul-Haq the policy turned more Islamist, and during this period the ISI strongly supported Hekmatyar. Hekmatyar proved disloyal and finally defected to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. During Benazir Bhutto's government, support has sh
ifted to the Taliban. This was decided by the Interior Minister Nasirullah Babar. It is history's irony that the first female prime minister of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} helped to strengthen the misogynist Taliban regime. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 
\par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 The ISI started to get disillusioned and disappoin
ted with the Taliban during the thoroughly corrupt "democracy" continued under Nawaz Sharif. There have been rumors that the ISI wished to influence the Taliban and to empower "a third force" among the more moderate Taliban leaders to take over it. It is 
in connection with this that Shahnawaz Tanai actually defected to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, and the ISI was dealing with the former communists who were so powerful within the Taliban.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 Luckily for Western interests, General Pervez Musharraf took over. This takeover was the
 best event in Pakistani history as far as the West is concerned, although it was sadly ignored in the West during the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Clinton{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 administration. Musharraf was portrayed as a military dictator and a supporter of the causes of the Taliban and of an alliance with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 (all sins of his predecessors). Musharraf is profoundly pro-Western, secular in mind and pragmatic in foreign policy. He in fact tried to form constructive relationships with all the neighboring countries ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). His peace i
nitiatives in Kashmir were stalled by Indian arrogance, and the West turned a cold shoulder to its old ally, which has been a source of great bitterness in Pakistan, especially since the West has been very inconsistent in choosing when to support Pakistan
 and when not to. But during the Musharraf reign, human rights and the position of women in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} have improved considerably.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Constructive relations with whomever rules {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} have been Realpolitik for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10556247 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Although Musharraf, immediately afte
r seizing power, started to undermine the support for the Taliban, he could not remove the recognition given to the Taliban government, as there was no other Afghan government - the Rabbani government having been ousted and categorically hostile to Pakist
an, partly for legitimate reasons. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has been trying ever since to construct new anti-Taliban alliances, as well as trying to find intra-Taliban frictions to exploit. But the West should be very careful and measured in its pressure on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The Taliban is really not under {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's thumb, and never was.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
I think the ISI first saw the Taliban as a potential instrument. Then it saw it as a threat that had to be infiltrated and controlled. Then they saw it as a burden. Surely the ISI wished to contro
l and contain the Taliban, but their success has been rather doubtful (as has been others'). Many analysts have paid attention to the fact that Afghan as well as non-Afghan adventurers like bin Laden, have always been very talented at exploiting the surro
unding states as well as both superpowers.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Another distorted myth is propagated by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. It is that the Kashmiri secessionism is terrorism and a Pakistani creation. This is very far from reality. More than 80% of Kashmiris would probably prefer independenc
e, but at the same time they reject the Islamist model. There are several small but media-visible Islamist groups operating in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose}
, or at least proclaiming the Kashmiri cause. But these people are not really interested in Kashmiri independence. They are interested in jihad. Such Islamists appear wherever there is a war (during {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bosnia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s struggle for independence and in the Albanian civil war, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chechnya{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} and so on). }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15813060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Their "help" is usually just an added burden to the ones they purport to help, 
since they are seldom fighting for any liberation. These "professional" jihadists also seem to be more common in internet cafes and among Arab diasporas in the West than in places where Muslim nations face real oppression.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
We must remember that Musharraf cannot possibly surrender to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose}
 dispute. This would not only be political suicide, but it would not end the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} conflict - quite the contrary. It would mean importing the Kashmiri conflict into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. What happened in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, with millions of refugees flooding to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, should not happen with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose}. This would be an outright catastrophe for both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, let alone the Kashmiri people. Therefore it is the most crucial interest of the West to prevent 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} from escalating the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} conflict and turning {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} into another weapon against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s stability.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Q: The "Arab" fighters in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - are they a state with a state, or the long arm for covert operations (e.g., the assassination o
f Massoud) for the Taliban? Who is the dog and who is the tail?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The dog and tail can get very entangled here. Everybody is exploiting everybody, and finally all organizations and states are tools which consist of individuals and used by them. The Arabs in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are indeed Arabs. There are also lots of "Pakistani" volunteers on the Taliban side, but these are mainly Pashtuns, that is, Afghans.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The mentioning of Chechens, Uighurs and so on is more designed to satisfy the propaganda purposes of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. There are less than one million Chechens and they have a very harsh war going on in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Chechnya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Chechens who choose to go to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} instead must be quite unpatriotic.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The Arabs form the hard core of Al-Qaida. They are the Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi etc. professional revolutionaries and terrorists who have gathered around the figurehead of Osama bin Laden. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 Many of these share the same old background in Marxist-inspired revolutionary movements in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}
. Ideology and facade have changed
 when green replaced red, but their methods as well as foreign contacts have mainly remained the same. This is why they are much more interested in attacking the West and pro-Western Muslim regimes than in supporting any true national liberation movements
. Even if they try to infiltrate and influence conflict outcomes in the Balkans, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}East Turkistan{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose}, they are set against the nationalist and secular - and usually pro-Western - policies of the legitimate leadership of these secessioni
st movements. So the people whom Al-Qaida may support and try to infiltrate are usually exiled or otherwise opposition forces acting in fact against the idea of independence. This has been the case in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chechnya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Dagestan{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bosnia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose} and so on.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 And this
 has been the case in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 as well. Osama bin Laden and his Arabs never contributed to the actual Afghan national liberation struggle. Instead they acted against it by infiltrating Afghan circles and turning them against each other. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Their jihad is 
not intended to defend the Muslims against infidel oppressors, but to cause chaos and destruction, in which they apparently hope to overthrow Muslim regimes and replace them with the utopia of Salafi rule. It is not hard to see how this set of mind was in
herited from the communist utopian terrorist movements that preceded the present Islamist ones. They had the same structures, the same cadres, the same leaders, the same sponsors and the same methods.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 The Arabs in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} have feathered their nests, tho
ugh. Osama bin Laden and his closest associates have all married daughters of Afghan elders - from different factions and tribes - and their sons and daughters have, in turn, married the off-spring of eminent Afghan leaders. This is how they secured their
 foothold in Afghan social networks - something neither the West nor {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 succeeded to do. When issues are reduced to family relationships, it is not to be expected that the Afghans would hand over the Arabs to the West or to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Al-Qaida is not o
nly fortifying itself physically, but also socially. At the same time their cells and countless collaborating agencies - some of whom are clearly non-Islamist, and some of which are government agencies of certain hostile states - are hoping to escalate th
is "war against terrorism" and to exploit it for their own purposes.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Q: Do you believe that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had long standing designs to conquer {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and used the September 11 atrocities as a pretext?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 I would rather say that somebody else had long standing designs for a major conflict in which it was necessary to get the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} involved. Those who wiped out Mr. Massoud a couple of days before the terror strikes in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} probably knew that the terrorists will be hunted in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
It is clear that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, among many others, has long desired to overthrow the Taliban, and I see nothing wrong with it. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was the easiest target, because the Taliban was not internationally recognized (except by three countries at the beginning of the war), and because 
there was nobody strong enough to really side with the Taliban. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
There was no special need to demonize them, as they seemed to have done a good job demonizing themselves. The West was more concerned with the blowing up a couple of Buddha statues than with 
the thousands of victims of the Taliban's tyranny and of the civil war that continued to rage in Afghanistan all this time totally ignored by the Western media until the US got involved again. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} can, of course, be blamed for hypocrisy, as always, but the truth is that getting the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} involved has greatly helped those in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} who had hoped for decades to overthrow the Taliban.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
It is also quite surprising that even Musharraf's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} seems to have actually benefited from the present course of aff
airs, since terrorism has given Musharraf the pretext of openly siding with the West, and abandoning all remnants of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's tolerance of the Taliban.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Still I would be inclined against any conspiratorial depiction of the recent events that would blame the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for all that happened. The 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had to react, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} was a logical target. In this sense, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 did what the terrorists wanted. But they did so in a much more moderate way, and after much longer preparations than their enemies had probably ho
ped for. One reason is that in the Bush administration there seems to be significantly more foreign political expertise than in the Clinton administration that hastily bombed a couple of targets, including a factory in Sudan, but always failed to respond 
to the real challenge.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 In the long run, the threat posed by terrorism will not be defeated by military operations and not in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. What can be done there is just the removal of the Taliban regime and helping to construct a stable and recognized Afghan government. It is important to give security guarantees to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and to support the development that is transforming {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} into a strong and relatively stable pro-Western Muslim country that can play a similar role in Central and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Southern Asia{\*\xmlclose} as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} does in the West and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}. At best, this could even encourage a Musharraf to rise in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, which would yield ultimate benefits to Western interests in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
But then, terrorism must be fought by other means.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
This means that Western intelligence must rise to the level of the Cold War to face challenges by terrorist organizations as well as by colluding governments. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
The West must also resist {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Huntington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s vision coming true, since this is exactly what the terrorists want: a clash of civilization
s. And we must keep in mind that there are also many others who would like to see a worldwide conflagration between the West and Islam.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Q: What is the geostrategic and geopolitical importance of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is not so significant in itself, 
if we only consider economic interests. Of more importance are some countries situated near {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, especially those in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Azerbaijan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is also a traditional buffer zone, since its landscape is hard to penetrate for tanks and modern armies. It has prevented the expansion of the Eurasian Heartland Empire towards {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Eurasia{\*\xmlclose}
's southern rim lands for centuries. It has protected the areas included in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} today, but on the other hand, turning {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 into a politically or militarily active area was used to destabilize {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia
{\*\xmlclose}, in order to alter the status quo, whatever it was.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
Regarding oil, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} again forms a bridge or a barrier. As long as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is regarded as a hostile country by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} forms an oil transport route from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. As long as there is war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, it remains a barrier preventing the countries of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caspian Sea{\*\xmlclose} from benefiting from their oil. Wars in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose} have exactly the same outcom
e. While this is the case, only {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and perhaps {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will have access to and hegemony over the energy resources in the vast Eurasian heart-land.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
I think this is the main geopolitical importance of both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose}
. It is the question of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 monopolizing the geopolitical heartland, first and foremost. Considering the colossal weight of geopolitics and geopolitical thought in present Russian security thinking, these implications cannot be overestimated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 Q: Can 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} be drawn into the conflict and, if yes, what effect will this have on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose}, and NATO?}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 A: }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 It seems {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has been drawn into it already. Or rather, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has volunteered to be drawn into it. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, of course, share a very hostile attitude towards any expansion of Turkish influence in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose}. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, on the other hand, may finally find each other after a long period of mutual hostility. They both share a similar geopolitical importance as potential guardians of the
 West. They are among the most important rim land nations, to borrow a phrase from classical geopolitics. This means that they are also the most important barriers on the way of a heartland empire to aspire to sole Eurasian hegemony.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has sought to advocate its interests in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose}
, where most of the Turkistani nations are ethnically Turkic (that is, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Uighurs, while Tajiks are Persian). At the beginning of the 1990's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} tried to play the ethnic and linguis
tic cards and the Central Asians were quite enthusiastic to embrace "the Turkish model" - that is, a Western orientation and secular state. But the Central Asian states are still dominated by communist nomenclatures with strong ties with 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s e
conomic problems and generally overly cautious foreign policy have greatly undermined its capacity to advocate its own and Western interests in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose}
. Moreover, the Central Asian dictators have interpreted the "Turkish model" in most peculiar ways, being often closer to the Chinese model than the Turkish one.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1071098\charrsid1071098 I think {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is again trying to prove how pro-Western it is and how loyal it is to NATO. The West has usually been much less loyal to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. When it comes to NATO's influence in Central Eura
sia, once Afghanistan is pacified and US presence probably strengthened through Uzbekistan (though it is one of the notoriously disloyal allies of any Western interest, much resembling the role played by Saudi Arabia), it is time to come to Georgia's resc
ue again. The West had better not be too late in coming to the aid of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Georgia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Azerbaijan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, which are both under serious Russian pressure right now. If the Baku-Ceyhan pipeline can be completed, then it could be time for a major reform in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as well.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 {\*\bkmkstart Pakistan}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Nice Little War}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 
\ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 {\*\bkmkend Pakistan}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000040000861200000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10117432 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=05112001-042110-9614r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0030003500310031003200
3000300031002d003000340032003100310030002d0039003600310034007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432  HYPERLINK "http://www.mymontana.co
m/news.phtml?newsid=WWN-UPI-1-20011017-14560500-bc-banking-hawala-analysis-Text" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bce00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0079006d006f006e00740061006e0061002e0063006f006d002f006e006500770073002e007000680074006d006c003f006e006500770073006900
64003d00570057004e002d005500500049002d0031002d00320030003000310031003000310037002d00310034003500360030003500300030002d00620063002d00620061006e006b0069006e0067002d0068006100770061006c0061002d0061006e0061006c0079007300690073002d00540065007800740000006d8701
00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432  }}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 Causing trouble is sometimes a profitable business. The Taliban is, to a large extent, the creation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Yet, it stands to benefit greatly, economically as well a
s politically, from the destruction of the Taliban at the hands of the anti-terror coalition. In the process, its autonomous and contumacious intelligence services keep supplying the Taliban with food and weapons. The government denies either knowledge or
 responsibility but the border remains porous, to the economic benefit of many.
\par The self-appointed President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf, said a few months ago that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 was "on the road to economic recovery". This was incompatible with a simultaneous official reduction in the economic growth target of country (from 4.5% to 3.8%). But, in May, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s debt was being rescheduled with the blessings of the IMF (which contributed 200 million US dollars to the effort) and the World Bank (in the p
rocess of approving $700 million in soft loans). Yet another Paris Club rescheduling seemed imminent. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Two months later, talk was in the air about a multinationally-managed natural (non-liquefied) gas pipeline from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, through Pakistani territory. "The Economist" ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}
{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 14}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}July 14, 2001{\*\xmlclose}) estimated that "... the pipeline might yield {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} anything from $250m to $600m a year in transit fees". 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
There was cause for this optimism.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
To their credit, Musharraf's skilled economic team of technocrats went where 
their predecessors feared to tread. They imposed a highly unpopular and much protested against sales tax on all retail trade. Musharraf threatened to imprison tax evaders and debt defaulters and backed his threat with (constitutionally dubious) arrests. T
he immediate result was that tax collection (by the outlandishly corrupt tax authorities) increased by c. $800 million in the 12 months to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 6}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0
{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}June 30, 2001{\*\xmlclose} (the end of the Pakistani fiscal year) - though mostly from import inhibiting exorbitant customs and indirect taxes. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Funds, doled out by corrupt bank managers to defunct enterprises and used to roll over bad loans - were suddenly recalled. The hitherto symbolic prices of oft-wasted and oft-stolen oil, gas, and electricity were gradually increased and subsid
ies to state-owned utilities (such as cotton mills) decreased. This brought about a belated wave of painful restructuring and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's shambolic and patronage-based industries almost evaporated. Serious privatization is on the cards. The phone company is
 up for grabs and all privatization proceeds (optimists put them at $3 billion, realists at a billion dollars less) are earmarked to pay off foreign debt. The budget deficit stabilized around 5% of GDP (compared to 6.5% the year before), aided by a cut in
 defence spending (which reached 6% in 1997 but deteriorated ever since compared to India, whose defence spending increased by 40% in the same period). Despite growing energy costs, inflation was tamed, down to 4% (2000) from 8% (1999). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Yet, tax revenues are still less than 17% of GDP and less than 1.5% of all taxpayers bother to file tax returns of any kind. In other words, these largely cosmetic measures failed to tackle the systemic failure that passes for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s economy. Reform - both economic and political - was still sluggish and half-hearted, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s current account deficits ballooned (to $3 billion in 1999), the geopolitical neighbourhood roughened, and the world economy dived. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s imminent economic collapse looked inevitable.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 Then came
 September 11. Weeks later, US sanctions imposed on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 since 1990 and 1998 (following its nuclear tests) were waived by President Bush and he rescheduled $400 million in Pakistani debt to various agencies of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} administration. The predicted wave - which has yet to materialize - of 1.5 million Afghan refugees - was worth to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} $600 million in US aid alone ($150 million of which were already disbursed). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
The IMF - ostensibly an independent organization bent on economic reform and impervious to
 geopolitical concerns - swiftly switched from tentative approval (the second tranche of the almost twentieth IMF loan was approved in August, before the attacks) to unmitigated praise regarding {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s economic (mis)management. The $200 million it so reluctantly promised in May and the $1 billion a year (for a period of 2-3 years) {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was hoping to secure in August gleefully mushroomed to $2.5-3.5 billion in October. The rupee shot up in response. Debt forgiveness is discussed with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} accorded a status of HIPC - Highly Indebted Poor Country - which it, otherwise, doesn't deserve, on pure macroeconomic grounds.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Consider this:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
On September 10, each citizen of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, man, woman, and infant, owed only $300 in external government debt. This repr
esented a mere 60% of GDP per capita (or 53% of GDP) in 1997. On that same year, Pakistan's GDP per capita was 25% higher than India's, average GDP growth in the two decades to 1997 was 5.7% p.a. (India - 5.8%), and it was rated 3.4 (India - 3.7) on the e
conomic freedom index. After a dip in 1999 (3.1%) - growth picked up again to 4.5% , fuelled by bumper cotton and wheat crops in 2000. Pakistani citizens had as many durables as Indians. Definitely not an HIPC, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is an emerging middle-class east Asian country.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Admittedly, though, the picture is not entirely rosy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Pakistan's external debt - mainly used to finance consumption and to plug holes in its uninterrupted string of unsustainable government budgets - was double India's (as proportion of GDP) and
 it had only 4% of India's foreign exchange reserves (c. $1 billion, enough for three weeks of imports). Per capita, it had 30% as much as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s foreign exchange reserves. As default loomed, growth collapse to 2.6% in 1995-2000, barely enough to sustain 
the increase in population. The usual IMF prescription (austerity) served only to depress consumption and deter FDI. Foreign direct investment was identical in both 2000 and 1988 - a meager $180 million (less than FDI in Kosovo's neighbour, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, with its 2 million citizens to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s 140 million). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Luckily for it, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has a (largely underground) vibrant though impromptu private sector which fills the vacuum left by the nefarious public sector. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3547904 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 Many ostensibly public goods - from bus services
 to schools, from clinics to policing, from public toilettes to farming - are affordably provided by domestic, small time, entrepreneurs often aided by NGO's.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10117432 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid10117432 
Yet, an economy is more than the sum of its statistics. A failed, feeble, passive-aggressive central government is largely supplanted in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} by criminally-tainted regional political networks of patronage, venality, nepotism, and cronyism. More than 50% of all food aid may be squandered, "taxed" by local functionaries. Teachers pay schoolmasters a
 portion of salaries not to teach. Maintenance workers, sanitary squads, telephone installers, medical doctors, surgeons, professors in universities, policemen - all demand, and receive, bribes to fulfill their duties, or, more often, to turn a blind eye.
 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 habitually trails the The UNDP's Human Development Index (which takes into account the quality of life - things like life expectancy, literacy, and gender and income inequalities). This dismal showing is after {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} made strides in literacy, life expectancy and decreasing infant mortality. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11732372 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10117432\charrsid11732372 
Since independence in 1947, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's GNP has quadrupled and income per capita has doubled. But it still spends more on defence than on health and education combined and less than most developing countries. The botched experiments with "Islamic economy" did not help. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, like certain belles, still survives on the kindness of others - remittances by expatriates and other external capital flows account for 10% of GDP and 50% of domestic investment. And th
e main export of this country is its skilled manpower - despite its surprisingly diverse economy. Less than one third of Pakistanis bother to vote - a clear and sad statement by abstention.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2191105 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2191105 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2191105 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 {\*\bkmkstart Afghanistan}The Afghan Trip}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\f0\fs28\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 \line }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 {\*\bkmkend Afghanistan}The Economy of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Afghanistan}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2191105 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 By: }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000000000277000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105  }{\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12518921 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=24102001-114116-1946r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003400310030003200
3000300031002d003100310034003100310036002d0031003900340036007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105  HYPERLINK "http://www.mymontana.com/news.phtml?newsid=WWN-UPI-1-20011017-14560500
-bc-banking-hawala-analysis-Text" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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20008b00000000760000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105  }}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2191105\charrsid2191105 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 I. The Poppy Fields}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
Conspiracy theorists in the Balkan have long speculated on the true nature of the Albanian uprising in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. According to them, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was about to flood {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} with cheap opium through t
he traditional Balkan routes. The KLA - denounced by the State Department as late as 1998 as a drug trafficking organization - was, in the current insurrection, in its new guise as the NLA, simply establishing a lawless beachhead in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, went the rumours. The Taliban were known to stock c. 3000 tonnes of raw opium. The Afghanis - Arab fighters against the Soviet occupation of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - another 2000 tonnes (their fee for providing military and security services to the Taliban). Even at the current,
 depressed, prices, this would fetch well over 2 billion US dollars in next door {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. It also represents 5 years of total European consumption and a (current) street level value in excess of 100 billion US dollars. The Taliban intends to offload this 
quantity in the next few months and to convert it to weapons. Destabilizing the societies of the West is another welcome side effect.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6508397 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 It is ironic that the Taliban collaboration with the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP
) culminated this year in the virtual eradication of all opium poppies in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Only 18 months ago, Afghan opium production (c. 4600 tonnes a year) accounted for 70% of world consumption (in the form of heroin). The shift (partly forced on the Talib
an by an unusual climate) from poppies to cereals (that started in 1997) was thus completed successfully.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
II. Agriculture}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is not a monolithic entity. It is a mountainous and desert territory (c. 251,000 sq. miles in size, less than 10% of it cu
ltivated). Administratively and politically, it is reminiscent of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Somalia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The Taliban government - now recognized only by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - rules the majority of the country as a series of tribal fiefdoms. The country - ruined by a decade of warfare between majo
rity Pushtuns and minority Tajiks and Uzbeks in the north - lacks all institutions, or infrastructure. In an economy of subsistence agriculture and trading, millions (up to one third of a population of 27 million) have been internally displaced or rendere
d
 refugees. One third of all farms have been vacated. Close to 70% of all villages are demolished. Unemployment - in a mostly unskilled workforce of 11 million - may well exceed 50%. Poverty is rampant, food scarce, population growth unsustainable. The tra
ditional social safety net - the family - has unraveled, leading to widespread and recurrent famine and malnutrition. The mainstays of grazing and cattle herding have been hampered by mines and deforestation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6508397 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 The Taliban regime has been good to the economy. It restored the semblance of law and order. Agricultural production recovered to pre-Soviet invasion (1978) levels. Friendly 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} provided 80% of the shortfall in grain (international aid agencies provided the rest). The number of heads of livestock 
- the only form of savings in devastated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - increased. Many refugees came back.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
Urban workers - mostly rural labourers displaced by war - fared worse, though. As industries and services vanished and army recruitment stabilized with the Taliban's
 victories, salaries decreased by up to 40% while inflation picked up (to an annual average of 20-25%, as reflected in the devaluation of the currency and in the price of bread). More than 50% of the average $1 a day wage of the casual, unskilled, worker,
 are spent on bread alone!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
But this discrepancy between a recovering agricultural sector and the dilapidated and depleted cities led to reverse migration back to the villages. In the long term it was a healthy trend.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
Paradoxically, the collapse of the centr
al state led to the emergence of a thriving and vibrant private sector engaged in both legal and criminal activities. Foreign exchange dealing is conducted in thousands of small, privately owned, exchange offices. Rich Afghani traders have invested heavil
y in small scale and home industries (mainly in textiles and agri-business).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6508397 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 III. Trade}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
In some respects, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is an extension of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} economically and, until recently, ideologically. Food prices in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, for instance - the only reliable indicator of inflation - closely follow {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's. The Afghan currency (there are two - one issued by the Taliban and another issued by the deposed government in Faizabad) is closely linked to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s currency, though unofficially so. The regions closest to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname City}}Herat{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Jalalabad, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kandahar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
) - where cross border trading, drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, illegal immigration (to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Western Europe{\*\xmlclose}
), and white slavery are brisk - are far more prosperous than the northern, war-torn, ones (Badakhshan, Bamyan). The Taliban uses economic sanctions in its on-going war against the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Northern Alliance{\*\xmlclose}
. In 1998-9, it has blockaded the populous provinces of Parwan and Kapisa.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
Another increasingly important trade partner is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkmenistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It supplies {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with petrol, diesel, LNG, and jet fuel (thus reducing Afghani dependence on hostile Iranian supplies). {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Uzbekistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tajikistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, its two other neighbours, are considered by the Taliban to be enemies. This enmity results in much higher costs of transportation which price out many Afghan products.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6508397 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 With {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has an agreement (the Afghan Transit Trade) which provides the latter with access to the sea. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} imports consumer goods and durables through this duty free corridor (and promptly re-exports them illegally to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). Pakistani authorities periodically react by unilaterally dropping duty free items off the ATT list. The Afghans proceed to import the banned items (many of them manufactured in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s archrival, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) via the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Gulf states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (another important drug route) and into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
IV. The Future}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518921 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12518921\charrsid12518921 
The current conflict can be a blessing in disguise. Western aid and investment can help resuscitate the Soviet era mining (Copper, Zinc) operations and finally tap {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Af
ghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's vast reserves of oil and natural gas. With a GDP per capita of less than $800, there is room for massive growth. Yet, such bright prospects are dimmed by inter-ethnic rivalry, a moribund social system, decades of war and natural disaster (such 
as the draught in 1998-9), and intense meddling and manipulation by near and far. One thing is certain: opium production is likely to increase dramatically. And Western users will be treated to ever cheaper heroin and Hasish.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5261927 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15360365 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5261927 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 {\*\bkmkstart alliances}EU and NATO - The Competing Alliances }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15360365 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 {\*\bkmkend alliances}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20021021-105420-6060r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300032003100
3000320031002d003100300035003400320030002d0036003000360030007200000000007420000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15360365\charrsid15360365 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 Saturday's vote in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ireland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was the second time in 
18 months that its increasingly disillusioned citizenry had to decide the fate of the European Union by endorsing or rejecting the crucial Treaty of Nice. The treaty seeks to revamp the union's administration and the hitherto sacred balance between small 
and big states prior to the accession of 10 central and east European countries. Enlargement has been the centerpiece of European thinking ever since the meltdown of the eastern bloc.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
Shifting geopolitical and geo-strategic realities in the wake of the Sept
ember 11 atrocities have rendered this project all the more urgent. NATO - an erstwhile anti-Soviet military alliance is search of purpose - is gradually acquiring more political hues. Its remit has swelled to take in peacekeeping, regime change, and nati
on-building. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 Led by the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, it has expanded aggressively into central and northern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
. It has institutionalized its relationships with the countries of the Balkan through the "Partnership for Peace" and with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 through a recently established joint council. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - the eternal EU candidates - have full scale members of NATO for 3 years now.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14960411 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 The EU responded by feebly attempting to counter this worrisome imbalance of influence with a Common Foreign and Security Poli
cy and a rapid deployment force. Still, NATO's chances of replacing the EU as the main continental political alliance are much higher than the EU's chances of substituting for NATO as the pre-eminent European military pact. the EU is hobbled by minuscule 
and decreasing defense spending by its mostly pacifistic members and by the backwardness of their armed forces.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
That NATO, under {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's thumb, and the vaguely anti-American EU are at cross-purposes emerged during the recent spat over the International Criminal Court. Countries, such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Romania
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, were asked to choose between NATO's position - immunity for American soldiers on international peacekeeping missions - and the EU's (no such thing). Finally - and typically - the EU backed down. But it was a close 
call and it cast in sharp relief the tensions inside the Atlantic partnership.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
As far as the sole superpower is concerned, the strategic importance of western Europe has waned together with the threat posed by a dilapidated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}. Both south {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} and its northern regions are emerging as pivotal. Airbases in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} are more useful in the fight against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} than airbases in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par The affairs of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bosnia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - with its al-Qaida's presence - are more pressing than those of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its borders with central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} and the middle east is of far more concern to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} than disintegrating {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belgium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, a potentially newfound ally, is more mission-critical than grumpy {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par Thus, enlargement would serve to enhance the dwindling strategic relevance o
f the EU and heal some of the multiple rifts with the USA - on trade, international affairs (e.g., Israel), defense policy, and international law. But this is not the only benefit the EU would derive from its embrace of the former lands of communism.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 Faced
 with an inexorably ageing populace and an unsustainable system of social welfare and retirement benefits, the EU is in dire need of young immigrants. According to the United Nations Population Division, the EU would need to import 1.6 million migrant wor
kers annually to maintain its current level of working age population. But it would need to absorb almost 14 million new, working age, immigrants per year just to preserve a stable ratio of workers to pensioners. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Eastern Europe{\*\xmlclose} - and especially central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 - is the EU's natural reservoir of migrant labor. It is ironic that xenophobic and anti-immigration parties hold the balance of power in a continent so dependent on immigration for the survival of its way of life and institutions.
\par The internal, common, market of the EU has matured. Its growth rate has leveled off and it has developed a mild case of deflation. In previous centuries, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 exported its excess labor and surplus capacity to its colonies - an economic system known as "mercantilism".
\par The markets of central, southern, and eastern Europe - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}West Europe{\*\xmlclose}
's hinterland - are replete with abundant raw materials and dirt-cheap, though well-educated, labor. As indigenous purchasing power increases, the demand for consumer goods and services will expand. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14960411 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14960411 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 Thus, the enlargement candidates can act both as a sink for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}'s production and the root of its competitive advantage. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
Moreover, the sheer weight of their agricultural sectors and the backwardness of their infrastructure can force a reluctant EU t
o reform its inanely bloated farm and regional aid subsidies, notably the Common Agricultural Policy. That the EU cannot afford to treat the candidates to dollops of subventioary largesse as it does the likes of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Portugal{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Greece{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is indis
putable. But even a much-debated phase-in period of 10 years would burden the EU's budget - and the patience of its member states and denizens - to an acrimonious breaking point.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
The countries of central and eastern Europe are new consumption and investment markets. With a total of 300 million people ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 counted), they equal the EU's population - though not its much larger purchasing clout. They are likely to while the next few decades on a steep growth curve, catching up with the West. Their proximity 
to the EU makes them ideal customers for its goods and services. They could provide the impetus for a renewed golden age of European economic expansion. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
Central and eastern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} also provide a natural land nexus between west {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} and the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}. As {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} grow in economic and geopolitical importance, an enlarged {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 will find itself in the profitable role of an intermediary between east and west.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14960411 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 The wide-ranging benefits to the EU of enlargement are clear, therefore. What do
 the candidate states stand to gain from their accession? The answer is: surprisingly little. All of them already enjoy, to varying degrees, unfettered, largely duty-free, access to the EU. To belong, a few - like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Estonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - would have to dismantle a much admired edifice of economic liberalism. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
Most of them would have to erect barriers to trade and the free movement of labor and capital where none existed. All of them would be forced to encumber their fragile economies with tens of thousands of pages of pro
hibitively costly labor, intellectual property rights, financial, and environmental regulation. None stands to enjoy the same benefits as do the more veteran members - notably in agricultural and regional development funds.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10778266 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10778266\charrsid10778266 
Joining the EU would deliver rud
e economic and political shocks to the candidate countries. A brutal and rather sudden introduction of competition in hitherto much-sheltered sectors of the economy, giving up recently hard-won sovereignty, shouldering the debilitating cost of the impleme
ntation of\~ reams of guideline, statutes, laws, decrees, and directives, and being largely powerless to influence policy outcomes. Faced with such a predicament, some countries may even reconsider.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14960411 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10115584 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14960411 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 {\*\bkmkstart divide}The Euro-Atlantic Divide}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10115584 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 {\*\bkmkend divide}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030218-124211-2209r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3200310038002d003100320034003200310031002d0032003200300039007200000002000000010000070000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10115584\charrsid10115584 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiawest01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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300031002e00680074006d006c00000000007200000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Russia Straddles the Euro-Atlantic Divide}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-bulgaria01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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2e00680074006d006c00000000700000430000000000760000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Bulgaria - The Quiet American}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/eunato.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00650075006e00610074006f002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000
0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 The EU and NATO - The Competing Alliances}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-europe-cee01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-enlargement01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/povertycee.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0070006f00760065007200740079006300650065002e00680074006d006c000000
27610000007200002000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Eastern Advantages}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 \~The countries of central and east 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} - especially those slated to join the European Union (EU) in May next year - are between the American rock and the European hard place. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czech republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, already NATO members, have joined {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and other EU veterans in signing the "letter of eight" in support of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} policy in the Gulf. NATO and EU aspirants - including most of the nations of the Balkans - followed suit in a joint statement of the Vilnius Group.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
The denizens of the region wonder what is meant by "democracy" when their own governments so blithely ignore public opinion, resolutely set against the looming conflict. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
The heads of these newly independent polities counter by saying that leaders are meant to mold common perceptions, not merely follow them expediently. The mob opposed the war against Hitler, they remind us, somewhat non-germanely.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 But the political elite of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} is, indeed, divided. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is trying to reassert its waning authority over an increasingly unruly and unmanageably expanding European Union. Yet,
 the new members do not share its distaste for American hegemony. On the contrary, they regard it as a guarantee of their own security. They still fear the Russians, France's and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s new found allies in the "Axis of Peace" (also known as the Axis of Weasels). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 The Czechs, for instance, recall how 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
) sacrificed them to Nazi Germany in 1938 in the name of realpolitik and the preservation of peace. They think that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is a far more reliable sponsor of their long-term safety and prosperity than the\~fractured European "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Union{\*\xmlclose}". 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Their dislike of what they regard as 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s lightweight leadership and overt - and suspect - belligerence notwithstanding, the central and east Europeans are grateful to the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for its unflinching - and spectacularly successful - confrontation with communism. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - entangled in entente and Ostpolitik, respectively - cozied up to the Kremlin, partly driven by their Euro-communist parties. So did {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. While the Europeans were busy kowtowing to a repressive {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USSR{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and castigating the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for its warmongering, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has liberated the Soviet satellites and bankrolled their painful and protracted transition. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Historical debts aside, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a suzerain and, as such, it is irresistible. Succumbing to the will of a Big Power is the rule in east and central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}. The nations of the region have mentally substituted the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose} as far as geopolitics are concerned. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Brussels{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} took the place of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with regards to economic issues. The Czechs, Poles, Hungarians, assorted Balkanians, even the Balts - have merely switched empires.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
There are other reasons for these countries' pro-Americanism. The nations of central, east and southeast (Balkans) {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} have sizable and economically crucial diasporas in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}united States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. They admire and consume American technology and pop culture. Trade with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and foreign direct investment are still small but both are growing fast.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Though the EU is the new and aspiring members' big
gest trading partner and foreign investor - it has, to borrow from Henry Kissinger, no "single phone number". While {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is enmeshed in its Byzantine machinations, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are trying to obstruct the ominous re-emergence of French-German dominance. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
By catering to popular aversion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s policies, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s beleaguered Chancellor, Gerhard Schroeder, is attempting to score points domestically even as the German economy is imploding. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
The euro-Atlantic structures never looked worse. The European Union is\~
both disunited and losing its European character. NATO has long been a dysfunctional alliance in search of a purpose. For a while, Balkan skirmishes provided it with a new lease on life. But now the Euro-Atlantic alliance has become the Euro-
Atlantic divide.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 The only clear, consistent and cohesive voice is 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's. The new members of NATO are trying to demonstrate their allegiance - nay, obsequiousness - to the sole identifiable leader of the free world. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s bid at European helmsmanship failed because both it and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} are biased in favor of the current regime in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. French and Russian firms have signed more than 1700 commercial contracts with Saddam's murderous clique while their British and American competitors were excluded by the policies of their governments. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
When sanctions against Iraq are lifted - and providing Saddam or his hand-picked successor are still in place - Russian energy behemoths are poised to explore and extract billions of barrels of oil worth dozens of billions of dollars. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} owes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} $9 billion which 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} wants repaid. \line \line }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 
But the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 would be mistaken to indulge in Schadenfreude or to gleefully assume that it has finally succeeded in isolating the insolent French and the somnolent Germans. Public opinion - even where it carries little weight, like in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, or in the Balkans - cannot be ignored forever.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 Furthermore, all the countries of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} share real concerns about the stability of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}. A divided {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} stands to unsettle neighbours near and far. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has a large Kurdish minority as does {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Conservative regimes in the Gulf fear {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s newfound and American-administered democracy. In the wake of an American attack on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, Islamic fundamentalism and militancy will surely surge and lead to a wave of terror. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} has vested historical, economic and geopolitical interests in the region, unlike {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.\line \line Persistent, unmitigated support for the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in spite of French-German exhortations will jeopardize the new and aspiring members
' position in an enlarged EU. Accession is irreversible but they can find themselves isolated and marginalized in decision making processes and dynamics long after the Iraqi dust has settled. EU officials already gave public warnings to this effect. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739600 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 It is\~}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 a}{\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600  grave error to assume that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} have lost their pivotal role in the EU. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are second rank members - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 by Europhobic choice and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} because it is too small to really matter. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - a smooth operator - chose to side with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, at least temporarily. The new and aspiring members would have done well to follow suit.\~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid7739600\charrsid7739600 \line }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600 
Instead, they have misconstrued the signs of the gathering storm: the emerging European rapid deployment force and common foreign policy; the rapprochement between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at the expense of the pro-American but far less influential {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}; the constitutional crisis setting European federalists against traditional nationalists; the growing rupture between "Old Europe" and the American "hyperpower".}{\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600 The new and aspiring members of NATO and the EU now face a moment of truth and are being forced to reveal their hand. Are they pro-American, or pro-German (read: pro federalist {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}Europe{\*\xmlclose})? Where and with whom do they see a common, prosperous future? What is the extent of their commitment to the European Union, its values and its agenda?}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7739600 The proclamations of the European eight (including the three central European candidates) and the Vilnius Ten must have greatly disappointed {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - the unwavering sponsor of EU enlargement. Any further flagrant siding with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} against the inner core of the EU would merely compound those errors of judgment. The EU can punish the revenant nations of the communist bloc with the same dedication and effectiveness with which it has hitherto rewarded them. }{\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9922190 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid9922190\charrsid9922190 {\*\bkmkstart straddle}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Straddles the Euro-Atlantic Divide }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid9922190\charrsid9922190 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9922190 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583 {\*\bkmkend straddle}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030213-063401-6964r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3200310033002d003000360033003400300031002d0036003900360034007200000000020070000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9922190\charrsid1660583 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp48.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 The Janus Look}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/putin.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0070007500740069006e002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000110000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russia's Second Empire}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp106.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100300036002e00680074006d006c00000000002c33000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russian Roulette - The Security Apparatus}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp124.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100320034002e00680074006d006c00000000002061de0000610000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russia as a Creditor}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp149.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100340039002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000001e0000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Let My People Go - The Jackson-Vanik Controversy}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-chechnya01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d00630068006500630068006e007900610030003100
2e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000640000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 The Chechen Theatre Ticket}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russia-israel01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061002d00690073007200
610065006c00300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russia's Israeli Oil Bond}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russia-espionage01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061002d00650073007000
69006f006e00610067006500300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000200000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russia's Idled Spies}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiafuture01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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72006500300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russia in 2003}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj 
{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
Russian President Vladimir Putin warned on Tuesday, in an interview he granted to TF1, a French television channel, that unilateral American-British military action against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} would be a "grave mistake" and an "unreasonable use of force". {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 might veto it in the Security Council, he averred. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
In a joint declaration with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, issued the same day, he called to enhance the number of arms inspectors in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as an alternative to war.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Only weeks ago {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was written off, not least by myself, as a satellite of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. This newfound assertiveness has confounded analysts and experts everywhere. Yet, appearances aside, it does not signal a fundamental shift in Russian policy or worldview.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 could not resist the temptation of playing once more the Leninist game of "inter-imperialist contradictions". It has long masterfully exploited chinks in NATO's armor to further its own economic, if not geopolitical
, goals. Its convenient geographic sprawl - part {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}, part {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}
 - allows it to pose as both a continental power and a global one with interests akin to those of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Hence the verve with which it delved into the war against terrorism, recasting internal oppression and meddling abroad as its elements.
\par As Vladimir Lukin, deputy speaker of the Duma observed recently, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} having swerved too far towards {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 may yet become an intermediary between a bitterly disenchanted {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and an irked {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 and between the rich, industrialized West and developing countries in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}. Publicly, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} has only mildly disagreed with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s reluctance to countenance a military endgame in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - while showering {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with vitriol for saying, essentially, the same things.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 The 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} knows that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} will not jeopardize the relevance of the Security Council - one of the few remaining hallmarks of past Soviet grandeur - by vetoing an American-sponsored resolution. But {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} cannot be seen to be abandoning a traditional ally and a major customer ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
) and newfound friends (France and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) too expediently. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Nor can Putin risk further antagonizing 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} hardliners who already regard his perceived "Gorbachev-like" obsequiousness and far reaching concessions to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 as treasonous. The scrapping of the Anti Ballistic Missile treaty, the expansion of NATO to Russia's borders, America's presence in central Asia and the Caucasus, Russia's "near abroad" - are traumatic reversals of fortune. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
An agreed consultative procedure with the crumbling NATO hardly qualifies as ample compensation. There are troubling rumblings of discontent in the army. A few weeks ago, a Russian general in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Chechnya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} refused Putin's orders publicly - and with impunity. Additionally, according to numerous opinion polls, the vast majority of Russians oppose an Iraqi campaign. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 By aligning itself with the fickle 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the brooding and somnolent {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is warning the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} that it should not be taken for
 granted and that there is a price to pay for its allegiance and good services. But Putin is not Boris Yeltsin, his inebriated predecessor who over-played his hand in opposing NATO's operation in Kosovo in 1999 - only to be sidelined, ignored and humiliat
ed in the postwar arrangements.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} wants a free hand in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chechnya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and to be heard on international issues. It aspires to secure its oil contracts in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - worth tens of billions of dollars - and the repayment of $9 billion in old debts by the postbellum government. It seeks pledges that the oil market will not be flooded by a penurious {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It desires a free hand in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Armenia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Uzbekistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, among others. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} wants to continue to sell $4 billion a year in arms to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and other pariahs unhindered. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Only the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the sole superpower, can guarantee that these demands are met. Moreover, with a major oil producer such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as a {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} protectorate, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} becomes a hostage to American goodwill. Yet, hitherto, all {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 received were expression of sympathy, claimed Valeri Fyodorov, director of Political Friends, an independent Russian think-tank, in an interview in the Canadian daily, National Post.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 These are not trivial concerns. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s is a primitive economy, based 
on commodities - especially energy products - and an over-developed weapons industry. Its fortunes fluctuate with the price of oil, of agricultural produce and with the need for arms, driven by regional conflicts. 
\par Should the price of oil collapse, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} 
may again be forced to resort to multilateral financing, a virtual monopoly of the long arms of US foreign policy, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} also has a decisive voice in the World Trade Organization (WTO), membership thereof being a Russian strategic goal. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
It was the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} which sponsored {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s seat at table of the G8 - the Group of Eight industrialized states - a much coveted reassertion of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russian Federation{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s global weight. According to Rossiiskaya Gazeta, a Russian paper, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 already announced a week ago that it is considering cutting {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 off American financial aid - probably to remind the former empire who is holding the purse strings.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 But siding with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} risks alienating the all-important core of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 - especially {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s largest export destination and foreign investor. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is not oblivious to that. It would like to be compensated generously by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for assuming such a hazard.
\par Still, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} is a captive of geography and history. It has few feasible alternatives to Russian gas, for instance. As the recent $7 billion investment by British Petroleum proves, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - and, by extension, central and east {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} - is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe
{\*\xmlclose}'s growth zone and natural economic hinterland.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Yet, it is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} that captures the imagination of Russian oligarchs and lesser businesses. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aims to become the world's largest oil producer within the decade. With this in mind, it is retooling its infrastructure and investing in new pipelines and ports. The 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is aggressively courted by Russian officials and "oiligarchs" - the energy tycoons. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
With the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Gulf states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} cast in the role of anti-American Islamic militants, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} emerges as a sane and safe - i.e., rationally driven by self-interest - alternative supplier and a useful counterweight to an increasingly assertive and federated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Europe{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s affinity with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 runs deeper that the confluence of commercial interests.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Russian capitalism is far
 more "Anglo-Saxon" than Old Europe's. The Federation has an educated but cheap and abundant labor force, a patchy welfare state, exportable natural endowments, a low tax burden and a pressing need for unhindered inflows of foreign investment. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s on
ly hope of steady economic growth is the expansion of its energy behemoths abroad. Last year it has become a net foreign direct investor. It has a vested interest in globalization and world order which coincide with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, for instance, is as much {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s potential adversary as it is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}United{\*\xmlclose} 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}State{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} welcomed the demise of the Taliban and is content with regime changes in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - all American exploits. It can - and does - contribute to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s global priorities. Collaboration between the two countries' intelligence services has never been closer. Hence also the thaw in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s relations with its erstwhile foe, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s population is hungry and abrasively materialistic. Its robber barons are more American in spirit than any British or French entrepreneur. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s business ethos is reminiscent of 19th century frontier {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, not of 20th century staid {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is driven by kaleidoscopically shifting coalitions within a narrow elite, not by its masses - and the elite wants money, a lot of it and now. In {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s unbreakable cycle,\~
 money yields power which leads to more money. The country is a functioning democracy but elections there do not revolve around the economy. Most taxes are evaded by most taxpay
ers and half the gross national product is anyhow underground. Ordinary people crave law and order - or, at least a semblance thereof. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
Hence Putin's rock idol popularity. He caters to the needs of the elite by cozying up to the West and, in particular, to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - even as he provides the lower classes with a sense of direction and security they lacked since 1985. But Putin is a serendipitous president. He enjoys the aftereffects of a sharply devalued, export-enhancing, imports-depressing ruble and the ver
tiginous tripling of oil prices, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s main foreign exchange generator. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
The last years of Yeltsin have been so traumatic that the bickering cogs and wheels of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's establishment united behind the only vote-getter they could lay their hands on: Puti
n, an obscure politician and former KGB officer. To a large extent, he proved to be an agreeable puppet, concerned mostly with self-preservation and the imaginary projection of illusory power.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
Putin's great asset is his pragmatism and realistic assessment of the shambles that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has become and of his own limitations. He has turned himself into a kind of benevolent and enlightened arbiter among feuding interests - and as the merciless and diligent executioner of the decisions of the inner cabals of power.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 Hitherto he kept everyone satisfied. But 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is his first real test. Everyone demands commitments backed by actions. Both the Europeans and the Americans want him to put his vote at the Security Council where his mouth is. The armed services want him to oppose war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The intelligence services are divided. The Moslem population inside {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}
}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - and surrounding it on all sides - is restive and virulently anti-American.
\par The oil industry is terrified of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}' domination of the world's second largest proven reserves - but also craves to do business in the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Intellectuals and Russian diplomats worry about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s apparent disregard for the world order spawned by the horrors of World War II. The average Russian regards the Iraqi stalemate 
as an internal American affair. "It is not our war", is a common refrain, growing commoner.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1660583 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1660583\charrsid1660583 
Putin has played it admirably nimbly. Whether he ultimately succeeds in this impossible act of balancing remains to be seen. The smart money says he would. But if t
he last three years have taught us anything it is that the smart money is often disastrously wrong.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 {\*\bkmkstart diplomacy}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Stealth Diplomacy }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 {\*\bkmkend diplomacy}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000270000002700000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030328-113528-7229r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3300320038002d003100310033003500320038002d0037003200320039007200000076000000040000070000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp48.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 The Janus Look}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/putin.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0070007500740069006e002e00680074006d006c00000000000001000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russia's Second Empire}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp124.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100320034002e00680074006d006c00000000000000760000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russia as a Creditor}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-chechnya01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d00630068006500630068006e007900610030003100
2e00680074006d006c00000000610000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 The Chechen Theatre Ticket}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russia-israel01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061002d00690073007200
610065006c00300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russia's Israeli Oil Bond}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russia-espionage01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061002d00650073007000
69006f006e00610067006500300031002e00680074006d006c00000000870100000400000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russia's Idled Spies}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiafuture01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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72006500300031002e00680074006d006c00000000200000000000002200000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russia in 2003}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiawest01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061007700650073007400
300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russia Straddles the Euro-Atlantic Divide}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp106.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100300036002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Russian Roulette - The Security Apparatus}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp149.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Let My People Go - The Jackson-Vanik Controversy}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
Possibly irked by persistent American U-2 aerial spy missions above its fringes, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 fired yesterday, from a mobile launcher, a "Topol" RS-12M Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). On Wednesday, Agriculture Minister Alexei Gordeyev, offered {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aid in the form of wheat. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11153242 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11153242 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
The Russian Grain Union, the industry lobby group, claims to have already provided the besieged country with half a million tons of grain under the oil-for-food program. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} linked with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in declining to approve the new oil-for-food draft resolution as long as it implied a regime change in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. The Duma - having failed to ratify a key nuclear treaty with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - called to increase defense spending by at least 3.5 percent of gross domestic product, or about $4 billion this year. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Only 28 percent of Russians polled now view the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} favorably, compared with 68 percent a mere few months ago. A majority of 55 percent disapprove of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in a country that was, until very recently, by far the most pro-American in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
. A Russian telecom, Excom, is offering unlimited free phone calls to the White House to protest {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} "aggression".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, on its part, has accused the Russian firm, Aviaconversiya, of helping Iraqi forces to jam global positioning system (GPS) signals. Other firms - including anti-tank Kornet missile manufacturer, KBP Tula - have also been fingered for supplying 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with sensitive military technologies. 
\par These allegations were vehemently denied by President Vladimir Putin in a phone call to Bush - and ridiculed by the companies ostensibly involved. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} exported c. $5 billion of military hardware and another $2.6 billion in nuclear equipment and expertise last year, mostly to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - triple the 1994 figure. 
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 have continually exchanged barbs over the sale of fission technology to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. In retaliation, Atomic Energy Minister, Alexander Rumyantsev, exposed an Anglo-German-Dutch deal with the Iranians, which, he said, included the sale of uranium enrichment centrifuges. 
\par Is Putin reviving the Cold War to regain his nationalist credentials, tarnished by the positioning, unopposed, of American troops in central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}
, the unilateral American withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty and the expansion of NATO and the European Union to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's borders? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 Or, dependent as it is on energy exports, is 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} opposed to the war because it fears an American monopoly on the second largest known reserves of crude? {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} announced on Thursday that it would insist on honoring all prewar contracts signed between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Russian oil companies and worth of billions of dollars - and on the repayment of $8-9 billion in Iraqi overdue debt to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
According to Rosbalt, every drop of $1 in oil prices translates into annual losses to the Russian treasury of $2 billion. Aggrega
te corporate profits rose in January by one fifth year on year, mostly on the strength of surging crude quotes. The Economist Intelligence Unit expects this year's GDP to grow by 3.8 percent. Foreign exchange reserves are stable at $54 billion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 The threat to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s prominence and market share is not imminent. Iraqi oil is unlikely to hit world markets in the next few years, as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s dilapidated and outdated infrastructure is rebuilt. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11153242 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11153242 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
Moreover, Russian oil is cheap compared to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North Sea{\*\xmlclose} or Alaskan v
arieties and thus constitutes an attractive investment opportunity as the recent takeover of Tyumen Oil by British Petroleum proves. Still, the long-term risk of being unseated by a reconstructed {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as the second largest oil producer in the world is tangible. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has spent the last six months enhancing old alliances and constructing new bridges. According to Interfax, the Russian news agency, yesterday, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has made yet another payment of $27 million to the International Monetary Fund. The Russian 
and Romanian prime ministers met and signed bilateral agreements for the first time since 1989. This week, after 12 years of abortive contacts, the republics of the former {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Yugoslavia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} agreed with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russian Federation{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} on a framework for settling its $600 m
illion in clearing debts.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
Recent spats notwithstanding, the Anglo-Saxon alliance still regards {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 as a strategically crucial ally. Last week, British police, in a sudden display of unaccustomed efficacy, nabbed Russian oligarch and mortal Putin-foe, Bo
ris Berezovsky, charged by the Kremlin with defrauding the Samara region of $13 million while he was director of LogoVaz in 1994-5.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
The Russian foreign minister, Igor Ivanov, did not remain oblivious to these overtures. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} remain partners, 
he asserted. RIA Novosti, the Russian news agency, quoted him as saying: "If we settle the Iraqi problem by political means and in an accord, the road will open to teamwork on other, no less involved problems."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11153242 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
As Robert Kagan correctly observes in his essay "Of Paradise and Power: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 in the New World Order", the weaker a polity is militarily, the stricter its adherence to international law, the only protection, however feeble, from bullying. Putin, presiding over a decrepit and bloated arm
y, naturally insists that the world must be governed by international regulation and not by the "rule of the fist". 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 
But Kagan - and Putin - get it backwards as far as the European Union is concerned. Its members are not compelled to uphold international p
rescripts by their indisputable and overwhelming martial deficiency. Rather, after centuries of futile bloodletting, they choose not to resort to weapons and, instead, to settle their differences juridically. 
\par Thus, Putin is not a European in the full sens
e of the word. He supports an international framework of dispute settlement because he has no armed choice, not because it tallies with his deeply held convictions and values. According to Kagan, Putin is, in essence, an American: he believes that the wor
ld order ultimately rests on military power and the ability to project it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16719386 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16719386\charrsid16719386 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aspires to be {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, not {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Its business ethos, grasp of realpolitik, nuclear arsenal and evolving values place it firmly in the Anglo-Saxon camp. Its dalliance with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is hardly an elopement. Had 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 been courted more aggressively by Secretary of State, Colin Powell and its concerns shown more respect by the American administration, it would have tilted differently. It is a lesson to be memorized in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5269184 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5269184 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5269184 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 {\*\bkmkstart losing}Losing the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} War }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\f0\fs28\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5269184 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 {\*\bkmkend losing}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20021108-122010-8151r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3100300038002d003100320032003000310030002d0038003100350031007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5269184\charrsid5269184 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 The Security Council just approved a tough resolution calling upon {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to disarm or face military action. The decade-old sanctions regime has provided countries such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belarus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the Serb part of Bosnia-Herzegovina with lucrative commercial opportunities. According to in
ternational and Israeli media, they all illicitly sold arms and materiel - from active carbon filters to uranium - to the Iraq's thuggish rulers, though Ukraine still denies it vehemently. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
The impending war and the lifting of sanctions likely to follow will grind these activities to a halt. This would not be the first time the countries of central and eastern Europe - from the Balkan to the steppes of central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} - bear the costs of Western policies against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
In the wake of the Gulf War, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} defaulte
d on its debts to all and sundry. The members of COMECON, the now-defunct communist trade bloc, were hit hardest. According to Mikhail Margelov, chairman of the International Affairs Committee of Russia's Federation Council (upper house), 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} still owes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 alone c. $7-12 billion in pre-1990 principal, mainly for arms purchases. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9920697 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 Macedonian construction groups were active in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 between 1950-1990. They are owed tens of millions of dollars - the equivalent of 5 percent of GDP, say to sources in the government. Yugoslav, Czech, Polish, and formerly East German firms are in the same predicament.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
A typical case: the Belarus news agency Belapan reported recently how Leonid Kozik, leader of the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus, co-chairman of the Belaru
sian-Iraqi Joint Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation and a close aide to Belarusian President Aleksander Lukashenka, traveled to Iraq in an effort\~
 to recoup millions of dollars owed to the Belarusian metals and energy concern Belmetalenerga. The unfortunate company - the country's exclusive export channel to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - sold to it a range of goods, including 500 tractors worth more than $5 million back in 1999. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
The chances of recovering these debts diminish by the day. East-West Debt, an international financial company specializing in purchasing and recovery of overdue trade or bank debt in high-risk countries, published this advisory recently: }{\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 "}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
Many enterprises, banks and insurance companies are still holding uninsured trade debts on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, due to expo
rts or loans originating from before 1990. Please be aware that these claims on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} may become time-barred."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} reasonably claims to have sustained $30 billion in lost business with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} since 1991. Even now, dilapidated as it is, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a large trad
e partner. According to the United Nations, bilateral trade under the oil-for-food program since 1996 amounted to $4.3 billion. The real figure is higher. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s oil industry is private and keeps much of its revenues off the books. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9920697 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9920697 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 Tens of thousands of Russians used to purchase Iraqi goods in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and sell them back home - a practice known as the "shuttle trade". 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 have confirmed in August that they are negotiating $40-60 billion worth of cooperation agreements in the oil, agriculture, 
chemical products, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, irrigation, transportation, railroads and energy sectors. According to the Washington Post, some of the 67 10-year accords relate to oil exploration in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s western desert. An Iraqi delegation, headed by the minister of military industry, visited {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Belarus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} last month in an effort to conclude a similar economic package. But such contracts are unlikely to be materialized as long as the sanctions remain intact. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty reports that Russi
an firms already control two fifths of sales of Iraqi oil in world markets. Even American companies use Russian fronts to trade with the embargoed country, claim sources in the energy sector. The Financial Times exposed two years ago similar arrangements 
between United States based suppliers, oil and service companies and west European entities.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
According to the New York Times, a Russian consortium, led by Lukoil, signed a 23-year, $3.5 billion agreement with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 to rehabilitate some of its crumbling oil fields. According to the BBC, Lukoil also inked unusually favorable production-sharing agreements with the desperate Iraqi government. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9920697 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 Whether these $20 billion dollar concessions will be honored by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's post-war new rulers is questionable. Even t
he current regime is incensed that Lukoil hasn't started implementing the contracts due to UN sanctions. According to Asia Times, the Iraqi government has recently excluded the Russian firm from its list of accredited suppliers under the oil-for-food prog
ram. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
A Russian state-owned oil company, Zarubezhneft, is said by the London Observer to have signed a $90 billion contract to develop the bin-Umar oilfield. It subcontracted some drilling rights in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}West Qurna
{\*\xmlclose} fields to Tatneft, another Russian outfit.}{\rtlch \af1\afs24 \ltrch \f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216  }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 The Washington Post reported a $52 million service contract signed last October between Slavneft and the Iraqi authorities. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
The International Energy Agency's World Energy Outlook 2001 claims that the Iraqis have awarded foreign oil contracts worth a staggering $1.1 trillion, much of it to Russian, French, and Chinese firms. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is well-placed to enjoy {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's graces while Saddam is in power. It is scrambling to secure similar access in an American-sponsored post-conflict reign. According to the Observer, hence much of the haggling in the United Nations over language and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s freedom of action.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
Even more crucially, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s aspirations to replace {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as the world's largest and swing producer and to become {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s primary source of oil may b
e dashed by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} control of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s enormous proven reserves. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9920697 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9920697 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 The rising tensions in the Gulf may be providing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and its extractive behemoths with a serendipitous windfall - but, in the long run, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s rising oil star is threatened by a p
ermanent American stranglehold over {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s 112 billion barrels.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13524216 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13524216\charrsid13524216 
A successful American campaign not only jeopardizes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's future interests - but its present income as well. A drop in oil prices - more than likely as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is pacified and its oil producti
on surges - will hurt {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Below a certain price for crude, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s domestic fields are not worth developing. 
\par Between the rock of contract-freezing sanctions and the hard place of American dominance, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was forced to vote in favor of the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 sponsored resolution in the Security Council. It may signal a new period of cohabitation - or, more likely, the beginning of a long tussle over commercial interests and economic benefits.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6894420 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6894420 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 {\*\bkmkstart colonies}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Rebellious Colonies}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 
\ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 {\*\bkmkend colonies}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030219-015735-2199r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3200310039002d003000310035003700330035002d0032003100390039007200000004000000000027000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/eunato.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00650075006e00610074006f002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000070049
0000090000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 The EU and NATO - The Competing Alliances}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-skoda01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0073006b006f0064006100300031002e0068007400
6d006c00000000000020000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 The Skoda Model}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-czechindia01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0063007a0065006300680069006e00640069006100
300031002e00680074006d006c000000006c0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 The Czechs' Indian Gambit}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-europe-cee01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d006500750072006f00700065002d00630065006500
300031002e00680074006d006c00000000420000002700000000040000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Europe's Four Speeds}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-enlargement01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0065006e006c0061007200670065006d0065006e00
7400300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000020000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Switching Empires}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/povertycee.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0070006f00760065007200740079006300650065002e00680074006d006c000000
006100000000ff000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Eastern Advantages}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 \~
Invited by a grateful United States, the Czech Republic on Saturday sent a representative to meet with Iraqi opposition in Kurdish north Iraq. The country was one of the eight signatories on a letter, co-signed by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the two other European Union central European candidate-members, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in support of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} policy in the Gulf. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
According to The Observer and the New York Times, American troops in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - and the billions of dollars in goods and services they consume locally - will be moved further east to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}
Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Baltic states{\*\xmlclose}
. This shift may have come regardless of the German "betrayal". }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9314134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9314134 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
The Pentagon has long been contemplating the futility of stationing tens of thousands of soldiers in the world's most peaceful and pacifistic country.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 The letter is a slap in the face of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, a member of the "Axis of Peace", together with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}
}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belgium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the champion of EU enlargement to the east. Its own economic difficulties aside, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is the region's largest foreign investor and trading partner. Why the curious rebuff by its ostensible prot\'e9g\'e9s?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} encapsulates many of the economic and political trends in the erstwhile communist swathe of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
The country's economic performance still appears impressive. Figures released yesterday reveal a surge of 6.6 per
cent in industrial production, to yield an annual increase of 4.8 percent. Retail sales, though way below expectations, were still up 2.7 percent last year. The Czech National Bank (CNB) upgraded its gross domestic product growth forecast on Jan 30 to 2.2
-3.5 percent. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
But the country is in the throes of a deflationary cycle. The producer price index was down 0.8 percent last year. Year on year, it decreased by 0.4 percent in January. Export prices are down 6.7 percent, though import prices fell by even mor
e thus improving the country's terms of trade. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
The Czech koruna is unhealthily overvalued against the euro thus jeopardizing any export-led recovery. The CNB was forced to intervene in the foreign exchange market and buy in excess of 2 billion euros last year - four times the amount it did in 2001. }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9314134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9314134 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
It also cut its interest rates last month to their nadir since independence. This did little to dent the country's burgeoning current account deficit, now at over 5 percent of GDP.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Unemployment in January brok
e through the psychologically crucial barrier of 10 percent of the workforce. More than 540,000 bread earners (in a country of 10 million inhabitants) are out of a job. In some regions every fifth laborer is laid off. There are more than 13 - and in the w
orst hit parts, more than 100 - applicants per every position open . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
Additionally, the country is bracing itself for another bout of floods, more devastating than last year's and the ones in 1997. Each of the previous inundations caused in excess of $2 bil
lion in damages. The government's budget is already strained to a breaking point with a projected deficit of 6.3 percent this year, stabilizing at between 4 and 6.6 percent in 2006. The situation hasn't been this dire since the toppling of communism in th
e Velvet Revolution of 1989.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
Ironically, these bad tidings are mostly the inevitable outcomes of much delayed reforms, notably privatization. Four fifths of the country's economy is alleged to be in private hands - a rate similar to the free markets of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Estonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Slovakia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. In reality, though, the state still maintains intrusive involvement in many industrial assets. It is the reluctant unwinding of these holdings that leads to mass layoffs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Yet, the long term outlook is indisputably bright.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 The min
istry of finance forecasts a rise in the country's GDP from 59 percent to 70 percent of the European Union's output in 2005 - comparable to Slovenia and far above Poland with a mere 40 percent. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname PlaceName}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is preparing itself to join the eurozone shortly after it becomes a member of the EU in May 2004.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
Foreign investors are gung ho. The country is now the prime investment destination among the countries in transition. In a typical daily occurrence, bucking a global trend, Matsushita intends to expand its television factory in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Plzen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Its investment of $8 million will enhance the plant's payroll by one tenth to 1900 workers. Siemens - a German multinational - is ploughing $50 million into its Czech unit. Siemens Elektromotory's 3000 employees export $13
0 million worth of electrical engines annually.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 None of this would have been possible without 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s vote of confidence and overwhelming economic presence in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
PlaceName}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The deteriorating fortunes of the Czech economy are, indeed, intimately lin
ked to the economic stagnation of its northern neighbor, as many an economist bemoan. But this only serves to prove that the former's recovery is dependent on the latter's resurrection. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
Either way, to have so overtly and blatantly abandoned {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in its
 time of need would surely prove to be a costly miscalculation. The Czechs - like other central and east European countries - mistook a transatlantic tiff for a geopolitical divorce and tried to implausibly capitalize on the yawning rift that opened betwe
en the erstwhile allies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9314134 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Yet, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is one of the largest trading partners of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. American firms sell $24 billion worth of goods annually there - compared to $600 million in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s economy is five to six times the aggregated output of the EU's central European new members plus {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Slovakia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
According to the New York Times, there are 1800 American firms on German soil, with combined sales of $583 billion and a workforce of 800,000 people. Due to its collapsing competitiveness and rigid labor laws, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s multinationals relocate many of their operations to central and east {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Asia{\*\xmlclose} and north and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Latin America{\*\xmlclose}. Even with its current malaise, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 invested in 2001 $43 billion abroad and attracted $32 billion in fresh foreign capital. 
\par Indeed, supporting the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was seen by the smaller countries of the EU as a neat way to counterbalance {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s worrisome economic might and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's often self-delusional aspirations at helmsmanship. A string of unilateral dictates by t
he French-German duo to the rest of the EU - regarding farm subsidies and Europe's constitution, for instance - made EU veterans and newcomers alike edgy. Hence the deliberate public snub.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Still, grandstanding apart, the nations of central 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} know how ill-informed are recent claims in various American media that their region is bound to become the new European locomotive in lieu of an aging and self preoccupied {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The harsh truth is that there is no central European economy without {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. And, at this stage, there is no east European economy, period.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Consider central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}'s most advanced post-communist economy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 One third of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s GDP, one half of its industrial production, three quarters of industrial sales and nine tenths of its exports ar
e generated by multinationals. Three quarters of the industrial sector is foreign-owned. One third of all foreign direct investment is German. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} is the third largest investor. The situation is not much different in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czech Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} where the oversea
s sales of the German-owned Skoda alone account for one tenth the country's exports.
\par The relationship between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} is mercantilistic. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} leverages the region's cheap labor and abundant raw materials to manufacture and export its finished products. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Central Europe{\*\xmlclose} conforms, therefore, to the definition of a colony and an economic hinterland. From a low base, growth there - driven by frenzied consumerism - is bound to outstrip the northern giant's for a long time to come. But Germans
 stands to benefit from such prosperity no less than the indigenous population. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
Aware of this encroaching "economic imperialism", privatization deals with German firms are being voted down throughout the region. In November, }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs29\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 the sale of a majority stake i
n Cesky Telecom to a consortium led by Deutsche Bank collapsed. In {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, a plan to sell Stoen, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Warsaw{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s power utility, to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s RWE was scrapped. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
But these are temporary - and often reversible - setbacks. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its colonies share other interes
ts. As The Economist noted correctly recently:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 
"The Poles may differ with the French over security but they will be with them in the battle to preserve farm subsidies. The Czechs and Hungarians are less wary of military force than the Germans but sympathiz
e with their approach to the EU's constitutional reform. In truth, there are no more fixed and reliable alliances in the EU. Countries will team up with each other, depending on issue and circumstances."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6894420\charrsid6894420 Thus, the partners, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}, scar
red and embittered, will survive the one's haughty conduct and the other's backstabbing. That the countries of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 currently react with accommodation to what, only six decades ago, would have triggered war among them, may be the greatest achievement of the Euro-Atlantic enterprise.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 {\*\bkmkstart unitednations}The Disunited Nations\~ }{\rtlch 
\af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 {\*\bkmkend unitednations}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  }{\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030401-033247-2724r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3400300031002d003000330033003200340037002d0032003700320034007200000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp148.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 The Washington Consensus - I. The IMF}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/ngos.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006e0067006f0073002e00680074006d006c00000000000000200000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 The Self-Appointed Altruists}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Arab nations plan to table a resolution at the United Nations General Assembly condemning the U.S.-British led "invasion" and "occupation" of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and calling for immediate troop withdrawal. A similar effort at the Security Council last week failed, doomed by the veto powers of both alleged aggressors. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 This is not likely to endear 
the organization to the Bush administration whose hawks regard it as a superfluous leftover from the Cold War era. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs31\f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas) even introduced legislation to withdraw from the organization altogether. Nile Gardiner, a visiting fellow at the Heritage Foundation}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
, summed up these sentiments in Insight Magazine thus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs31\f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
"I think the U.N. has been in gradual decline for many years. It failed to act spectacularly in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rwanda{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and did nothing about Slobodan Milosevic's brutal regime. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is the latest in a long line of failures." }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15301047 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Admittedly, like any bureaucracy, the organization is self-perpetuating, self-serving and self-absorbed. But it - and its raft of specialized offshoots - still give back far more than they receive. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\cs31\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 In recognition of the U.N.'s crucial role, s}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs31\f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
everal liberal Democrats have entered legislation to create a "permanent U.N. security force" and to "voluntarily contribute" to the U.N. Population Fund.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Consider peacekeeping operations. At a total annual cost of c. $5 billion last year, U.N. 
peacekeeping missions employ close to 40,000 police and military and another 11,000 civilians from 89 countries. The budget is shoestring and more than half the pledged contributions are still outstanding. The U.N. consumes less than 0.001 percent of the 
world's gross domestic product. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs25\f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 As James Paul, Executive Director of Global Policy Forum, observes:}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
"All UN staff, including the specialized agencies and funds, are fewer than the civil service of the City of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Stockholm{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 or the staff of McDonalds. The core UN budget is one half of one percent of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 military budget and far less than the cost of one B-2 bomber aircraft."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par Even the United States Mission to the United Nations, on its Web site, seeks to debunk a few myths. Despite a massive increase in remit and
 operations, the organization's budget, at $2.6 billion, has remained constant since 1995. The workforce was cut by 11 percent, to 9000 employees, since 1997:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15301047 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
"The UN has done a great deal to increase efficiency and overall accountability. In 1994, the UN created the }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/index.html" }{\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0075006e002e006f00720067002f00440065007000740073002f006f0069006f0073002f0069006e006400650078002e00680074006d006c0000000000
0000010000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 Office of Internal Oversight Services}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412  (OIOS) to serve as the inspector general and promote efficient management and reduce waste, fraud and abuse. During the year ended {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}
{\xmlattrvalue 6}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}June 30, 2001{\*\xmlclose}, OI
OS recommended $58 million in savings and recoveries for the UN and persuaded UN program managers to implement hundreds of recommendations for improving management and internal controls. OIOS investigations also led to successful convictions of UN staff a
nd others for fraud and stealing UN funds."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Yet, bad - and expensive - habits die hard. Budget discipline is lax with no clear order of priorities. The United Nations suffers from an abundance of obsolete relics of past programs, inertly and futilely mainta
ined by beneficiary bureaucrats. Follow-up U.N. conferences - and they tend to proliferate incontrollably - are still being held in exotic resorts, or shopping-friendly megalopolises. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
United Nations entities at the country level duplicate efforts and studiously avoid joint programming, common databases and pooling of resources.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
The aforementioned OIOS has hitherto identified more than $200 million in waste and fraud and issued 5000 recommendations to improve efficiency, transparency and accountability. Disgusted by the flagrant squandering of scarce resources, the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - which covers one fifth of the august establishment's pecuniary needs - accumulated more than $1.2 billion in arrears by 1999, double the debts of all other members combined.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15301047 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
It has
 since repaid the bulk of these even as it reduced its share of the United Nations' finances. It now contributes 22 percent of the regular budget, down from 25 percent and 25-27 percent of the costs of the U.N. peacekeeping forces, down from 30-31 percent
. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
But a row is brewing in the corridors of power with regards to the proposed budget for 2004-5. Ambassador Patrick Kennedy, United States Representative for United Nations Management and Reform, called it "a step backwards". The European Union, predictabl
y, "fully concurred" with it and urged members to increase the budget in line with the U.N.'s enhanced responsibilities.
\par Kofi Annan, the U.N. General Secretary since 1997, is promoting the nation-building and humanitarian credentials of his reformed outfit for the postwar reconstruction of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region
}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. American President George Bush is less than keen and Prime Minister Tony Blair of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has moderated his pro-multilateralist rhetoric following his meeting with Bush last week. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 Even erstwhile keen supporters of 
the United Nations, such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, a surprising member of the "coalition of the willing", are hesitant. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} contributes close to one fifth of the international body's regular budget. Yet, disillusioned by its inability to gain permanent membership of the
 Security Council despite its economic clout, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} announced, in January, its intention to cut its participation by 5 percent. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15301047 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 The 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} seems to wish to consign the organization to the humanitarian aspects of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s restoration. Last Friday, th
e U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) granted $8 million to the U.N.'s Children's Fund (UNICEF) to pay for sanitation, healthcare and potable water schemes in Iraq as well as for micronutrients, vitamins and medicines for its malnourished an
d disease-stricken populace.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Succumbing to its niche typecasting, the United Nations has launched }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 an unprecedented $2.2 billion "emergency appeal for immediate humanitarian assistance for the people of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} over the next six months, with $1.3 billion devote
d to a massive food aid operation ... to help the displaced, refugees, children, the elderly and other especially vulnerable groups." The donor funds will augment the proceeds of the revamped oil-for-food program, now entirely under the control of the Gen
eral Secretary.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
So, is the United Nations really "just a farce" and its members mostly "petty despots" as Conrad Black, The Canadian media mogul, has it in recent interviews? Or, paradoxically, has this international body been strengthened by its faithful d
epiction of resistant world opinion in the face of perceived Anglo-Saxon bullying? The global assembly's future largely depends on an incensed and disenchanted {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
Unable to rely on the kindness of strangers, Annan is reaching out to new constituencies. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs25\f0\cgrid0\insrsid15301047 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\cs25\f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
At the 1999 World Economic Forum in Davos, he challenged the global business community to enter a "Global Compact" with the U.N. to uphold "human rights, labour standards and environmental practices." The International Chamber of Commerce, repre
senting 7,000 business organizations in 137 countries, picked up the gauntlet and published a joint statement at a July 1999 meeting with United Nations bigwigs.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4161412 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs25\f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
This uneasy partnership drew severe criticisms from non-governmental organizations the world over. Corpwatch, a California-based NGO, observed acidly that }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs32\f0\cgrid0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
"in the first 18 months of the Global Compact, we have seen a growing but secret membership, heavy influence by the International Chamber of Commerce, and a failure to publish even a single case 
study of sustainable practices. The Global Compact logo has been used without attribution by DaimlerChrysler, even as Global Compact officials insist that use of the general UN logo is strictly controlled. The Global Compact represents a smuggling of a bu
siness agenda into the United Nations. It should not be considered a contribution to or framework for the Johannesburg Summit."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6894420 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4161412\charrsid4161412 
The United Nations - like NATO and other Cold War critters - is an organization in search of a purpose. The demise of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USSR{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} co
nstituted a tectonic shift in international affairs. The U.N.'s inability to accommodate its institutions to the supremacy of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, the demography of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the decline of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the economic clout of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are symp
toms of denial and delusion that are detrimental to the future of this otherwise benign and useful establishment. The war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is merely a rude wake-up call. And about time, too.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2234335 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2234335 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2234335 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 {\*\bkmkstart middleeast}The Economies of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 {\*\xmlclose}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2234335 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 {\*\bkmkend middleeast}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030226-012514-4327r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3200320036002d003000310032003500310034002d0034003300320037007200000000020000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2234335\charrsid2234335 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9272589 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp98.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Iran between Reform and Mayhem}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp99.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Turkey's Troubled Water}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp107.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Israel's Hi, Tech - Bye, Tech}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp129.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Syria's Sunshine Policy}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp136.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Israel's Economic Intifada}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp170.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100370030002e00680074006d006c000000020000bc000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 Saddam's Thousand Nights}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/iraqmetaphor.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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6c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 The Iraqi and the Madman}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0074007200610064006500300031002e0068007400
6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9272589\charrsid9272589 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 24}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}
{\xmlattrvalue 2003}}}February 24, 2003{\*\xmlclose}, in the Islamic Financial Forum in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Dubai{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, Brad Bourland, chief economist for the Saudi American Bank (SAMBA), breached the embarrassed silence that invariably enshrouds speakers in Middle Eastern get-togethers. He reminded the assembled that despite th
e decades-long fortuity of opulent oil revenues, the nations of the region - excluding {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - failed to reform their economies, let alone prosper.
\par Structural weaknesses, imperceptible growth, crippling unemployment and deteriorating government
 financing confined Arab states to the role of oil-addicted minions. At $540 billion, said Bourland, quoted by Middle East Online, the combined gross domestic product of all the Arab countries is smaller than {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s (or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s, adds The Economist).
\par According to the Arab League, the gross national product of all its members amounted to $712 billion or 2 percent of the world's GNP in 2001 - merely double sub-Saharan {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose}'s.
\par Even the recent tripling of the price of oil - their main export commodity - did not generate sustained growth equal to the burgeoning population and labor force. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Algeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s official unemployment rate is 26.4 percent, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Oman{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s 17.2 percent, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tunisia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s 15.6 percent, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s 14.4 percent, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s 13 percent and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 sports an unhealthy 7.1 percent. Even with 8 percent out of work, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 needs to grow by 6 percent annually just to stay put, estimates the World Bank.
\par But the real figures are way higher. At least 
one fifth of the Saudi and Egyptian labor forces go unemployed. Only one tenth of Saudi women have ever worked. The region's population has almost doubled in the last quarter century, to 300 million people. Close to two fifths of the denizens of the Arab 
world are minors.
\par According to the Iranian news agency, IRNA, the European Commission on the Mediterranean Region estimates that the purchasing power parity income per head in the area is a mere 39 percent of the EU's 2001 average, comparable to many post-c
ommunist countries in transition. In nominal terms the figure is 28 percent. These statistics include {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 whose income per capita equals 84 percent of the EU's and the Palestinian Authority where GDP fell by 10 percent in 2000 and by another 15 percent the year after.
\par Faced with ominously surging social unrest, the Arab regimes - all of them lacking in democratic legitimacy - resort to ever more desperate measures. "Saudisation", for instance, amounts to the expulsion of 3 million foreign laborers to mak
e room for indigenous idlers reluctant to take on these vacated - mostly menial - jobs. About one million, typically Western, expat experts remain untouched.
\par The national accounts of Arab polities are in tatters. Until the recent surge in oil prices, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 managed to produce a budget surplus only once since 1982. Per capita income in the kingdom plunged from $26,000 in 1981 to $7000 in 2003. Higher oil prices may well continue throughout 2006, further masking the calamitous state of the region's econ
omies. But this would amount to merely postponing the inevitable.
\par Arab countries are not integrated into the world economy. It is possibly the only part of the globe, bar {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose}, to have entirely missed the trains of globalization and technological progres
s. Charlene Barshefsky was United States Trade Representative from 1997 to 2001. In February 2003, in a column published by the New York Times, she noted that:
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 "Muslim countries in the region trade less with one another than do African countries, and much 
less than do Asian, Latin American or European countries. This reflects both high trade barriers ... and the deep isolation {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 have brought on themselves through violence and support for terrorist groups ... The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose} still depends 
on oil. Today, the United States imports slightly more than $5 billion worth of manufactured goods and farm products from the 22 members of the Arab League, Afghanistan and Iran combined - or about half our value-added imports from Hong Kong alone."}{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 
\par Indeed, Jewish Israel and secular {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aside, 8 of the 11 largest economies of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East
{\*\xmlclose} have yet to join the World Trade Organization. Only two decades ago, one of every seven dollars in global export revenues and one twentieth of the world's foreign direct investment flowed to Arab pockets.
\par Today, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}'s share of international trade and FDI is less than 1.5 percent - half of it with the European Union. Medium size economies such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sweden{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s attract more capital than the entire Middle Eastern Moslem world put together.
\par Some Arab countries periodically go through spastic reforms only to submerge once more in backwardness and venality. Oil-producers attempted some structural economic adjustments in the 1990s. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} privatized a few marginal state-owned enterprises. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 cut subsidies. Almost everyone - especially {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Jordan -\~ increased their unhealthy reliance on multilateral loans and foreign aid.
\par Young King Abdullah II of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, for instance, dabbles in
 deregulation, liberalization, tax reform, cutting red tape and tariff reductions. Aided by a free trade agreement with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 passed by Congress in 2001, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s exports to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} last year soared from $16 million in 1998 to $400 million in 2002.
\par A similar nostrum is being administered to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Morocco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, partly to spite the European Union and its glacial "Barcelona Process" Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. But, as everyone realizes, the region's problems run deeper than any tweaking of the customs code.
\par The "Arab Human Development Report 2002", published in June 2002 by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), was composed entirely by Arab scholars. It charts the predictably dismal landscape: one in five inhabitants survives on less than $2 a day
; annual growth in income per capita over the last 20 years, at 0.5 percent, exceeded only sub-Saharan {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose}'s; one in six is unemployed.
\par The region's three "deficits", laments the report, are freedom, knowledge and manpower. Arab polities and societies a
re autocratic and intolerant. Illiteracy is still rampant and education poor. Women - half the workforce - are ill-treated and excluded. Pervasive Islamization replaced earlier militant ideologies in stifling creativity and growth.
\par In an article titled "Mi
ddle East Economies: A Survey of Current Problems and Issues", published in the September 1999 issue of the Middle East Review of International Affairs, Ali Abootalebi, assistant professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, c
oncluded:
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 "The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose} is second only to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose}
 as the least developed region in the world. It has already lost much of its strategic importance since the Soviet Union's demise ... Most Middle Eastern states ... probably do, possess the necessary techno
cratic and professional personnel to run state affairs in an efficient and modern manner .... (but not) the willingness or ability of the elites in charge to disengage the old coalitional interests that dominate governments in these countries."}{\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 
\par The war with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} changed all that. This was the fervent hope of intellectuals throughout the region, even those viscerally opposed to 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s high-handed hegemony. But this may well be only another false dawn in many. The inevitable massive postwar damage to the a
rea's fragile economies will spawn added oppression rather than enhance democracy.
\par According to The Economist, the military buildup has already injected $2 billion into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's economy, equal to 6 percent of its GDP. Prices of everything - from real estate to cars - are rising fast. The stock exchange index has soared by one third. American largesse extends to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - the recipient of $5 billion in grants, $1 billion in oil and $10 billion in loan guarantees. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will reap $1 billion apiece and, possibly, subsidized Saudi oil as well. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will abscond with $8 billion in collateral and billions in cash.
\par But the party may be short-lived, especially since the war did not prove to be as decisive and nippy as the Americans foresaw.
\par Stratfor, the strategic forecasting consultancy, correctly observes that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is likely to encourage American oil companies to boost {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s postbellum production. With {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} back on line and global tensions eased, deteriorating crude prices may adversely affect oil-dependent countries from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Algeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par The resulting social and political unrest - coupled with violent, though typically impotent, protests against the war, America and the political leadership - is unlikely to convince panicky tottering 
regimes to offer greater political openness and participatory democracy. The mock presidential elections in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 2005 are a case in point.

\par War also traumatized tourism, another major regional foreign exchange earner. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} alone collects $4 billion a y
ear from eager pyramid-gazers - about one ninth of its GDP. Add to that the effects of armed conflict on traffic in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Suez Canal{\*\xmlclose}
, on investments and on expat remittances - and the country could well become the war's greatest victim.
\par In a recent economic conference of the Arab League, then Egyptian Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Faiza Abu el-Naga, pegged the immediate losses to her country at $6-8 billion. More than 200,000 jobs were lost in tourism alone. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Information and Decision Support C
entre (IDSC) distributed a study predicting $900 million in damages to the Jordanian economy and billions more to be incurred by oil-rich {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}.
\par The Arab Bank Federation foresees banking losses of up to $60 billion due to contraction in economic act
ivity both during the war and in its aftermath. This may be too pessimistic. But even the optimists talk about $30 billion in foregone revenues. The reconstruction of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} could revitalize the sector - but American and European banks will probably monopolize the lucrative opportunity.
\par The war, and more so its protracted aftermath, are likely to have a stultifying effect on the investment climate.
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 each attract around $1 billion a year in foreign direct investment - double {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s rising
 rate. But global FDI was halved between 2000-2002. In 2003, flows reverted merely to 1998 levels. This implosion is likely to affect even increasingly attractive or resurgent destinations such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par Foreign investors will be de
terred not only by the fighting but also by a mounting wave of virulent - and increasingly violent - xenophobia. Consumer boycotts are a traditional weapon in the Arab political arsenal. Coca-Cola's sales in these parched lands have plummeted by 10 percen
t in 2002 alone. Pepsi's overseas sales flattened due to Arabs shunning its elixirs. American-franchised fast food outlets saw their business halved. McDonald's had to close some of its restaurants in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par Foreign business premises have been vandalized e
ven in the Gulf countries. According to The Economist "in the past year (2002) overall business at western fast-food and drinks firms has dropped by 40% in Arab countries. Trade in American branded goods has shrunk by a quarter."
\par These are bad news. Multinationals are sizable employers. Coca-Cola alone is responsible for 220,000 jobs in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}. Procter & Gamble invested $100 million in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Foreign enterprises pay well and transfer technology and management skills to their local joint venture partners.
\par Nor is foreign involvement confined to retail. The $35 billion Middle Eastern petrochemicals sector is reliant on the kindness of strangers: Indian, Canadian, South Korean and, lately, Chinese. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Singapore{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Malaysia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are eyeing the tourism industry,
 especially in the Gulf. Their withdrawal from the indigenous economies might prove disastrous.
\par Nor will these battered nations be saved by geopolitical benefactors.
\par The economies of the Middle East are off the 
radar screen of the Bush administration, accuses Edward Gresser of the Progressive Policy Institute in a recently published report titled "Blank Spot on the Map: How Trade Policy is Working Against the War on Terror".
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and most other Moslem countries 
are heavily dependent on their textile and agricultural exports to the West. But, by 2015, they will face tough competition from nations with contractual trade advantages granted them by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, goes the author.
\par Still, the fault is shared by entrenched economic interest groups in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}
 . Petrified by the daunting prospect of reforms and the ensuing competitive environment, they block free trade, liberalization and deregulation.
\par Consider the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Persian Gulf{\*\xmlclose}, a corner of the world which subsists on trading with partners overseas.
\par Not surprisingly, most of the members of the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council have joined the World Trade Organization a while back. But their citizens are unlikely to enjoy the benefits at least until 2
010 due to obstruction by the club's all-powerful and tentacular business families, international bankers and economists told the Times of Oman.
\par The rigidity and malignant self-centeredness of the political and economic elite and the confluence of oppression and profiteering are the crux of the region's problems. No external shock - not even war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - comes close to having the same pernicious and prolonged effects.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271807 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
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{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5271807 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807 {\*\bkmkstart coalition}The Costs of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Coalition{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Building{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271807 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807 {\*\bkmkend coalition}By: }
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5271807\charrsid5271807  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030224-053735-3596r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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\f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp128.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs18\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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080000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 Trading from a Suitcase - The Case of Shuttle Trade}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/nm068.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 Trade Imbalances and the Health of the Economy - a Dialogue}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954  
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/nm012.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006e006d003000310032002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 God's Diplomacy - International Trade}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 
\ltrch \f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954  
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp172.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs18\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\cf2\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 The Agenda of International Trade - Interview with Dan Horovitz}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \f0\fs18\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Foreign aid, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) have become weapons of mass persuasion, deployed in the building of both the pro-war, pro-American coalition of the willing and the French-led counter "coalition of the squealing".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 By now it is clear that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will have to bear the bulk of the direct costs of the actual fighting, optimistically pegged at c. $40-50 billion. The previous skirmish in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1991 consumed $80 billion in 2002 terms - nine tenths of which were shelled out by grateful allies, such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par Even so, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had to forgive $7 billion of Egyptian debt. According to the General Accounting Office, ano
ther $3 billion were parceled at the time among {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}
}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and other collaborators, partly in the form of donations of surplus materiel and partly in subsidized military sales. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
This time around, old and newfound friends - such as Jordan, an erstwhile staunch supporter of Saddam Hussein - are likely to carve up c. $10 billion between them, says the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} alone is demanding $1 billion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
According to the Knight Ridder Newspapers, an Israeli delegation, currently in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, has requested an extra $4-5 billion in military aid over the next 2-3 years plus $8 billion in loan guarantees. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the largest American foreign and military aid recipient, is already collecting c. $3 billion annually. It is followed by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with $1
.3 billion a year - another rumored beneficiary of $1 billion in American largesse.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} stands to receive c. $6 billion for making itself available as staging grounds for the forces attacking {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Another $20 billion in loan guarantees and $1 billion i
n Saudi and Kuwaiti oil have been mooted. In the thick of the tough bargaining, the International Monetary Fund - thought by many to be the long arm of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} foreign policy - suddenly halted the disbursement of money under a two years old standby arrangement with the impoverished country. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
It implausibly claimed to have just unearthed breaches of the agreement by the Turkish authorities. This systemic non-compliance was being meticulously chronicled - and scrupulously ignored by the IMF - for well over a year 
now by both indigenous and foreign media alike.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Days after a common statement in support of the American stance, the IMF clinched a standby arrangement with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the first in two turbulent years. On the same day, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} received glowing - and coun
terfactual - reviews from yet another IMF mission, clearing the way for the release of a\~ tranche of $36 million out of a loan of $330 million. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} has also received $130 million in direct {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aid since 2001, mainly through the Support for East Europea
n Democracy (SEED) program.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
But the IMF is only one tool in the administration's shed. President Bush seeks to increase {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's foreign aid by an unprecedented 50 percent over the next three years to $15 billion. A similar amount will be made available over in the forthcoming five years to tackle AIDS, mainly in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose}. 

\par Half this increase will be ploughed into a Millennium Challenge Account. It will benefit countries committed to democracy, free trade, good governance, purging corruption and nurturing th
e private sector. By 2005, the Account will contain up to $5 billion and will be replenished annually to maintain this level.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
This expensive charm offensive is intended to lure and neutralize the natural constituencies of the pacifistic camp: non government organizations, activists, development experts, developing countries and international organizations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
The E10 - the elected members of the Security Council - are also cashing in their chips.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has softened its position on trade tariffs in its negotiations of a free trade agreement with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Chile{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Immigration regulations will be relaxed to allow in more Mexican seasonal workers. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chile{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 receives $2 million in military aid and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} $44 million in development finance.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} companies will cooperate with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Angola{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 on the development of offshore oilfields in the politically contentious exclave of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cabinda{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Guinea{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cameroon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will absorb dollops of development aid. Currently, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Angola{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} receives c. $19 million in development assistance. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cameroon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} already benefi
ts from military training and surplus US arms under the Excess Defense Articles (EDA) program as well as enjoying trade benefits in the framework of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Guinea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} gets c. $26 million in economic aid annually plus $3 million in military grants and trade concessions.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has also pledged to cause {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 to pay its outstanding debts, mainly to countries in Central and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}East Europe{\*\xmlclose}, notably to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} owes the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russian Federation{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} alone close to $9 bill
ion. Some of the Russian contracts with the Iraqi oil industry, thought to be worth dozens of billions of dollars, may even be honored by the victors. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Thus, the outlays on warfare will likely be dwarfed by the price tag of the avaricious constituents of p
resident Bush's ramshackle coalition. New York Times columnist Paul Krugman aptly christened this mass bribery, "The Martial Plan". Quoting "some observers", he wrote:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
"The administration has turned the regular foreign aid budget into a tool of war diplom
acy. Small countries that currently have seats on the U.N. Security Council have suddenly received favorable treatment for aid requests, in an obvious attempt to influence their votes. Cynics say that the 'coalition of the willing' President Bush spoke of
 turns out to be a 'coalition of the bought off' instead."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 But this is nothing new. When {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yemen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} cast its vote against a November 1990 United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to evict {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} scratched $700 million in aid to the renegade country over the following decade. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 Nor is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} famous for keeping its antebellum promises. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} complains that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has still to honor its aid commitments made prior to the first Gulf War. Hence i
ts insistence on written guarantees, signed by the president himself. Similarly, vigorous pledges to the contrary aside, the Bush administration has allocated a pittance to the reconstruction of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Afghanistan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in this year's budget - and only after it was prompted to by an astounded Congress. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 hasn't been paid in full for NATO's presence on its soil during the Kosovo conflict in 1999. Though it enjoyed $1 billion in forgiven debt and some cash, Pakistan is still waiting for quotas on its textiles to 
be eased, based on an agreement it reached with the Bush administration prior to the campaign to oust the Taliban.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Congress is a convenient scapegoat. Asked whether {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} could rely on a further dose of American undertakings, Richard Boucher, a State Dep
artment spokesman, responded truthfully: "I think everybody is familiar with our congressional process."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 Yet, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, despite all its shortcomings, is the only game in town. The European Union cannot be thought of as an alternative benefactor.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 Even when i
t promotes the rare coherent foreign policy regarding the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}, the European Union is no match to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s pecuniary determination and well-honed pragmatism. Last year, EU spending within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership amounted to a meager $700 million. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
The EU signed association agreements with some countries in the region and in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North Africa{\*\xmlclose}
. The "Barcelona Process", launched in 1995, is supposed to culminate by 2010 in a free trade zone incorporating the European Union, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Algeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Morocco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tunisia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the Palestinian Authority, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has an observer status and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Cyprus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Malta{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} have joined the EU in the meantime.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
According to the International Trade Monitor, published by the Theodore Goddard law firm, the Agadir Agreement, the first intra-Mediterranean free trade compact, was concluded last month between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Morocco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tunisia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It will be signed next month and is a clear achievement of the EU.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
The European Union signed a Cooperation Agreement with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yemen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and, in 1989, with the Gulf Cooperation Council, comprising {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bahrain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Qatar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Arab Emirates{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Oman{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. A more comprehensive free trade agreement covering goods, services, government procurement and intellectual property rights is in the works. The GCC has recently established a customs union as well. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 A similar set of treaties may soon be inked with 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with which the EU has a balanced trade position - c. $7 billion of imports versus a little less in exports.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 The EU's annual imports from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - at c. $4 billion - are more than 50 percent higher than they were prior to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s invasion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1990. It purchases more than one quarter of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s exports. The EU exports to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 close to $2 billion worth of goods, far less than it did in the 1980s, but still a considerable value and one fifth of the pariah country's imports. EU aid to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} since 1991 exceeds $300 million.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 But {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe
{\*\xmlclose}'s emphasis on trade and regional integration as foreign policy instruments in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mediterranean{\*\xmlclose} is largely impracticable. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s cash is far more effective. Charlene Barshefsky, the former {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 trade representative from 1997 to 2001, explained why in an opinion piece in the New York Times:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 "The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Middle East{\*\xmlclose} ... has more trade barriers than any other part of the world. Muslim countries in the region trade less with one another than do African countries, and much less than do Asian, Latin American or European countries. }{\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
This reflects both high trade barriers ... and the deep isolation {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 have brought on themselves through violence and support for terrorist groups ... 8 of (the region's) 11 largest economies remain outside the WTO"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Moreover, in typical EU fashion, the Europeans benefit from their relationships in the region disproportionately.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Bilateral EU-GCC trade, for instance, amounts to a respectable $50 billion annually - but European investment in the regions declined precipitously from $3 billion in 1999 to half that in 2000. The GCC, on its part, has been c
onsistently investing $4-5 billion annually in the EU economies. 
\par It also runs an annual trade deficit of c. $9 billion with the EU. Destitute {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yemen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 alone imports $600 million from the EU and exports a meager $100 million to it. The imbalance is partly attributable to European non-tariff trade barriers such as sanitary regulations and to EU-wide export subsidies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
Nor does European development aid compensate for the EU's egregious trade protectionism. Since 1978, the EU has ploughed only $210 million into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yemen{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s economy, for instance. A third of this amount was in the form of food support. The EU is providing only one fifth of the total donor assistance to the country.\line \line In the meantime, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is busy signing trade agreements with all and sundry, subverting what little leverage the EU could have possessed. In the footsteps of a free trade agreement with 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has Having concluded one with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 2000. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11102954 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11102954\charrsid11102954 
The kingdom's exports to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} responded by soaring from $16 million in 1998 to c. $400 million last year. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is negotiating a similar deal with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Morocco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. It is usurping the EU's role on its own turf. Who can blame French president Jacques Chirac for blowing his lid?}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15629459 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15629459 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15629459 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 {\*\bkmkstart oil}Is It All About Oil?}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 
\ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15629459 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 {\*\bkmkend oil}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030319-114603-1214r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3300310039002d003100310034003600300033002d0031003200310034007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15629459\charrsid15629459 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp170.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 Saddam's Thousand Nights}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/iraqmetaphor.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0069007200610071006d00650074006100700068006f0072002e00680074006d00
6c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 The Iraqi and the Madman}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0074007200610064006500300031002e0068007400
6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-middleeast01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d006d006900640064006c0065006500610073007400
300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 The Economies of the Middle East}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 If the looming war was all about oil, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 would be invaded by the European Union, or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - whose dependence on Middle Eastern }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 oil is far greater than the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} would have, probably, taken over {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, a much larger and proximate supplier with its own emerging tyrant to boot. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
At any rate, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} refrained from occupying {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} when it easily could have, in 1991. Why the current American determination to conquer the desert country and subject it to direct rule, at least initially?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
There is another explanation, insist keen-eyed analysts.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
September 11 shredded the American sense of invulnerability. That the hijackers were all citizens of ostensible allies - such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - exposed the tenuous and ephemeral status of US forces in the Gulf. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904944 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
So, is the war about transporting American military presence from increasingly hostile Saudis to soon-to-be subjugated Iraqis?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
But this is a tautology. If {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s reliance on Middle Eastern oil is non-existent - why would
 it want to risk lives and squander resources in the region at all? Why would it drive up the price of oil it consumes with its belligerent talk and coalition-building? Why would it fritter away the unprecedented upswell of goodwill that followed the atro
cities in September 2001?
\par Back to oil. According to British Petroleum's Statistical Review of World Energy 2002, the United States voraciously - and wastefully - consumes one of every four barrels extracted worldwide. It imports about three fifths of its ne
eds. In less than eleven years' time, its reserves depleted, it will be forced to import all of its soaring requirements.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Middle Eastern oil accounts for one quarter of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s imports. Iraqi crude for less than one tenth. A back of the envelope calculat
ion reveals that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} quenches less than 6 percent of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Black Gold cravings. Compared to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (15 percent of American oil imports), or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (12 percent) - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is a negligible supplier. Furthermore, the current oil production of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is mere
ly 23 percent of its 1985 peak - about 2.4 million barrels per day, a 50-years nadir. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904944 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 During the first eleven months of 2002, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 imported an average of 449,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. In January 2003, with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in disarray, approximately 1.2 million bbl/d of Iraqi oil went to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Americas
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (up from 910,000 bbl/d in December 2002 and 515,000 bbl/d in November).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
It would seem that $200 billion - the costs of war and postbellum reconstruction - would be better spent on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s
 domestic oil industry. Securing the flow of Iraqi crude is simply too insignificant to warrant such an exertion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Much is made of Iraq's known oil reserves, pegged by the Department of Energy at 112 billion barrels, or five times the United States' - not t
o mention its 110 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Even at 3 million barrels per day - said to be the realistically immediate target of the occupying forces and almost 50 percent above the current level - this subterranean stash stands to last for more
 than a century. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Add to that the proven reserves of its neighbors - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Arab Emirates{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - and there is no question that the oil industry of these countries will far outlive their competitors'. Couldn't this be what the rapacious 
Americans are after? - wonder genteel French and Russian oilmen. After all, British and American companies controlled three quarters of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's mineral wealth until 1972 when nationalization denuded them.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904944 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 Alas, this "explanation" equally deflates upon closer inspection. Known - or imagined - reserves require investments in exploration, development and drilling. Nine tenths of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s soil are unexplored, including up to 100 billion barrels of deep oil-bearing formations located mainly in the vast {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Western{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Desert{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Of the 73 fields discovered - only 15 have been developed. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Oil Minister, Amir Rashid, admitted in early 2002 that only 24 Iraqi oil fields were producing.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
The country has almost no deep wells, preponderant in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, for instance. Though the cost
 of production is around $1-1.5 per barrel, one tenth the cost elsewhere - while {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} boasts 1,000,000 drilled wells, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} barely sports 2000. The Department of Energy's report about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} concludes:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
"Iraq generally has not had access to the latest, state-
of-the-art oil industry technology (i.e., 3D seismic), sufficient spare parts, and investment in general throughout most of the 1990s, but has instead reportedly been utilizing questionable engineering techniques (i.e., overpumping, water injection/"flood
ing") and old technology to maintain production."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
The quality of Iraqi oil deteriorated considerably in the recent decade. Its average API gravity declined by more than 10 percent, its water cut (intrusion of water into oil reservoirs) increased and its sul
fur content shot up by one third. The fields date back to the 1920s and 1930s and were subjected to abusive methods of extraction. Thus, if torched during a Gotterdammerung - they may well be abandoned altogether.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
According to a report published by the United Nations two years ago, Iraqi oil production is poised to fall off a cliff unless billions are invested in addressing technical and infrastructural problems. Even destitute {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} forks out $1.2 billion annually on repairing oil facilities. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
The Council o
f Foreign Relations and the Baker Institute estimated, in December last year, that the "costs of repairing existing oil export installations alone would be around $5 billion, while restoring Iraqi oil production to pre-1990 levels would cost an additional
 $5 billion, plus $3 billion per year in annual operating costs." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Not to mention the legal quagmire created by the plethora of agreements signed by the soon to be deposed regime with European, Indian, Turkish and Chinese oil behemoths. It would be years be
fore Iraqi crude in meaningful quantities hits the markets and then only after tens of billions of dollars have been literally sunk into the ground. Not a very convincing business plan.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Conspiracy theorists dismiss such contravening facts impatiently. Whil
e the costs, they expound wearily, will accrue to the American taxpayer, the benefits will be reaped by the oil giants, the true sponsors of president Bush, his father, his vice-president and his secretary of defense. In short, the battle in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has been spun by a cabal of sinister white males out to attain self-enrichment through the spoils of war.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904944 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 The case for the prosecution is that, cornered by plummeting prices, the oil industry in America had spent the last ten years defensively merging and acquirin
g in a frantic pace. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's twenty-two major energy companies reported overall net income of a mere $7 billion on revenues of $141 billion during the\~second quarter of last year. Only forty five percent of their profits resulted from domestic upstream o
il and natural gas production operations. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Tellingly, foreign upstream oil and natural gas production operations yielded two fifths of net income and worldwide downstream natural gas and power\~operations made up the rest. Stagnant domestic refining capacit
y forces US firms to joint venture with outsiders to refine and market products. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
Moreover, according to the energy consultancy, John S. Herold, replacement costs - of finding new reserves - have soared in 2001 to above $5 per barrel. Except in the Gulf wh
ere oil is sometimes just 600 meters deep and swathes of land are immersed in it. In short: American oil majors are looking abroad for their long-term survival. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} always featured high on their list.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
This stratagem was subverted by the affaire between Saddam Hussein and non-American oil companies. American players shudder at the thought of being excluded from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} by Saddam and his semipternal dynasty and thus rendered second-tier participants. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904944 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 According to the conspiracy minded, they coaxed the White H
ouse first to apply sanctions to the country in order to freeze its growing amity with foreign competitors - and, now, to retake by force that which was confiscated from them by law. Development and production contracts with Russian and French companies, 
signed by Saddam Hussein's regime, are likely to be "reviewed" - i.e., scrapped altogether - by whomever rules over Baghdad next.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
An added bonus: the demise of OPEC. A {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in control of the Iraqi spigot can break the back of any oil cartel and hold sway ove
r impertinent and obdurate polities such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. How would the ensuing plunge in prices help the alleged instigators of the war - the oil mafia - remains unclear. Still, James Paul propounded the following exercise in the Global Policy Forum this past December:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
"(Assuming) the level of Iraqi reserves at 250 billion barrels and recovery rates at 50% (both very conservative estimates). Under those conditions, recoverable Iraqi oil would be worth altogether about $3.125 trillion. Assuming production costs o
f $1.50 a barrel (a high-end figure), total costs would be $188 billion, leaving a balance of $2.937 trillion as the difference between costs and sales revenues. Assuming a 50/50 split with the government and further assuming a production period of 50 yea
rs, the company profits per year would run to $29 billion. That huge sum is two-thirds of the $44 billion total profits earned by the world\rquote 
s five major oil companies combined in 2001. If higher assumptions are used, annual profits might soar to as much as $50 billion per year."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
The energy behemoths on both sides of the pond are not oblivious to this bonanza. The Financial Times reported a flurry of meetings in recent days between British Petroleum and Shell and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Downing Street{\*\xmlclose}
 and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Whitehall{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} functionaries. Se
nior figures in the ramshackle exile Iraqi National Congress opposition have been openly consorting with American oil leviathans and expressly promising to hand postwar production exclusively to them.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
But the question is: even if true, so what? What war in
 human history was not partly motivated by a desire for plunder? What occupier did not seek to commercially leverage its temporary monopoly on power? When were moral causes utterly divorced from realpolitik? 
\par Granted, there is a thin line separating investment from exploitation, order from tyranny, vision from fantasy. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 should - having disposed of the murderous Saddam Hussein and his coterie - establish a level playing field and refrain from giving {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 a raw deal. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 
It should use this tormented country's natural endowments to reconstruct it and make it flourish. It should encourage good governance, including transparent procurement and international tendering and invite the United Nations to oversee 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s reconstruction. It should induce other countries of the world to view {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as a preferred destination of foreign direct investment and trade.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904944 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707869\charrsid14707869 If, in the process, reasonable profits accrue to business - all for the better. Only the global private sector can guarantee the long-term prosperity of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Many judge the future conduct of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 on the basis of speculative scenarios and fears that it is on the verge of attaining global dominance by way of ruthlessly applying its military might. This may well be so. But to judge it on this flimsy 
basis alone is to render verdict both prematurely and unjustly. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16594060 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16594060 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16594060 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 {\*\bkmkstart axisoil}The Axis of Oil }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16594060 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 {\*\bkmkend axisoil}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060  }{\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030403-031505-5433r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3400300033002d003000330031003500300035002d003500340033003300720000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16594060\charrsid16594060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Also Read }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp48.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 The Janus Look}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/putin.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0070007500740069006e002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000650000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russia's Second Empire}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp124.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100320034002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russia as a Creditor}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russia-israel01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061002d00690073007200
610065006c00300031002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000200000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russia's Israeli Oil Bond}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiafuture01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061006600750074007500
72006500300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000006d0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russia in 2003}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiawest01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061007700650073007400
300031002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russia Straddles the Euro-Atlantic Divide}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp106.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100300036002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russian Roulette - The Security Apparatus}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-russiairaq01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007200750073007300690061006900720061007100
300031002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russia's Stealth Diplomacy}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Success is the best proselytizer. Faced w
ith the imminent demise of Saddam Hussein's regime, both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - erstwhile champions of peace and the sanctity of international law - expressed their hope yesterday for a swift victory of the hitherto much-decried coalition forces.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
But this may be too little and way too late, as far as the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is concerned. The two prostrates are firmly included in the victors' grey list - if not yet in their black one. The friction is not merely the outcome of sanctimonious hectoring about human rig
hts from the Chechen-bashing Russians. It runs deeper and it turns on more than a dime.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
Another German-Russian collaboration may shortly attain the limelight: the $800 million, 1000 megawatt light water reactor in Bushehr, an Iranian Persian Gulf port facing southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Abandoned by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}West Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in 1979, following the Iranian revolution, it was adopted by the Russians in the 1990s. A second reactor is in the offing. More than 2000 Russians are employed in the site.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Following the discovery by the Internat
ional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) of a uranium enrichment facility near the city of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Natanz{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and an Iranian admission that they are mining their own ore, Alexander Rumyantsev, the Russian Atomic Energy Minister, acknowledged that his country lost control over {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s nuclear program.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, is a celebrated member of the "Axis of Evil". Thus, the atomic complex, though protected by at least 10 SAM batteries, may well be the target of an attack, Israeli and Russian officials told the Bellona Foundation
, a Norwegian environmental group. This will not be without precedent: in a daring air operation, Israeli jets pulverized an Iraqi nuclear power plant in Osirak in 1981.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
Ironically, it is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s aggressive stance towards {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} that drives the likes of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} back into the arms - and nuclear technologies - of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russian Federation{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is positioning itself to become an indispensable channel of communication and intermediary between the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and what the State Department calls "rogue states".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 On March 17, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s State Property Minister, Farid Gazizulin, met {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's Defense Minister, Ali Shamkhani, during a session of the Iran-Russia Economic Commission in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Tehran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. The host's message was unequivocal: "Cooperation between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is to contribute to sustaining peace and prevent conflicts in the region." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 According to Asia Times, in an earlier visit to 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Tehran{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Foreign Minister, Igor Ivanov, pledged to continue to collaborate with 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} on nuclear energy projects. "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} has no plans to produce nuclear military projects, this is a fundamental truth." - he insisted.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
Nor is the teamwork limited to commercial goods and services. An October 2001 bilateral framework agreement has since fostered more than $400 million in Russian annual military exports to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, including air defense systems and fighter jets.\line \line {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is also increasingly involved in the crisis in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Korean{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun's security adviser, Ra Jong-il, have held talks earlier this week with their counterparts in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Beijing{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, like the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, opposes the military nuclear efforts of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Though vehemently denied by all parties, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} floated last week, in an interview Ra granted to the Financial Times, the idea of supplying {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Pyongyang{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with Russian natural gas from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Siberia{\*\xmlclose} or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Sakhalin{\*\xmlclose}
 through a dedicated pipeline, as a way to solve the wayward regime's energy problems. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
According to the Korean daily, The Chosun Ilbo, Russian Ambassador to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Seoul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Teymuraz Rami
shvili, revealed that discussions have been held on posting Russian or South Korean troops in the North to protect such a pipeline
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} insists that its atomic reactors are intended merely to forestall severe power shortages, now that the 1994 Agree
d Framework, to provide it with fuel and two proliferation-resistant reactors financed by the West, is effectively annulled. Even {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Beijing{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, hitherto an unflinching supporter of the Dear Leader, halted oil supplies to the North last month.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 The scheme is not 
new. In February 2002, Russian Deputy Energy Minister Valentin Shelepov declared in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at a\line 
meeting of the Russian-South Korean Committee for Cooperation in the Sphere of Energy and Natural Resources that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 seeks South Korean investments in the coal industry and in oil and gas extraction in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Eastern Siberia{\*\xmlclose} and the Far Eastern regions. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
The Russian daily, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, notes that, together with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}South Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is already involved in LNG ventures in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Irkutsk{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the Yurubcheno-Tokhomskaya ob
last.\line \line }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
According to Stratfor, the strategic forecasting consultancy, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 offered in the past to construct nuclear power stations on its side of the border and supply {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with electricity. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is close to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. In its previous incarnation as the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose}, in 1965, it built {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s infamous Yongbyon facilities. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was also instrumental in convincing the North to agree to reactivate a railway line connecting it to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Kim Jong-il, the North's enigmatic leader, celebrated his 61st birthday, in February, in the Russian embassy in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Pyongyang{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
The mooted pipeline may be nothing but a pipe dream. Even optimists admit that it would require 4 years to construct - more likely 8 to 10 years. But {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is in no hurry. Russian gas to the pariah state could yet prove to be a key ingredient in any settlement. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 intends to drive a hard bargain. It is likely to try to swap gas supplies to the Koreans for the preservation of Iraqi oil contracts signed by Saddam's regime with Russian energy behemoths.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Regardless of geopolitical vicissitudes, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} views {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} - mainly {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}South Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - as growth markets for its energy products. By 2008 or 2010, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 plans to sell 20-30 billion cubic meters a year of gas from the Kovykta field, co-developed by Interros, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Tyumen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 oil company and British Petroleum, to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
South Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and, possibly, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mongolia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
According to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} Times:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is looking at two competing plans. One, backed by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's top oil firm Yukos and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, is a $2.5 billion, 2,400- kilometer extension of the existing network from near {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Irkutsk{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Daqing{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The other, backed by Rosneft and Japan, would cost $5.2 billion and circumvent China, running 3,800 kilometers to the Russian Far East city of Nakhodka on the Sea of\line 
Japan ... The Russian Energy Ministry eventually recommended that the Japanese and Chinese proposals be combined into one project, a third option to build the (1.6 million barrel a day) pipeline to Daqing and then extend it to Nakhodka."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 E
xtending the network eastward is by no means the consensus. Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov opened a cabinet meeting last month with the confident - but speculative - declaration that there is enough oil in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Siberia
{\*\xmlclose} to justify a pipeline. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Energy Mi
nister, Igor Yusufov, observed correctly that, in the absence of sufficient exploration, oil and gas reserves in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Siberia{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Far East{\*\xmlclose}
, pegged at 1 billion tons, are, at best, guesstimates. If these are smaller than projected, the eastern thrust would prove to be a costly error. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
More than $12 billion are needed in order to explore the vast swathe and to develop it to a profitable level of production - about 100 million tons a year by 2020. The pipelines will funnel 70-80 million tons of crude and 30 bil
lion cubic meters of natural gas a year to Asian buyers.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
Still, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} cannot ignore the Asian markets, nor can it wait a decade or two to avoid commercial risks. Last week, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Energy Ministry concluded the negotiation of a 10-year collaborative effort with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} involving the construction of oil and gas pipelines, the development of hydrocarbon fuel reserves in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Siberia{\*\xmlclose} and other projects.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
Yesterday, Russian Ambassador to China, Igor Rogachev, told Interfax, the Russian news agency, that "in the past
 three years, the dynamic growth of merchandise turnover (between Russia and China led to a) volume (of) close to $12 billion last year. This year the volume of bilateral trade grew 37 percent for the first two months and exceeded $2 billion." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Russian exports to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} since the beginning of the year soared by 27 percent and Russian imports by 62 percent. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is an avid consumer of Russian electricity generation, aviation, space, laser, and nuclear technologies. Russian firms made inroads into the constru
ction of Chinese hydroelectric plants and railways.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
The two countries have "plans for the construction of the Russia-China oil pipeline, and delivering up to 30 million tons of oil a year in it, and a gas pipeline from eastern Siberia to the northeast of (
North Korea), and to consumers in third countries." {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is constructing "a number of major, modern facilities ... in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, (including) the first and second (generating) units at the Tianwan nuclear power plant." {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has also signed a contract to buy Russian Tu-204 civil aircraft.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
Nor is the cooperation limited to heavy or military industry, explained the Ambassador:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 
"Agreements between Chinese and Russian companies that provide for the assembly in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} color televisions and household air conditioner
s are being successfully implemented."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273062 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15273062\charrsid15273062 Twelve years after the demise of communism, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is regrouping. It is patching the torn fabric of its diplomacy. In the best American tradition, it is leveraging its growing pecuniary clout - now that it is poised to become the world's leading energy producer. It is reorienting itself - emphasizing 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} over {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}. It is building new bridges and forming new alliances, both commercial and strategic. 
\par As long as these serve the interests of the sole superpower - as may be the case with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North Korea{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's revival as an important regional player is tolerated. But, following its sudden swing to the Franco-German camp in the run-up to the Iraqi campaign, it is on probation. Should it engage in anti-American activities,
 it may find that American patience and tolerance are rather strained.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid16594060 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14707869 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16408450 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16408450 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16408450 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid16408450\charrsid16408450 {\*\bkmkstart Saddam}Saddam's One Thousand Nights }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\f0\fs28\insrsid16408450\charrsid16408450 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16408450 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088 {\*\bkmkend Saddam}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20020815-113305-8337r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3800310035002d003100310033003300300035002d0038003300330037007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16408450\charrsid15806088 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is preparing for yet another war and yet another seemingly mortal blow to its eerily resilient economy. According to Fred Horan of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Cornell University{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s GNP per capita contracted by one third in the aftermath of its protracted and bloodied war with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Similar drops in gross national consumption and government spending were recorded by Dr. Kamil Mahdi of the Center for Arab Gulf Studies in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Exeter{\*\xmlclose} 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}University{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The CIA pegs the cost of the Iran-Iraq conflict at $100 billion. This was three years before the Gulf War and the decade of debilitating sanctions that followed it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Mahdi provides an overview of the devastation:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
"A decade of war followed by a major air campaign against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s infrastructure and ei
ght years of severe and comprehensive sanctions have devastated the country's economy. Lost production and diversion of resources to military activities are far from being the only economic costs. Accumulated effects on society include the loss of life, p
h
ysical impairment, breakdown of societal institutions, declining morale, emigration, and all the associated hemorrhage of skills and intellectual capabilities. The effects of induced technological backwardness, of destruction and accelerated degradation o
f the infrastructure, and of the increased environmental damage of short-term palliative solutions need also be mentioned."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Still, the Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, and the BBC have all reported recently that the streets of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are teeming with ne
w cars and Chinese double-decker buses, its bustling markets replete with luxury products, restaurants are making a brisk business, and dozens of art galleries are prospering where two languished only 4 years ago. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
The razed bridges and airport have been rebuilt. Electricity has been mostly restored. Sumptuous mosques have sprouted everywhere. Almost $2 billion were devoted to new palatial mansions for Saddam and his family, wrote the "Washington Post" on 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 27}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}February 27, 2001{\*\xmlclose}
. Kurdish media related how 250 kilograms of gold were applied by imported Indian and Moroccan craftsmen in two of the palaces. Iraqi state television reported in June that Saddam exhorted his ministers to avoid corruption and nepotism.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Reconstruction reached the much-neglected Kurdish north as well. The year 2001 report of the "Ministry" of Reconstruction and Development (MORAD) in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Irbil{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} lists thousands of housing units, dormitories, schools, and guest houses built this year with an investment of $70 million hitherto. 
\par The "Kurdistan Region
al Government" announced proudly the $6 million completed restoration of the landmark Sheraton. It joins half a dozen other luxury hotels constructed with allocations from the oil-for-food program administered by the UN on behalf of the Iraqi government a
nd money from Turkish investors. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
But not all is rosy in the "safe zones". Irrigation projects, electricity, the telephone system, schools, teacher training, health provision, hospitals, clinics, roads, and public transport - are all in dire need of cash i
nfusions. UPI reported that Arab employees of the UN are pressured by Saddam Hussein "to do his bidding" in the north. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 refuses to collaborate with UN authorities to release from its warehouses heavy equipment destined for the Kurdish parts, reports Radio Free Europe.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 also continues to pursue it program of weapons of mass destruction. It is in the market for components and materials for nuclear bombs, warned the "Washington Times". Iraqi defectors confirmed the information and delineated a blood-cu
rdling - and expensive - effort to reinstate the country's capacity to produce nuclear, chemical, and biological armaments.
\par According to Stratfor, "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is procuring weapons systems - such as advanced conventional weapons rather than nuclear capabilities -
 that would more immediately affect the outcome of a war with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. It is specifically seeking to enhance its air-defense capabilities, improve its ground-to-ground missiles and upgrade major battlefield weapons systems for ground forces."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} felt sufficiently affluent to declare a one month oil embargo in April at a cost of $1.2 billion, to protest {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} partiality towards {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. It also generously supports the families of Palestinian "martyr" suicide bombers with grants of $25,000 plus anothe
r $25,000 per each house demolished in the Jenin refugee camp by the Israelis. Smaller amounts are distributed as disability and recuperation benefits, mostly through the "Arab Liberation Front", reports the "Daily Telegraph".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Family members of the "heroes" get free enrollment in Iraqi institutions of higher education. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 recently donated 10 million euros to the Intifada. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty estimates that this display of Arab solidarity has hitherto cost {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} $1 billion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
This hoary bravado masks a dilapidated infrastructure, decrepit hospitals and schools, spiraling prices, malnourished and diseased children, and a middle class reduced to penury. According to the World Bank, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s population grows by 2.9 percent annually, from a base of 23 million citizens. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Infant mortality is 61-93 per thousand live births, depending on the source. Of those who survive, another 121 children perish by the age of 5. UNICEF estimates that at least 500,000 children died that shouldn't have under normal circumsta
nces. The Iraqi Mission to the United Nations put the number at 713,000 plus a million adults. The CNN describes an ominous shortage of clean water. Inflation hovers around 100 percent. 
\par But none of these data is reliable. Estimates vary widely. The CIA sa
ys that the trade deficit in 2000 was $1 billion and the external debt amounted to a whopping $139 billion. Not so, countered the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) - external debt was a mere $53 billion last year. The EIU also forecasts a 2 percent drop i
n GDP this year - but a growth of 6 percent next year commensurate with a recovery in oil production. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Still, things are not as bad as relentless Iraqi propaganda makes them out to be. Infant mortality figures are suspect as are most other Iraqi statistics
. The BBC interviewed an Iraqi defector whose two year old daughter was maimed by interrogators. He claimed to have participated in fake "baby funerals". There is no telling if this is true or a part of the propaganda war waged by the would-be combatants.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
According to the BBC, Iraqi life expectancy for men is 66 years. Women outlive them by 2 years on average. Annual income per capita is c. $600. GDP per capita is $715, down from $3000 only a decade ago - or maybe double that per the Economist Intelligence
 Unit. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
But these figures are misleading. According to the CIA 2001 World {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Factbook{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's GDP per capita in terms of purchasing power is a more respectable $2500. GDP has grown by 15 percent in 2000 - or 4 percent according to The Economist Intelligence Unit - though admittedly from a dismally low base. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
An efficient rationing system keeps Iraqis well fed at 2200-2500 calories per day, according to the UN. A thriving black market facilitates the smuggling of cigarettes, software, home appliances, video film
s, weaponry, food, carpets - and virtually every other necessity or luxury - into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cyprus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}West Bank{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
UN reports consistently accuse {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} of under-utilizing the funds at its disposal. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Between June and Decembe
r 2000 - as the US State Department gleefully announced - Iraq disposed of only 13 percent of the money allocated to health supplies, 6 percent of the allotment for education, and 3 percent of the cash available for spare parts for its crumbling oil indus
try. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
It neglected to mention, though, that, during the same period, more than 1150 contracts were still pending approval in a nightmarish bureaucratic battleground between the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and other members of the Sanctions Committee. This was before the 
introduction of "smart sanctions" earlier this year. The new scheme allows {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 to import all things civilian not itemized in a 332-page dual use "Goods Review" list.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} receives over $4.5 billion of food and medicines a year through the UN-administered 
oil for food and medicines program. Another $13 billion are in the pipeline. According to the UN, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has sold more than $56 billion of oil since 1996. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's export income cannot be used to defray the costs of local goods and services or to pay salaries. The UN dispensed with $15 billion in Iraqi oil proceeds since 1991 to compensate countries and individuals affected by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s aggression.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Another unsupervised source of income is the surcharges {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} levies on its oil. Middlemen and trading companies pay t
he official - bargain - price into a UN account and hidden commissions to Saddam's regime. The UN told the "Wall Street Journal" that between 20 and 70 cents per barrel have accrued in these illicit accounts since {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}
{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2000}}}December 1, 2000{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
The Congressional General Accounting Office stated that "conservatively ...\~ {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has illegally earned at least $6.6 billion since 1997 -\~
 $4.3 billion from smuggling and $2.3 billion in illegal surcharges on oil and commissions from its commodities contracts."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
This translates t
o c. $1 billion per year. Yet, it may be a wild over-estimate. The typical surcharge has long been more like 15 cents a barrel. Moreover, downward pressure on oil prices coupled with renewed UN vigilance may soon put a stop to this lucrative arrangement. 
Retroactive pricing of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s oil by the UN has already considerably damaged {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s exports to Russian and other amenable lifters of its oil. There is a "substantial shortfall in the funds available for programme implementation", as the UN puts it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 The UN S
ecretary General himself criticized the program last June:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
"The programme has continued to suffer because of a number of factors, including:\~ the cumbersome procedures involved in formulating the distribution plan, and the late submission of the plan which
 has seem subjected to thousands of amendments; slow contracting for essential supplies by the Iraqi Government and the United Nations agencies and programmes; and the inordinate delays and irregularities in the submission of applications for such contact
s to the Secretariat by both the suppliers and the agencies and programmes concerned."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 In a letter addressed to the Acting Chairman of the Security Council\rquote s 661 sanctions committee on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0
{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 8}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2002}}}1 August 2002{\*\xmlclose}, the Executive Director of the Iraq Programme, Benon Sevan, expressed 
\'93grave concern\'94 regarding the cumulative shortfall in funds and warned of \'93very serious consequences on the humanitarian situation in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Mr. Sevan appealed to the members of the Committee and the Government of Iraq to \'93take all necessary m
easures to resolve the difficulties encountered in improving the critical funding situation, including, in particular, the long outstanding question of the pricing mechanism for Iraqi crude oil exports ... The cooperation of all concerned is essential\'94
.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Th
e UN registers the outcomes:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
"As at 2 August, the revenue shortfall had left 1,051 approved humanitarian supply contracts, worth over $2.25 billion, without available funds. The sectors affected by the lack of funds were: food with $356 million; electricit
y with $353 million; food handling with $325 million; agriculture with $297 million; housing with $286 million; water and sanitation with $216 million; health with $159 million; telecommunication and transportation with $152 million and; education with $1
11 million."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} bribes countries near and far with cheap oil. It recently signed nine free trade or customs agreements with, among others, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Oman{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Arab Emirates{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as well as with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, an erstwhile irreconcilable foe. According to the "Washington Post", 200,000 barrels a day flow through the re-opened pipeline to the Syrian {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}port{\*\xmlclose}
 of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Banias{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - in breach of UN Resolution 986 (i.e., the oil for food program). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} sells {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 goods worth at least $100 million a month, including, according to the "Times" of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, tanks and other weaponry. The two countries agreed to establish a joint telephone company and to abolish capital controls. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are the only two countries with air links to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and other Iraqi destinations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} also pledged to construct an oil refinery in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and re-open a defunct pipeline running to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's ports. It inked $100 million worth of import contracts with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Algeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and removed 14 Jordanian enterprises from its blacklist of companies which trade with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} caters to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's energy needs by supplying it with heavily discounted oil carried by trucks across the border. A 100,000 barrels-per-day pipeline is slated to become operational by October 2004. A free trade agreement is being negotiated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 N
ot surprisingly, the Jordanians protested vocally against renewed inspections of freight in the porous {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Red Sea{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}port
{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Aqaba{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Even {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's mortal enemies are mellowing. A border crossing between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Saudi Arabia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was recently inaugurated with great pan-Arabic fanfare. It was inundated by more than $1 billion in bilateral trade, according to the London-based Arabic daily, "al-Hayat".
\par The list of renegades continues. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sudan
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} vowed to establish a free trade zone. Until it clamped down on the practice recently, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 turned a blind eye to a $1 billion annual diesel-against-everything market on its border with the rogue state. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 allowed more than 90 of its companies to participate in a commercial fair in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in April. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Egyptian business concluded contracts worth $350 million with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 between December last year and May, trumpeted the Egyptian news agency, MENA. This on top of more than $4 billion of contracts signed since 1996. Residential and commercial projects with Egyptian construction groups are on track. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} peddled to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 more than $5 billion of goods since 1997, confirmed {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North Africa{\*\xmlclose}
 department head in the Russian Foreign Ministry, Mikhail Bogdanov. The Iraqis put the figure higher, at $30 billion in bilateral trade.
 Even American companies were able to hawk $230 million worth of food and pharmaceuticals, according to the Wall Street Journal. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 sold $90 million of oil to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Africa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Strategic Field Fund, charged the South African opposition Democratic Alliance. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
The Ukrainian UNIAN news agency reported the purchase of technical equipment by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 even as the "Financial Times" aired the allegations of a former Ukrainian presidential security guard that his country sold a sophisticated $100 million radar system to the outcast regime.
\par Iraqi largesse comes with strings attached. ITAR-TASS reports that the "Ural" auto works ships 400 trucks to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 every month. Interfax said in April that a Russian oil company, Zarubezhneft, was invited to develop an oil field in southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 with proven reserves of more than 3 billion barrels. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 According to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Stratfor{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} still owes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} $10-12 billion for Soviet era materiel. But {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is open about its conditioning of future orders on Russian anti-American assertiveness. Similarly, it has cut wheat imports from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Australia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} by half due to the latter's unequivocal support of American policies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
Iraqi business, both current and prospective, is alluring. The country is vast, mineral-rich, and with a well-educated and sinfully cheap work
force. Hence the decision by 185 multinationals, recounted by the "Wall Street Journal", to forgo almost $3 billion in Gulf War related reparations claims - in return for aid contracts under the oil-for-food program.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Still, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s financial clout is constr
ained by the rundown state of its oil fields. Lacking spare parts and investments in exploration and development, it produces c. 2 million barrels per day - about two thirds its capacity. According to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} government, one third of this quantity is smuggled, in contravention of the oil-for-food program. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s pipelines lead to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and to the south of the ravaged country. This makes it vulnerable to Turkish or Saudi-Arabian and Kuwaiti collusion in in a US-led campaign against its regime.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Moreover, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 oil companies, such ExxonMobil, ChevronTexaco, and Valero Energy purchase nearly half of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s oil exports. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is trying to diversify but its interlocutors are currently confined to the likes of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region
}}Belarus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with whom it recently held talks about revamping its oilfields and petrochemicals industry. With 100 billion barrels in proven reserves, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is bound to attract the attentions of Western oil companies following a regime change brought on by either war or nature. Iraqi citizens must be holding their breath.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10902258 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 {\*\bkmkstart streak}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Losing Streak}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\f0\fs28\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902258 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 {\*\bkmkend streak}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030327-120808-7410r" }{
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3300320037002d003100320030003800300038002d0037003400310030007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10902258\charrsid10902258 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp99.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 Turkey's Troubled Water}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-middleeast01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 The Economies of the Middle East}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-turkeyisrael01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 In emphasizing its "special relationship" with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} conveniently overlooked the fact - confirmed yet again by a recent Pew Global Attitudes Project s
urvey - that 84 percent of Turks view {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} "unfavorably". 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
According to the Anadolu news agency, the Chairman of the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, Rifat Hisarciklioglu, cajoled his countrymen on Monday to rid themselves of their dependence on "foreign" assistance - common euphemism for handouts from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and, as the Turks firmly believe, its long arm, the International Monetary Fund. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 A country's foreign policy stature, he averred, is conferred by its domestic product. Somewhat implausibly, he pegged {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's war-related damages this year at $16.2 billion and between $70-150 in the following decade. It will have to resort to more expensive alternative sources of oil. Tourism, its second largest foreign exchange earner, will wither.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
If true, Turkish refusal to be used by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} troops as a launching pad for a second, northern, Iraqi front - was nothing short of suicidal. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} could have ended up with $30 billion in sorely needed aid and loan guarantees - now reduced, perhaps, to 
a mere $8.5 billion in commercial debt in return for overflight rights. Moreover, future IMF aid and even disbursements from an existing standby agreement are in jeopardy. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
Last year, at the behest of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} received another dollop of $17 billion in multilateral funds to shore up its ailing economy. According to the Washington Post, it already owes the Fund five times the ordinary borrowing limit under the lending agency's rules.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
The country's finances are in dire straits. Its foreign deb
t catapulted from $50 billion in the wake of the first Gulf war - to more than $130 billion in the run-up to the second. The government's economic policies are still founded on the defunct assumption that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} aid will be allotted, despite {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s denial of service. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
Inflation, at more than 25 percent, is rising as are real interest rates - at 30 percent above inflation - and an already unsustainable $95 billion in domestic public debt, a sizable chunk of it extremely short term. Financial markets and the
 currency are plummeting. The yield on Turkish bonds is a stratospheric 70-80 percent. An incredible three quarters of the budget are earmarked for debt repayments. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
The country should service $80 billion in obligations in the remainder of this year. Not surprisingly, Standard and Poor's is contemplating a lowering of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s country rating, currently below investment grade at B1. Fitch went ahead and reduced {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's rank to B minus with a negative outlook to boot - akin to destitute and near-default {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Moldova{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
According to Stratfor, the strategic forecasting consultancy, risk premiums on Turkish treasuries leaped 90-122 basis points on March 17 alone - to 9.5 percent above comparable {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} bonds. This spread narrowed by 0.85 percent the following day when {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 came up with the offer to allow {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} planes to make use of its air space.
\par Closer integration with the European Union, warned EU enlargement commissioner, G\'fcnter Verheugen, will be adversely affected by any unilateral Turkish move in north {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The acrimonious breakdown of reunification talks between the Greek and Turkish-sponsored parties in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cyprus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 did not help either. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has been allocated $1.1 billion by the EU as pre-accession aid. Unruly behavior on its part may endanger this carrot as well. To complicate matters further, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} may drop its staunch political and pecuniary support for the Baku-Ceyhan Main Export oil Pipeline (MEP). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
Nor is the domestic situation less ominous. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
The new, hitherto popular, prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, 
vowed on Sunday to "carefully and diligently" implement the IMF's agonizing austerity program which calls for spending cuts of $2 billion by the end of the month, the privatization of the tobacco and alcohol monopolies and tax reform. The 2003 budget envi
sages a primary surplus of 6.5 percent of gross national product. It aims to raise revenues by $5 billion and cut expenditure by $3 billion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
Such prescriptions ill-fit with promises to help the poor and fiscally boost growth. But a mid-April loan tranche of
 $1.6 billion - of the $3.5 billion left to be disbursed - is dependent on strict adherence. Nor is a new agreement with the IMF in the offing without considerable {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} pressure or its implicit guarantee, both now unlikely.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1120590 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1120590\charrsid1120590 
The threat of dispatching troops to northern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s last, desperate, card in a depleted deck. To avoid this cataclysmic scenario, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 may yet, teeth gnashing, revive the moribund economic aid package it has seethingly withdrawn. The alternative is an Argentina-style default with a shock wave cruising through a volatile and ignitable {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East
{\*\xmlclose} - or a military dictatorship in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ankara{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6889620 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6889620 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6889620 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 {\*\bkmkstart Turkey}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Jewish Friend}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6889620 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 {\*\bkmkend Turkey}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030304-052300-9572r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6889620\charrsid6889620 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp98.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Iran between Reform and Mayhem}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp99.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Turkey's Troubled Water}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp107.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Israel's Hi, Tech - Bye, Tech}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp129.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Syria's Sunshine Policy}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp136.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Israel's Economic Intifada}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp170.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Saddam's Thousand Nights}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/iraqmetaphor.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0069007200610071006d00650074006100700068006f0072002e00680074006d00
6c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 The Iraqi and the Madman}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0074007200610064006500300031002e0068007400
6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-middleeast01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d006d006900640064006c0065006500610073007400
300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 The Economies of the Middle East}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 It is ironic that relations between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} have never been better. The former is ruled by yet another Islamic government - though constrained by secular-minde
d generals. The latter is increasingly nationalistic-Messianic and theocratic - though its newly elected Prime Minister, a former army general, Ariel Sharon, has just put together a largely secular coalition government.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
Each year, more than 300,000 Israelis spend their vacation - and more than a quarter of a billion dollars - in scenic and affordable Turkish resorts. A drought-stricken {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}
}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} revived a decade-old plan to buy from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 up to 400 million cubic meters a year, instead of expensively desalinating sea water. 
\par Israeli land use, hydrological and agricultural experts roam the Texas-sized country. The parties - with a combined gross domestic product of $300 billion - have inked close to thirty agreements and protocols since 1991. Everything, from do
uble taxation to joint development and manufacturing of missiles, has been covered.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
Buoyed by a free trade agreement in force since 1997, bilateral trade exceeded $1.5 billion last year, excluding clandestine sales of arms and weapons technologies. According to the Turkish Ambassador to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, "Turkish exports to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 consist mainly of manufactured goods, foodstuffs and grain, while {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s main export items to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are chemical products, plastics, computers and irrigation and telecommunications systems technologies."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
A sizable portion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's $3-5 billion in annual spending on the modernization of its armed forces is rumored to end in Israeli pockets. This is part of a 25-year plan launched in 1997 and estimated to be worth a total of $
150 billion. Israeli contractors are refurbishing ageing Turkish fighter planes and other weapons systems at a total cost exceeding $2 billion hitherto. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Last May, the Israeli Military Industries and Elbit secured a $688 million contract to upgrade 170 M-
60A1 tanks. There are at least another 800 pieces in the pipeline. Small arms, unmanned aerial vehicles and rockets originating in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 make only part of a long shopping list. Israeli pilots regularly train in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Joint military exercises and intelli
gence sharing are frequent. The Israeli backdoor allows friendly American administrations to circumvent a rarely Turkophile Congress.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
The American-Israel Public Action Committee (AIPAC), the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) and, more generally, the almighty Jewish lobby in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, often support Turkish causes on the Hill. Three years ago, for example, Jews helped quash a resolution commemorating the Armenian genocide perpetrated by Turkish forces during the first world war. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 This e
xercise in hypocrisy did not endear the Jewish community or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 to either Armenians or to European Union cardholding Greeks who have long permitted Palestinian terrorists to operate from the Greek part of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cyprus{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} with impunity. The friend of my enemy is my enemy and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is clearly {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Jewish friend.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
But Israeli hopes that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will reciprocate by serving as a conduit to Arab regimes in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Middle East{\*\xmlclose} proved to be ill-founded. Only one tenth of Turkish trade is with its neighbors near and far. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's leverage is further limited by its chronic economic distress and its offensive designs to monopolize waterways shared by adjacent countries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Though Moslem, like the Iranians, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is not an Arab nation. It counts {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as potential enemies and competitors for scarce water resources - as does {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The recent rebuff by its parliament of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's request to station troops on Turkish soil notwithstanding, the country is defiantly pro-American against a backdrop of anti-Western virulence. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 aspires to join the European Union because it regards itself as an island of civilization in an ocean of backwardness and destitution. This counter-regional orientation is another thing it has in common with the Jewish state. In an effort to
 differentiate themselves, both polities were early adopters of economic trends such as deregulation, equities, venture capital, entrepreneurship, privatization and hi-tech.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was the first Moslem state to recognize an ominously isolated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1949. Both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are democracies though they are implicated in systemic human rights violations on a massive scale. The political class of both is incestuously enmeshed with the military. 
\par The two countries face terrorism on a daily basis and feel threatened by the rise of militant Islam, by the spread of weapons of mass destruction - though {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is hitherto the only regional nuclear power - and by global networks like al-Qaida.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
In his travelogue, "Eastward to Tartary", published in 2001, Robert Kaplan notes:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s more friendly position toward {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was the result of several factors. ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}) became tired of diplomatic initiatives that failed to induce the Arabs to end their support of the Kurdish Workers' party, which was responsible for the insurgency in southeastern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. The Turks felt, too, that the Jews could help them with their Greek problem (via the Jewish lobby) ... (The Turks realized) they might never gain full admittance to the European Union. Thus, they required another alliance."\line \line 
This confluence of interests and predicaments does not render {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 the darling of the Turkish street, though. Turks, addicted to conspiracy theories, fully believe that the second {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 war is being instigated by the Israelis. They also decry the way {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 manhandles the Palestinian uprising. Flag-burning demonstrations are common occurrences in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ankara{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Istanbul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Suleyman Demirel{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s former president, nearly paid with his life for the entente cordiale when a deranged pharmacist tried to assassinate him in 1996.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s power behind the throne and future prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, called {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Ariel Sharon a terrorist. The previous prime minister called {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s behavior in the occupied territories "genocide" - hastening to reverse himself when faced with the possible consequences of his Freudian slip.
\par Indeed, the looming conflict in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} may well be the watershed of the Turkish-Israeli love fest. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is growing increasingly religious and more pro-Arab by the year. The further the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's sponsor and unwavering ally - pushes into the region, the less aligned are its interests with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
Consider the Kurdish question. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is committed to preventing, if need be by force of arms, the emergence of independent Kurdish polity in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It would also wish to secure oil-rich northern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as a Turkish protectorate. But the Kurds - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s long-standing and long-suffering collaborators - are the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}' "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Northern Alliance{\*\xmlclose}" in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It cannot abandon them for both military and moral considerations. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
But even in the absence of such blatant conflicts of interests, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s shift is inevitable, a matter of geography as destiny. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} continues to ignore the Arab world at its peril. Regional conflicts fail 
to respect international borders - as the country is discovering, faced with the damaging Iraqi spillover. Until 1998, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, another restive neighbor, actively aided and abetted the rebellious Kurds. It may yet resume its meddling if {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, its bitter en
emy, is neutered through a peace accord. The dispute over precious water sources is embedded in Turkish-Syrian topography and is, therefore, permanent.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
It may have been in recognition of these facts that Abdullah Gul, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s prime minister, embarked on a
 tour of Arab capitals in January. Simultaneously, the Turkish Trade Minister, Korsad Touzman, led a delegation of 150 businessmen in a two day visit to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} to discuss trade issues. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} claims to have sustained damages in excess of $30 billion in th
e 1991 Gulf War - a measure of its regional integration.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has also recently begun considering the sale of water in the framework of the "Manavgat Project for Peace" to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and even {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s foreign minister, Bashar Yakis, is a Turkish diplomat who knows Arabic and had served in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname City}}Damascus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Riyadh{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Cairo
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's Occidental orientation has proven to be counterproductive. As the European Union grows more fractured and indecisive and the United States more overweening and unilaterally
 belligerent, Turkey will have to give up its fantasies - bred by the country's post-Ottoman founding father, Kemal Ataturk - of becoming an inalienable part of Western civilization. 
\par Both Turkey and Israel will, in due time, be forced to accept - however 
reluctantly - that they are barely mid-sized, mostly Asiatic, regional powers and that their future - geopolitical and military, if not economic - lies in the Middle East, not in the Midwest. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} could then serve as a goodwill mediator between erstwhile enemies and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 as a regional engine of growth.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
Until they do, both countries are major founts of regional instability, often deliberately and gleefully so. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
Israeli engineering firms, for instance, are heavily involved in the design and implementation of the regionally controversial Southeast Anatolian Project (GAP), intended to block Turkish water from reaching {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Additionally, protestations to the contrary aside, the thrust of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s burgeoning military cooperation with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is, plausibly, anti-Arab. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 Turkish security officials confirmed to the English-language daily, Turkish Daily News, in March last year, that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} worked with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to counter the Hezbollah in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. As early as 1998, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} threatened war with 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - and mob
ilized troops to back up its warnings - explicitly relying on the always-present Israeli "second front". The Egyptian government's mouthpiece, the daily al-Ahram, called this emerging de-facto alliance "the true axis of evil".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s massive army, its nuclear weapons, its policies in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}West Bank{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Gaza{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, its influence on right-wing American decision-makers and legislators - provoke the very same threats they are intended to forestall, including terrorism, the coalescence of hostile axes and alliances a
nd the pursuit of weapons of mass destruction by regional thugs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
Turkey's disdain for everything Arab, its diversion of the Tigris, Asi and Euphrates rivers, its arms race, its suppression of the Kurds and its military-tainted democracy have led it, more t
han once, to the verge of open warfare. Such a conflict may not be containable. In 1995, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} granted {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Greece{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} the right to use its air bases and air space, thus explicitly dragging NATO and the European Union into the fray.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14628920 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14628920\charrsid14628920 
It is, therefore, the interest of the West to disabuse {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} of its grandiosity and to convince {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to choose peace. As September 11 and its aftermath have painfully demonstrated, no conflict in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}
 is merely regional.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid528765 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid528765 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid528765 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 {\*\bkmkstart Israel}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region
}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - The Next Target }{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid528765 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 {\*\bkmkend Israel}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765  }{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030325-024746-1989r" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3300320035002d003000320034003700340036002d0031003900380039007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid528765\charrsid528765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Also Read
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp107.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100300037002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Israel's Hi, Tech - Bye, Tech}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp136.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100330036002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Israel's Economic Intifada}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d0074007200610064006500300031002e0068007400
6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-middleeast01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d006d006900640064006c0065006500610073007400
300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 The Economies of the Middle East}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-turkeyisrael01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d007400750072006b00650079006900730072006100
65006c00300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Turkey's Jewish Friend}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Its leader seems more comfortable in battle fatigues than in civil suits. He has been long pursuing a policy of bloody oppression and anne
xation. The regime is often castigated due to rampant human rights violations. The country possesses weapons of mass destruction, though it repeatedly denies the allegations. It refuses to honor numerous Security Council resolutions. President Bush senior
 once subjected it to sanctions. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} has already trained its sights on this next target: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
The chieftains of the New World Order have made it abundantly clear that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's capitulation will be closely followed by the official release of a much-leaked "road map" for peace in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose} propounded by the "Quartet" - the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, United Nations and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 A series of disclosures in the Israeli media made it equally evident that prime minister Ariel Sharon's crew beg to differ from substantial portions of the foursome's vision.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
To demonstrate to skeptic and embittered Muslims everywhere that its motives in waging war on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 were more altruistic than ulterior, the Administration will impose an even-handed peace on a reluctant {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Sh
ould it resist, the Jewish state will find itself subjected to the kind of treatment hitherto reserved for the founding members of the axis of evil - economic sanctions to the fore.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Can it withstand such treatment?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Institutional Investor has just downgraded {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's 2002 country credit rating to 45th place - seven rungs lower than in early 2000. It is ranked behind {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cyprus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Qatar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Oman{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af38\afs24 \ltrch \f38\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660  }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 Moody's, Fitch and Standard and Poor's (S&P) has refrained from a further rating action, following a series of demotions in the past two years. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
The country's economy - especially its dynamic construction, tourism and agricultural segments - has been weakened by three years of civil strife both within the green line and throughout the occupied territories. This has
 been reflected in the shekel's and the stock exchange's precipitous declines, by one fifth each. Profits in the banking sector slumped by more than three quarters due to augmented loan loss provisions. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 A global recession and the bursting of the hi-tech 
bubble have not helped. Gross domestic product growth in 2000 was a spectacular 7 percent. In the next two years, however, the economy has contracted. The calling up of reservists to active duty, the dwindling of immigration - from 78,400 in 1999 down to 
31,491 three years later - and the disappearance of the Palestinian shopper depressed consumption, services and retail sales. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Uriel Lynn, chairman of the Israeli Chamber of Commerce, told BBC News Online, that the country has lost about $2.5 billion "in te
rms of business product". Defense spending spiked at 10 percent of the budget, double the American ratio and triple the military outlays of the typical EU member.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Social solidarity is fraying. The Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) - run by 
members of the shriveled opposition Labor party - declared a labor dispute on Sunday, heralding a general strike. This in response to reforms promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, now headed by a hardliner, the former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. 

\par The private sector accounts for 70 percent of GDP in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and is already stretched to the limit. Instead, the hard-pressed ministry wants to sack thousands in the bloated public services and cut the salaries and pension rights of the remaining civil serv
ants by 8 percent. Government consumption amounts to one third of GDP and public debt exceeds it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 In a reversal of decades of tradition, collective wage agreements will be abolished. The finance ministry is trying to reduce the spiraling budget deficit - 
now pegged at more than 6 percent of GDP - by $2 billion to c. 3.5-4.5 percent of GDP, depending on one's propensity for optimism. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Netanyahu also pledged to trim down the top marginal tax rate from\~a whopping 60 to 49 percent and to aggressively privatize
 state holdings in companies such as El Al, Bezeq Telecommunications, Oil Refineries and Israel Electric Company. He told the Israeli daily Ha'aretz that the fate of an American package comprising $1 billion in extra military aid and $9 billion in loan gu
arantees depends on such "proper economics". 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Trying to balance fiscal profligacy, David Klein, the governor of the Bank of Israel, kept real interest rates high, cutting them by a mere 0.2 percent yesterday to 8.7 percent. Inflation last year, at 5.7 perce
nt, was way above the 1998-2002 average of 3.7 percent.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Partly due to this contractionary bias, more than 50,000 small businesses closed their doors in 2002. According to the CNN, another 60,000 will follow suit by yearend. The number of tourists plunged b
y a staggering three fifths. Foreign investment crumbled from $11 billion in 2000 to $4 billion last year.\~ 
\par Unemployment is stubbornly stuck above 10 percent - and double this figure in the Arab street. The State of the Economy Index, published by the cen
tral bank, fell for the 30th consecutive month in February. Of 1.6 million employees in the business sector, 61,000 were fired since January 2001.
\par It is the third year of recession: the economy contracted by 1 percent last year and by 0.9 percent in 2001. Nor is it over yet. Business Data Israel (BDI), a forecasting consultancy, reckons that the damage to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s economy of a short war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 would amount to $1 billion, or 1 percent of GDP.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
One fifth of the population survives under the poverty line. Stra
ins between well to do newcomers, mainly from the former Soviet republics, and impoverished veterans are growing - as do tensions between destitute immigrants and their adopted homeland. Many emigrate from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} back to the Commonwealth of Independent States, to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Australia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Zealand{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.

\par American aid - some $2.7 billion a year - largely goes to repay past debts. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell has announced in January the U.S.-Middle East Partnership Initiative. Local groups will be encourag
ed to invest in the private sectors of their countries. But the Partnership is geared to tackle the needy Arab polities rather than the far-advanced and sated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Consider next door {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, now severed from its main market employer next door.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 A Worl
d Bank report released in early March stated that half the 3.5 million denizens of the Palestinian Authority live under an impossibly depleted $2 a day poverty line. One in two employees in the private sector lost their jobs and GDP declined by two fifths
 in the first two years of the intifada. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) warned last September that the economy of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}West Bank{\*\xmlclose}
 and the Gaza Strip was drained of up to $2.4bn due to closures, mass unemployment, and damages to infrastr
ucture. "The profound changes that have taken place in the functioning of the economy ... are unlikely to be easily reversed even if stability is attained," the report concluded gloomily.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} withholds more than $400 million in back taxes it had collect
ed on behalf of the Palestinian Authority. Business Week predicts that donor aid - more than $1 billion annually at current levels - will dry up in the wake of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} conflict with resources diverted to reconstruct a nascent and oil-rich democracy on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Euphrates{\*\xmlclose}.
\par Hence Blair's sense of urgency. Come victory in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will face a united "land-for-peace" front, encompassing ostensible adversaries such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Unity on the Palestinian question will salve the wounds self-inflicted on the Euro-Atlantic coalition on the road to 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Few place bets on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's ability to resist such concerted action, led by the sole superpower. The Economist Intelligence Unit foresee the imminent collapse of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Sharon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's narrow right-wing government - this despite a modest economic revival. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
The current account deficit, prognosticates the EIU, should fall to 1.7 percent of a GDP growing, in real terms, by 3.1 percent in 2004 (compared to a rosy scenario of 0.3 percent this year). This may be unre
alistic. Exports have sharply plunged to less than $28 billion in 2002, two fifths of it to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and a similar proportion to the European Union.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Still, with a GDP per head of about $16,000 (or $20,000 in purchasing power parity terms), Israel is one of 
the richest countries in the world - particularly if its thriving informal economy is considered and if the global hi-tech sector recovers which is widely tipped to happen. According to Jane's Defense Weekly, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is the third largest exporter of armaments, materiel and military services, ahead of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
The country's foreign exchange reserves per capita, at $3500, are higher than {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's. Its external debt - c. $27 billion - is puny and almost entirely guaranteed by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Only one tenth of 
it is held by ordinary foreign investors. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 can withstand years of economic sanctions unaffected - as it has done well into the 1970s. The Jewish state also enjoys the support of a virulently nationalistic diaspora, willing to dip into bulging pocketbook in times of need.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Another scenario, however unlikely, would see the European Union siding with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against a bullying {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its sidekick, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Last week, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s outspoken prime minister, Silvio Berlusconi, normally a stau
nch supporter of president George Bush, floated the idea of further enlarging the EU to incorporate {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
But visionaries like Stef Wertheimer, an Israeli industrial tycoon, talk wistfully of a regional "mini" Marshall Plan. It calls 
for massive infusions of aid and credit, overseen by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, into the eastern Mediterranean - Jordan, Turkey, the Palestinian Authority and Israel's minorities - at least until GDP per capita throughout th
e region surges fivefold, to $6,000 per year. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
Such misguided development nostrums are alluring. They cater to the Western misconception that terrorism is born of poverty and ignorance. Removing these alleged causes of violence, goes the refrain, will end a
ll aggression. Throwing money at problems is an inveterate American and European reflex. Prosperity and democracy are keys to stability and moderation, they preach.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
But the unpalatable truth is that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is the haughty outpost of Western civilization in 
an area distinctly un-Western and anti-Western. Terrorism is about clashing values and opposing worldviews, not about the allocation of scarce jobs and the benefits of technology parks. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373660 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2373660\charrsid2373660 
People like Osama bin-Laden are rich and well-educated. Muslim fundam
entalists - in between atrocities - provide health, welfare benefits and schooling to millions of the poor and the deprived. They don't seem to think, like Wertheimer and his patronizing ilk,\~
 that higher standards of living negate their mission to oppose American culture, ethos and hegemony by all means, fair or foul. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4329528 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329528 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4329528 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 {\*\bkmkstart oilforfood}Oil for Food Revisited
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329528 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 {\*\bkmkend oilforfood}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030324-103652-9396r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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3300320034002d003100300033003600350032002d0039003300390036007200000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4329528\charrsid4329528 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp170.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 Saddam's Thousand Nights}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-iraqoil.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 Is It All About Oil?}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/iraqmetaphor.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0069007200610071006d00650074006100700068006f0072002e00680074006d00
6c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 The Iraqi and the Madman}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-trade01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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6d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 God's Diplomacy and Human Conflicts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-middleeast01.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00620072006900650066002d006d006900640064006c0065006500610073007400
300031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 The Economies of the Middle East}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 It is payback time. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 has every intention of sidelining {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the lucrative reconstruction of a war-ravaged {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.\~ U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, John Negroponte, said, last Wednesday, that\~ Washington is bent on "streamlining" the 8 years 
old U.N. oil-for-food program, now on hold since last Monday. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Money from Iraqi oil sales currently flows to an escrow account, co-managed by the Security Council's Office of the Iraq Program (OIP) and the Iraqi government. More than $42 billion worth of c
ontracts for humanitarian supplies and equipment have been signed since December 1996. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 The U.N. states that "supplies and equipment worth almost $26 billion have been delivered to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, while another $11.2 billion worth of humanitarian supplies and equip
ment are in the production and delivery pipeline." Of these, reports the Washington Post, $8.9 billion in humanitarian goods, including $2.4 billion worth of food, are "ready to be imported into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}". The program's budget is c. $10 billion a year.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 wish to make Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, the sole custodian of the program, exclusively empowered to approve applications and disburse funds - as he has hitherto been doing in north {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. According to their proposals and the Secretary General's 8-page letter, the program's remit will be extended to cover war refugees as well. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Other novelties: Annan would be authorized to renegotiate contracts - for instance, with Russian, French and Chinese energy behemoths - and p
rioritize purchases. Additional routes and sites - both inside and outside the besieged country - would be approved for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's energy exports and for the delivery and inspection of humanitarian supplies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Stratfor, the strategic forecasting consultancy, explains why this stratagem is anti-Russian and, more so, anti-French:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
"The process would greatly speed up the aid disbursement process and cut out the middlemen who profit from the contractual go-betweens ... (which) have been almost exclusively French and 
Russian companies ... French and Russian banks usually have channeled the funds to the appropriate places ... The contracts were bribes to Paris and Moscow to secure French and Russian support for Iraq within the United Nations."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The non-disbursed portion 
of the fund has now ballooned to equal 2-3 years of Iraqi oil revenues, or more than $40 billion. Iraqi Vice President, Taha Yassin Ramadan, scathingly criticized Annan yesterday for seeking to expand the exclusive role of the U.N. in administering the oi
l-for-food program. He said the proposal was "based on a colonialist, racist and despicable illusion that pushes the despot oppressors in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} towards eliminating the state of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} from existence." 
\par The increasingly cantankerous Mohammed Al-Douri, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s disheveled Ambassador to the U.N., invoked the inevitable conspiracy theory. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, he seethed, is to be eliminated and transformed "into colonies under the control of the world American and Zionist oil mafia". It is "a great insult to the Un
ited Nations." Annan's scheme "calls for the forfeiting of the oil of the Iraqi state and implementing the colonial illusion of the removal of the State of Iraq." - he thundered.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The Washington Post quotes a "confidential U.N. paper" as saying that "the U.N. image is already tarnished among the Iraqi people. It will be further damaged if the question of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s oil resources is not managed in a transparent manner that clearly brings benefit to the Iraqi people."\line \line The stalemate costs the under-nourished and disease-plagued people of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 dearly. More than three fifths of them - some 14 million souls - rely on the program for daily necessities. Over the weekend, experts from the 15 members of the Council, presided over by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, met to iron out the details. They were aided by Deputy Secretary-General Louise Fr\'e9
chette, Benon Sevan, Executive Director of the OIP, UN Legal Counsel Hans Corell and Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Kenzo Oshima.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Negroponte reiterated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s mantra that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} "will ensure that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's natural resources, including its oil, are used entirely for the benefit of the Iraqi people". But Annan did not sound convinced when he exhorted the USA and the United Kingdom in the letter he delivered last week to the Security Council:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
"The primary responsibility for ensuring that the Iraqi population is provided with adequate medicine, health supplies, foodstuffs and materials and supplies for essential civilian needs will rest with the authority exercising effective co
ntrol in the country ... (But) without in any way assuming or diminishing that ultimate responsibility, we, in the United Nations, will do whatever we can to help."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Thus, continues Annan's missive, money in the U.N. account, originally earmarked for equipm
ent and infrastructure, would be diverted to purchase food and medicine "on a reimbursable basis". Who would reimburse the fund he left unsaid. Nor did he limit the newfangled "interim" oil-for-food regime in time.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Whatever the outcome of the recent tussle
, the U.N. would still have to rely on the Iraqi government to distribute goods and provide services in the southern and central parts of this California-sized polity. The United Nations' own staff has been withdrawn upon the commencement of hostilities. 
Annan already conceded that "the Iraqi State Oil Marketing Organization should be allowed to continue to retain ... the authority to conclude oil contracts with national purchasers."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
But Saddam Hussein's regime fails to see the urgency. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} said last Mo
nday that it had distributed food to the populace to last them through August. Even non-governmental organizations in the field claim that no shortages are to be expected until May. So, what's the hurry? - wonder the authorities aloud, as they cower in th
eir offices, awaiting the next, inevitable, blast.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 {\*\bkmkstart middleclass}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Middle Class}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 
\ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid13198994 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 {\*\bkmkend middleclass}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid14680930 {\*\datafield 
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{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994  }{\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 Also published by }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14680930  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030331-110950-9697r" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\charrsid14680930 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3300330031002d003100310030003900350030002d0039003600390037007200000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid13198994\charrsid14680930 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 had no middle class to speak of until the oil boom of the 1960s-1970s. At the turn of the previous century, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 sprawled across a mere tenth of its current area. However, since then and as late as 1987, the Iraqi capital was renowned th
roughout the Arab realm for its superior infrastructure, functioning services, splendor, conspicuous consumption and educated populace. "Baghdadi" in many Arab dialects meant "big spender".
\par Two thirds of all Iraqi children attended secondary school, thousands studied abroad, women actively participated in the workforce. The oil wealth attracted hundreds of thousands of menial laborers from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa
{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}. It was Saddam Hussein, the country's tyrant, who rattled the moribund and tradition-bound entrenched i
nterests and ratcheted up living standards by imposing land reform, increasing the minimum wage and expanding healthcare. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
Even the Iran-Iraq war which decimated tens of thousands of intellectuals and professionals barely dented this existence. Rather, the - mostly Sunni - middle class was done in by the sanctions imposed on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the aggressor in the first Gulf War, after 1991.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's relatively affluent and well-traveled urban denizens had access to all the amenities and consumer goods - now proffered by
 the impoverished owners in improvised curb markets. As wages and the dinar plummeted, once-proud Iraqis were reduced to agonizing, humiliating and sometimes life-threatening penury. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
Prostitution, street kids and homelessness have flourished. Divorce and 
crime rates are sharply up. Young couples cannot afford to marry, so promiscuity and abortions are in vogue. On the other extreme, Islam - both moderate and fundamentalist - is making headway into a hitherto devoutly secular society. Headscarved women are
 not a rarity anymore.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
Official unemployment is c. 20 percent but, in reality, it is at least double that. Polyglot professionals with impressive resumes drive taxis, moonlight as waiters, or sell vegetables from rickety stalls.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
According to Humam Al Shamaa
, professor of economy and finance at Baghdad University, quoted by the Asia Times, one in every two Iraqis are currently employed in agriculture - most of it subsistence farming, raising cattle and poultry. Many an urbane urbanite now tend to tiny plots,
 trying to eke a living out of the fertile banks of the Two Rivers - the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Euphrates{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Tigris{\*\xmlclose}
. Industry - cement, petrochemicals - is at a standstill due to the dearth of raw materials oft-proscribed by the ponderous sanctions committee.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 The Boston Glo
be recounts the tale of an Iraqi Airlines pilot whose monthly earnings plunged from $1500 to $2.50. Malnutrition and disease prey on the traumatized and destitute remnants of the bourgeoisie, the erstwhile nobility of the Arab world. The virtual eliminati
on of the purchasing power of one of the richest Middle Eastern countries has had a profound impact on neighbors and trade partners across the region.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
The UN Human Development Index has chronicled the precipitous decline of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s ranking to its 127th rung.
 The New York-based Centre for Economic and Social Rights says that "Iraqis have been extremely isolated from the outside world for 12 years. The mental, physical and educational development of an entire generation has been affected adversely by the extra
ordinary trauma of war and sanctions."\line \line Public services - from primary healthcare through electricity generation to drinking water - were roughly halved in the past 12 years. Quality has also suffered. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s gross domestic product plunged by four fifths. W
ith infectious diseases on the rampage and a debilitating stress load, life expectancy dropped - men now survive to the ripe old age of 57. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
Infant mortality, at 93 in 1000 live births, soared. Three fifths of the population depend on an efficient system of government handouts. An exit tax of more than $350 virtually fenced in all but the most well-heeled Iraqis.\line \line }{\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 The American administration, in the throes of preparations for the reconstruction of a postbellum {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, acknowledges that the rehabilitation of the war-torn country's middle class is the cornerstone of any hoped-for economic revival. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
But income inequality and a criminalized regime led to huge wealth disparities. The tiny, fabulously rich elite beholden to Saddam (the "war rats") are removed from
 the indigent masses. They make the bulk of their ill-gotten gains by maintaining Saddam-blessed import monopolies on every manner of contraband from building materials and machine spare parts to cars, televisions and beauty products. The 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} est
imates that the dictator and his close, clannish circle have secreted away more than $6 billion in illicit commissions on oil sales alone.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
But the proceeds of smuggling and intellectual property piracy have trickled down to a growing circle of traders and 
merchants. So has the $30 billion influx from the oil-for-food scheme, now in its eighth year - though, as Hans von Sponeck, head of the program between 1998-2000, observed in the Toronto Globe and Mail:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
"Until May of 2002, the total value of all food, med
icines, education, sanitation, agricultural and infrastructure supplies that have arrived in Iraq has amounted to $175 per person a year, or less than 49 cents a day ... This has made postwar reconstruction impossible, and ensured mass unemployment and co
ntinuing deterioration of schools, health centers and transportation. 'Smuggled' oil revenues represent only a small fraction of oil-for-food funds. Even here, an estimated three-quarters of these funds have been directed to social services."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 Still, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s economy has been partly remonetized and is less insulated than it was in 1996. Even the stock exchange has revived.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
Whatever the length of the war, its outcome is said to be guaranteed - the ignominious demise of the hideous terror regime of Saddam Hussein
. Then, the scenario goes, the American and British "liberators" will switch from regime-change mode to the nation-building phase. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 will once again become the economic locomotive of the entire region, prosperous and secure. 
\par But the bombed and starved denizens of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 may be holding a different viewpoint. Quoted in The Californian, Terry Burke and Alan Richards, professors at the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}University{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname PlaceName}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Santa Cruz{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, noted that "the invasion and air attacks are forging intense hatred against the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 that will undermine any hope of gracefully replacing Saddam Hussein's dictatorship."
\par It would be instructive to remember that the 1958 overthrow of the monarchy by the Free Officers, followed by the Ba'ath party in 1968 and, later on, by Saddam Huss
ein, represented the interests of the lower middle class and the petty bourgeoisie: shopkeepers, low and mid-ranking officials and graduates of training schools, law schools, and military academies. 
\par The most important economic policies in the past four de
cades - the agrarian reform and the nationalization of oil - catered to the needs and aspirations of these socio-economic strata. The backbone of Saddam Hussein's regime is comprised of bureaucrats and technocrats - not of raving rapists and torture-hungr
y sadists, as Western propaganda has it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid13198994 
Saddam's days may well be numbered. But the levers of power, based on tribal affiliation, regional location, religious denomination and sectarian interests - will survive intact. If the West really aspires to resuscitate a stable {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - it has no choice but to collaborate with the social structures spawned by the country's long and erratic history. The Ottomans did, the British did - the Americans will do to.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6438770 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6438770 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 {\*\bkmkstart revenant}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Revenant Sons
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 {\*\bkmkend revenant}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid6438770 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770  }{\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030402-014340-3958r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7488909 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3400300032002d003000310034003300340030002d003300390035003800720000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
Iraqi Jews - a quarter of a million strong - are known in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for their haughtiness and broad 
education, the latter often the cause of the former. They were forced to flee Arab-nationalist {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in 1941-1951, following the rise of Nazism and, later, the establishment of the State of Israel. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 Yet, though they have left {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} physically after 2600 y
ears of continuous presence - many of them are still there emotionally. This holds true for numerous other Iraqi exiles, expatriates and immigrants in the far-flung diaspora. There are 90,000 Iraqis in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} alone, according to the latest data from the Census Bureau.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
But nostalgia may be the only common denominator. Exile groups jostle aggressively for the spoils of war: political leadership, sinecures, economic concessions, commercial monopolies and access to funds. The Washington Times reported yesterda
y that the Pentagon and the State Department back different cliques. It quoted one Republican congressional aide as saying: "There's a deep and messy war in the administration, and it's in the weeds".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
Arab countries are promoting Sunni future leaders. Pro-democracy souls support representatives of the hitherto oppressed Shiite majority. Most exiles oppose a prolonged postwar {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} presence or even an interim administration. They opt for a government of Iraqi technocrats with a clear United Nations mandate. 
The fractious Iraqi opposition and the two main Kurdish factions set up an Iraqi Interim Authority, a government-in-waiting with 14 ministries and a military command.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
The Brussels-based International Crisis Group warned last Tuesday against a provisional administration composed substantially of exiles and expatriates:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
``It would be a mistake to short-circuit the domestic political contest by prematurely picking a winner. Under either of these scenarios, the bulk of Iraqis inside Iraq, Sunni and Shiite, Arab
, Kurd and others, who have been brutally disenfranchised for over three decades, would remain voiceless.''
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
The exile groups are out of touch with local realities and, as the Washington Times notes, compromised in the eyes of the Iraqis by their extensive contacts with the CIA and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, their political amateurism and their all-pervasive venality.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
The finances of such self-rule could come from the $3.6 billion in Iraqi assets in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - about half of which have been recently re-frozen. The coffers of the United Nations administered oil-for-food program bulge with $40 billion in undistributed funds - enough to bankroll the entire reconstruction effort. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6438770 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
Saddam and his clan are thought to have stashed at least $6 billion abroad. Everyone, though, tiptoes around the sensitive issue of reimbursing the war expenses of the coalition of the willing.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
The Pentagon has other ideas in mind. It has recently formed the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance, headed by a retired general, Jay Garner. A few exiles, worried by this "colonial" tendency, have infiltrated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, at great personal risk, to ensure that an Iraqi alternative is in place when Operation Iraqi Freedom achieves its eponymous goal.
\par Iraqi immigrants are fiercely nationalistic. T
hough few love Saddam Hussein and his interminable reign of terror - fewer are willing to countenance the occupation of their homeland by invading forces, regardless of their provenance. Many bitterly recall the Shiite rebellion in 1991 when a policy reve
rsal of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} allowed the dictator to bloodily suppress the uprising.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
According to officials in Amman, more than 6500 Iraqis - out of 200 to 300 thousand - left Jordan in Iraqi-arranged free transportation to fight the "aggressors", as suicide bombers if need be. Others are streaming in from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lebanon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yemen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North Africa{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 Iraqi exiles in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - mostly Shiites and invariably mortal foes of the tyrant from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} - have nonetheless denounced the invasion and called it, ominously, a "war 
on Islam". Aware of this duality, Donald Rumsfeld, the American Defense Secretary, recently warned that Shiite combatants "will be taken as a potential threat to coalition forces. This includes the Badr Corps, the military wing of the Supreme Council on I
slamic Revolution in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
But other Iraqis, Kurds included, are training, in U.S.-sponsored camps in east and central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
, to liaise with the local population to help non-governmental organizations and the coalition forces deliver humanitarian aid. The program - now suspended - is financed with money allocated from the $97 million 1998 Iraq Liberation Act.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 According to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Boston{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Globe:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
"During the four-week course, the volunteers learn battlefield survival skills including navigation, nuclear and biolo
gical weapons defense, marksmanship, first aid, and the laws of war and human rights. They also study civil-military operations such as processing refugees, distributing humanitarian aid, and rebuilding infrastructure."
\par Iraqi professionals abroad with vita
l skills in administration, agriculture, oil extraction, finance, economics, law, medicine and education are preparing to return. Draft reconstruction plans call for tax incentives and soft loans for homebound entrepreneurs, investors and skilled manpower
. There are many of these. Arabs say that Egyptians write, Lebanese publish and Iraqis read.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
Aware of this untapped wealth of talent and experience, the American have belatedly started recruiting dozens of expats and immigrants for the future administration of the war-torn country. Some 40 lawyers from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Europe{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North America{\*\xmlclose} will complete tomorrow a fortnight of training provided courtesy of the Justice Department. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
The Pentagon and the State Department are running similar programs with 100 and 240 partic
ipants, respectively. According to the Knight-Ridder Newspapers, "the ('Future of Iraq') working groups deal with such topics as defense policy, civil society, public health, transitional justice, news media, national security, public finance and anti-cor
ruption efforts." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
According to the Washington Post, there is even an Iraqi military contingent of up to 3000 exiles underwritten by the Pentagon and training in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}. Some of them are slated to serve as guides and translators for the coalition forces in their homeland. The program is suspended now but the camp in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} remains open and it is tipped to be renewed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
And then there is the hoped-for reversal of the last four decades of capital flight. Iraqi merchants, traders, military officers, members of 
the security services, politicians, bureaucrats and professionals are thought to have secreted away, out of the reach of the rapacious regime, some $20-30 billion. Some of it is bound to come back and inject the dilapidated economy with much needed liquid
ity and impetus.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
Last August, a group of Iraqi-born economists gathered at the Department of State in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. One of the participants, Dr. Salah Al-Sheikhly, a former Governor of Iraq's Central Bank, outlined to Washington File his vision of the future contribution of the diaspora to a liberated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6438770 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6438770\charrsid6438770 
"People talk of the Iraqi Diaspora as if we have been idle. On the contrary, economists like myself have been working within the agencies of the United Nations and other international institutions. We have
 been consultants in many Arab countries. And many of us gathered around the table (in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
) have extensive experience within the kinds of financial institutions that can assist {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} enter the new world economy."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid8597095 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8597095 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 {\*\bkmkstart debts}Forgiving {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Debts}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid8597095 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid6438770 {\*\bkmkend debts}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid6438770  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid6438770 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00630076002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid8597095\charrsid6438770 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid6438770  }{\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid6438770 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030417-120243-5543r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7998193 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3400310037002d003100320030003200340033002d003500350034003300720000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 The French were at it again last Friday. Any reduction in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s mountain
ous $120 billion external debt should be negotiated within the Paris Club of creditor nations, they insisted. It ought not - indeed, cannot - be tackled bilaterally. And what about another $200 billion in war reparations and contractual obligations? This,
 said French Foreign Ministry spokesman Francois Rivasseau, is to be discussed.
\par A day earlier, Paul Wolfowitz, the American Deputy Defense Secretary, prompted the French, Russian and German governments to write off Iraq's debts to them, so as to facilitate 
the recovery of the debtor's $15 to 25 billion a year economy. He echoed U.S. Treasury Secretary John Snow who suggested, in an interview to Fox News Channel, that Iraq's debts should be discarded even as was the dictator who ran them up.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
At first, Putin made conciliatory noises upon exiting a gloomy meeting with the two other co-founders of the discredited "peace camp". {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, he reminded the media, is number one in erasing debts owed it by poor countries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
But he was swiftly contradicted by the Chairman of the Duma's Committee on the State Debt and Foreign Assets Vladimir Nikitin, who called the American proposals "more than bizarre". {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s debt to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - some "well verified and grounded" $8 billion - is not negotiable. Contradicting his own contradiction, he then added that discussions on debts have to be held bilaterally. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
Gennady Seleznyov, the Chairman of the lower house of the Russian parliament, concurred. For good measure, he also demanded $2 billion from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} for contractual losses due to the 
war. The Russian government and especially Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, Alexei Kudrin, cautioned Wolfowitz that applying his proposal consistently would lead to the scrapping of the debts of another departed evil regime - the U.S.S.R.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} needs {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's money - especially if oil prices were to tumble. According to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's Central Bank, the Federation's foreign debt was up $2.7 billion in 2002 and reached $153.5 billion, of which $55.3 billion is in Soviet-era debt, $48.4 billion were accrue
d in post-Soviet times and the rest is comprised of various bonds and obligations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 But the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is unfazed. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 Ambassador to Russia Alexander Vershbow reiterated to the Russian news agency, Rosbalt, his government's position thus: "We intend to organize a 
conference of creditors in order to discuss ways of finding a balance between the rights of the creditors and the rights of the Iraqi people to develop their economy. In my opinion, it would be unwise to immediately demand large sums of money from the new
 Iraqi government."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
In this debate, everyone is right.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3831488 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
Iraq's only hope of qualifying for the status of a Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) is by reaching iron-clad debt rescheduling agreements with both the Paris and the London Clubs. Still, as the Amer
icans envision, creditors can unilaterally forgive Iraqi debt - especially one arising from Saddam Hussein's misdeeds - without hampering the process with the World Bank and without hindering future access to global or internal capital markets. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 This is es
pecially true when it comes to the United Nations Compensation Commission which administers Iraqi reparations to victims of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's aggression against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1990-1.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
Signs of utter confusion abound. The International Monetary and Financial Committee of the International Monetary Fund, headed by Gordon Brown, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s Chancellor, is committed to the Paris Club multilateral route. Yet, James Wolfensohn, the President of the World Bank, a twin institution, plumps for a bilateral resolution of this novel controversy.
\par Anticipating a beneficent outcome, $2 billion in traded Iraqi sovereign and commercial loans, harking back to the 1980s, have recently doubled in value to c. 20 cents to the dollar. According to The Economist, brokers are betting on a 70 to 90 pe
rcent reduction of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s debt. This is way too exuberant. Moreover, not all creditors are created equal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3831488 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 owes the IMF and the World Bank a mere $1.1 billion. But there is an abundance of unpaid high priority trade credits and bilateral loans. Private banks and commercial firms come a dismal third. Moreover, following {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Nigeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s example, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 may choose to ignore Paris Club creditors and deploy its scarce resources to curry favor with those willing and able to extend new financing - namely, private financial intermediaries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
Trading Iraqi debt - sovereign notes, letters of credit and papers issued by the central bank and two other financial institutions, Rafidain Bank and Rashid Bank, is onerous. The Economist describes it thus:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
"Trading, or even holding
, Iraqi paper is loaded with traps. Its validity can expire every few years, according to the statute of limitations in various jurisdictions. Renewing it requires some acknowledgment from the borrower, and that was difficult even before the war. Assignin
g
 the debt from buyer to seller requires the borrower's assent, and the Iraqi banks have been unco-operative since 1988. The trick is to apply during public holidays, or when communications are down (as they are now), because the borrower's failure to resp
ond within ten working days can be taken as agreement."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
No one has a clear idea of how much {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} owes and to whom.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3831488 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 According to Exotix, a sovereign debt brokerage, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 owes commercial creditors $4.8 billion and other Gulf states $55 billion\~ -regarded by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as grants to cover the costs of its war with 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in the 1980s. It owes Paris Club members - excluding Russia and France ($8 billion apiece) - $9.5 billion, the countries of Central Europe, mainly Germany - $4 billion and others - about $26 billion, i
ncluding $5 billion to the U.S. government and American businesses. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
The tortured country's foreign debt alone amounts to $5000 per every denizen. With reparations and commercial obligation, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's destitute inhabitants are saddled with more than $16,000 in debt per capita - or 15-20 times the country's gross national product. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 hasn't serviced its loans for well over a decade now. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
Others dispute these figures. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 Frederick Barton compiled, together with Bathsheba Crocker, an inventory of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s outstanding financial obligations for the Center for Strategic and International Studies in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}
Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
According to Barton-Crocker, quoted by the Gulf satellite channel, al-Jazeera and by the Christian Science Monitor, Iraq owes $199 billion in compensation claims 
to more than a dozen nations, another $127 billion in foreign debts and $57 billion in pending foreign contracts - public and private. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 owes {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} $12 billion, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kuwait{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} $17 billion, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Gulf States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} $30 billion and less than $2 billion each to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Morocco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3831488 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 Most of the pending contracts are with Russian firms ($52 billion) but the French, Chinese, Dutch, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United Arab Emirates{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Egyptians have also inked agreements with Hussein's regime. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and American firms are owed little if anything, concludes al-Jazeera. Debt forgiveness would allow a more sizable portion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}'s oil revenues to be ploughed into the American-led reconstruction effort, to the delight of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and British firms.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 are not alone in their reluctance to bin Iraqi credits. Austrian Minister of Finance, Karl-Heinz Grasser, was unambiguous on Tuesday: "We see no reason why we should waive 300 million Euros of Iraqi debts". He noted that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - with the second largest proven oil reserves in the world - is, in the long run, a rich country.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
In the build-up to the coalition, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} promised to buy the debt Iraqis owe to countries like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ($1.7 billion) and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Romania{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. In {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Dimitar Culev o
f the pro-government daily "Utrinski Vesnik", openly confirms that his country's participation in the coalition of the willing had to do, among other, longer-term considerations, with its hopes to recover Iraqi debts and to participate in the postwar bona
nza. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Deputy Labor and Economy Minister, Jacek Piechota, on Tuesday, affirmed that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} intends to recover the $560 million owed it by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 by taking over Iraqi assets in a forthcoming "privatization". Another option, he suggested, was payment in oil.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3831488 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
Nor are such designs unique to sovereign polities. According to Dow Jones, Hyundai hopes to recover $1.1 billion through a combination of crude oil and reconstruction projects. During the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname City}}Clinton{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} administration, American creditors almost helped them
selves to between $1.3 and $1.7 billion of frozen Iraqi funds with the assistance of the U.S. Foreign Claims Settlement Commission. Luckily for the looming new Iraqi government, the legislation languished in acrimony.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
The debt question is not academic. As the London Times observes: "As things stand, no one can write a single cheque on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\rquote 
s behalf until the question of its towering debts is sorted out. Not a single barrel of oil can be sold until it is clear who has first claim to the money; no reputable oil company would touch it without clear title."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
According to Pravda, to add mayhem to upheaval, the Iraqi opposition indignantly denies that it had broached the subject with the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, they vow, will honor its obligations and negotiate with each credit
or separately. But, some add ominously, members of the "friends of Saddam" fan club - alluding to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belarus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} among others - are unlikely to get paid. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 
The Iraqi opposition is as fractured as the Western alliance. Some exiles - like Salah a
l-Shaikhly from the London-based Iraqi National Accord - promote the idea of a big write-off cum grace period akin to the 66 percent reduction in the stock of Yugoslav obligations. Debt for equity swaps are also touted.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8597095 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3831488 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8597095\charrsid8597095 The trio of creditors - especially France and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - might have considered debt reduction against a guaranteed participation in the lucrative reconstruction effort. But a fortnight ago the House of Representatives approved a non-binding amendment to the supplementary budget law calling up
on the administration to exclude French, Russian, German and Syrian companies from reconstruction contracts and to bar their access to information about projects in postbellum {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7488909 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7488909 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7488909 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909 {\*\bkmkstart kosovoiraq}Kosovo's Iraqi Lessons}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7488909 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909 {\*\bkmkend kosovoiraq}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909  }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid668735 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909 Also published by }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909  HYPERLINK "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030410-055943-8531r" }{
\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500700069002e0063006f006d002f0076006900650077002e00630066006d003f00530074006f0072007900490044003d0032003000300033003000
3400310030002d003000350035003900340033002d0038003500330031007200000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid7488909\charrsid7488909 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid7488909  HYPERLINK "http://www.mymontana.com/news.phtml?newsid=WWN-UPI-1-20011017-14560500-bc-banking-hawala-analysis-Text" }{
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bce00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0079006d006f006e00740061006e0061002e0063006f006d002f006e006500770073002e007000680074006d006c003f006e006500770073006900
64003d00570057004e002d005500500049002d0031002d00320030003000310031003000310037002d00310034003500360030003500300030002d00620063002d00620061006e006b0069006e0067002d0068006100770061006c0061002d0061006e0061006c0079007300690073002d0054006500780074000000000000
00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \cs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7488909  }}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid7488909 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 Also Read}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/unitednations.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0075006e0069007400650064006e006100740069006f006e0073002e0068007400
6d006c00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 The Disunited Nations}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp152.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100350032002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 Washington and Sarajevo}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 Should the United Nations administer {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}? Is it - as Kofi Annan, its Ge
neral Secretary, insists, the best-qualified to build nations? Or will it act as a bureaucracy out to perpetuate itself by preventing true transformation and indigenous rule? Kosovo is a lucrative post for more than 10,000 exorbitantly overpaid internatio
nal administrators and perked consultants as well as 40,000 itinerant peacekeepers. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
The U.N. has been reasonably successful elsewhere both in peacekeeping and administration - notably in East Timor, Afghanistan and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sierra Leone{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}. It widely thought to have dismally }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/pp152.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid10833377 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00700070003100350032002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 failed in Bosnia-Herzegovina}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
. But the lessons of its involvement in Kosovo - the second longest and least reserved - may be of particular relevance.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9117371 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
In the wake of NATO's Operation Allied Force in 1999, Kosovo was practically severed from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yugoslavia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and rendered a U.N.-protectorate under resolution 1244 of the Security Council. UNMIK (United Nations Mission in Kosovo) was formed to serve as the province's interim administrator. It was charged wit
h institutions-building and a transition to self-governance by the now overwhelmingly Albanian populace. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Its mission was divided to four "pillars": Police and Justice, Civil Administration, Democratization and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Institution{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}
Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (overseen by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
) and Reconstruction and Economic Development (managed by the European Union). Four years later, Kosovo has its own government, installed last month - and a viable police force. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 UNMIK had to spent the first 18 m
onths of its mandate re-establishing basic services in a land scorched by 78 days of massive bombardment. It also put in place the rudiments of a municipal administration. A parliament and presidency followed. Surprisingly resilient, they survived two - b
loodied - elections. The U.N. is planning to transfer, over the next few months, many of its "competencies" to the three-party broad coalition in power. Last month, a transfer council was established to manage the transition.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 But Kosovo is an unsettled plac
e. Its status is unresolved. Is it to be independent, as its legislators demand - or an inseparable part of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Serbia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, as the late assassinated Serbian prime minister, Zoran Djindjic claimed? UNMIK's travel documents and its license plates, for instance, are still not recognized by many countries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Investors - including wealthy diaspora Kosovars - are deterred by this uncertainty and the social and civil unrest it fosters. Had it not been for KFOR, the 35,000-strong NATO-commanded military detachment, Kosovo mi
ght well have reverted to civil war, or crime-infested anarchy. That, astoundingly, Kosovo has no law to deal with foreign investment does not help.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Partly because of that, Kosovo's economy is still a shambles. The United Nations - and the acronym soup of 
multilateral development banks, aid agencies and non-governmental organizations that descended on the region - failed to come up with a coherent plan for endowing Kosovo with a sustainable economy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Where UNMIK, with European Union assistance, did intervene
 - in setting up institutions and abetting economic legislation - it has done more harm than good. The establishment of workers' councils, for instance, inhibited the proper management of socially owned enterprises and rigidified the budding labor market 
with dire consequences. 
\par One in two Kosovars is unemployed. Whatever activity there is, is confined to trading (read: smuggling), retail and petty services. The wild construction or reconstruction of 250,000 houses wrecked by the war is fizzling out and the
 absence of both mortgage financing and a sizable domestic industry of construction materials are detrimental to the sector's viability. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6164335 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Tenders for complex infrastructure jobs are usually snatched by foreign competitors. Reputable Kosovar-owned construc
tion multinationals hint at discrimination and worse. But the business segment of the economy is illusive and dilapidated. Of 861 socially-owned firms identified by the International Crisis Group, only 330 are viable, according to UNMIK. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 Kosovo has no pri
vate sector to speak of - though it has registered 50,000 small and medium, mostly paper, typically ad-hoc, enterprises. Of 2774 members of the Kosovo Chamber of Commerce - 1667 were fly-by-night construction outfits.
\par The majority of economic assets are still in public or "social" hands. In an interview granted to the Far Eastern Review last year, Ali Jakupi, Minister of Trade and Industry of Kosovo, diplomatically pointed the finger at UNMIK's glacial pace of reform. 

\par Land ownership is a contentious issue. The privatization of utilities is a distant dream, despite the creation of the Kosovo Trust Agency, a convoluted attempt to dispense of certain assets while skirting the legal no man's land which is Kosovo. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 Despite all efforts, commercial law is scant an
d poorly enforced. No one understands why the number of commercial bank licenses is limited, why, until recently, UNMIK worked only through one bank and why establishing an insurance company is such a harrowing - and outlandishly expensive - ordeal. Kosov
o is the only place on earth where price cartels (for instance, in the assurance sector) are not only legal - but mandatory. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Kosovar banks still keep most of their clients' deposits abroad for lack of an indigenous legal framework of collateral and bankrup
tcy. Interest rates are prohibitively high and repayment terms onerous. The only ray of light in a decrepit financial system is the euro, Kosovo's official currency and a source of monetary stability and trust.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 The new Ministry of Finance and Economy has i
ntroduced customs duties and a few taxes with modest success. But the government's revenue base is pitiful and a Byzantine, import-biased, tax law makes export-oriented manufacturing a losing proposition. Kosovo's trade deficit is almost equal to its gros
s domestic product. Had it not been for generous remittances from Kosovar expats and immigrants - pegged at $1 to 1.5 billion a year, the province's economy would have crumbled long ago.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Nor has Kosovo's infrastructure been rehabilitated despite the $5 bill
ion poured into the province hitherto. Electricity, for instance, is intermittent and unpredictable. The roads are potholed and few, the railways derelict. Fixed line penetration is low, though mobile telephony is booming. This sorry state was avoidable. 

\par Kosovo is not as poor as it is made out to be by interested parties. It has enormous lead reserves, coal and lignite veins and loads of zinc, silver, gold, nickel, cobalt and other minerals, including rumored mines of uranium. The territory actually used 
to export electricity to both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Montenegro
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6164335 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Official statistics ignore a thriving informal economy, encompassing both the illicit and the merely unreported. Kosovo is a critical node in human trafficking, cigarette and oil derivatives smuggling
, car theft and, to a lesser, extent, drugs and weapons trading networks. Revenues in service businesses - cafes, restaurants, gambling institutions, prostitution - go unreported. Kosovo is one of the global centers of piracy of intellectual property, not
ably software and movies.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
The Central Fiscal Authority of Kosovo estimated that, in 2001, duties and taxes were paid only on $590 million worth of imports (at the time, c. $540 million euros) - only about 30 percent of the total. These figures are proof of 
the entrepreneurial vitality of the Kosovars and their aversion to state interference.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
USAID chief Dale Pfeiffer praised Kosovo, in an interview granted to the daily paper, Koha Ditore:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
'There is bureaucracy, there is a corruption, but if we compare with neighboring countries, it seems to be at a lower level. Since 1999, Kosovo is building its own new governmental structures. Mainly, your government is more modern than government in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Serbia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} or even 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bosnia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. I think that corruption is not even same 
at the level as neighboring countries. Although corruption is something that can grow very easily, currently it doesn't seem to be a big obstacle for businesses."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Still, he reverted to typical counterfactual condescension. Federal Yugoslavia, of which Kosovo was a part, was a modern state, more advanced than many EU members. Yet, Pfieffer professed to be worried.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
"Day by day, more competencies are being given to the Kosovo Government. My concern is, does the Government have the ability to manage its own competencies. I think there should be a balance; you must gain competencies which can be applied."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Many observers think that had it not been hobbled by the indecision and overbearing officialdom of the international community, Kosovo would have fared better. 
Even evident economic assets - such as nature parks, vineyards and ski slopes - were left undeveloped. Because it hasn't met EU regulations - Kosovo is unable to export its wines, juices and agricultural produce. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 But to hold this view is to ignore UNMIK's
 contribution to the containment of organized crime - mostly imported from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Albania{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Admittedly, though, UNMIK failed to defend minority rights. Kosovo has been ethnically cleansed of its Serbs. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) an
d OSCE warned last month that minorities "continue to face security problems and lack access to basic services (such as) education, health services and equitable employment."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
Kosovo teaches us lessons which should be diligently applied in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The involve
ment of a long-term active military component intended to guarantee basic law and order is crucial. U.N. administrations are good at reconstruction, rehabilitation - including humanitarian aid - and institution-building. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6164335 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
But they are utterly incompetent when it comes to the economy and to protecting minorities from the majority's wrath. Pecuniary matters are best left to private sector firms and consultants while helpless minorities better start praying.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 Worse still, as opposed to an occupying army, whose
 top priority is to depart - U.N. bureaucracies fast gravitate towards colonialism. The U.N.-paid and U.N.-sanctioned rulers of both Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina exercise powers akin to erstwhile British viceroys. Nor do they have any incentive to termin
ate their position - gratifying as it is to both their egos and their wallets. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
UNMIK is the reification of the concept of conflict-of-interest. If it succeeds to render the natives economically and politically independent - it is no longer needed. If it fa
ils - it survives on a bloated budget. To be an international official in Kosovo is to endure the constant clashes between one's professional conscience and one's propensity to live the good life. Only saints win such battles. Whatever UNMIK is - it is de
cidedly not saintly.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 But, as Augustin Palokaj, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Brussels{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} correspondent for Koha Ditore, notes, comparing Kosovo to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} can go too far:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6164335 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
"Kosovo has no oil and one-third of the population of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Baghdad{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and it is not interesting for investments ... {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will have an easier time when it comes to political status. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} is, and will remain, a state. It is still not known what Kosovo's fate will be. Unlike in Kosovo, there will be both aid and investment in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The Iraqi people will decide on the status of their country, whereas the Security Council, that is to say {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, will decide about Kosovo."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
And does he think the United Nations should administer a postwar {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668735 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid668735\charrsid668735 
"The UN would only complicate things, but the Americans will give it a role, just for t
he sake of it, which will satisfy the bureaucrats that must get their huge salaries. Americans are also aware of the danger that if the UN takes over the administration of postwar {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ... criminals from various countries would be infiltrated into {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, as
 they have done in Kosovo. How can peace be established by an organization whose policemen allowed eight war crimes suspects to escape from prison, as happened to UN policemen in Kosovo. Instead of feeling shame for such things, the chiefs of UNMIK Police
 produce propaganda about their successes. The key American role in postwar {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} will prove what was learned from Kosovo."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13198994\charrsid6438770 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198994 {\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid13198994 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 {\*\bkmkstart madman}The Madman and the Iraqi War}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch 
\f0\fs28\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 {\*\bkmkend madman}By: }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5733920 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 It is the war of the sated again
st the famished, the obese against the emaciated, the affluent against the impoverished, the democracies against tyranny, perhaps Christianity against Islam and definitely the West against the Orient. It is the ultimate metaphor, replete with "mass destru
ction", "collateral damage", and the "will of the international community".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
In this euphemistic Bedlam, Louis Althusser would have felt at home.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
With the exception of Nietzsche, no other madman has contributed so much to human sanity as has Louis Althusser.
 He is mentioned twice in the Encyclopaedia Britannica merely as a teacher. Yet for two important decades (the 1960s and the 1970s), Althusser was at the eye of all the important cultural storms. He fathered quite a few of them. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Althusser observed that society consists of practices: economic, political and ideological. He defines a practice as: 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 "Any process of transformation of a determinate product, affected}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 by a determinate human labour, using determinate means (of production)"}{
\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 The economic practice (
the historically specific mode of production, currently capitalism) transforms raw materials to finished products deploying human labour and other means of production in interactive webs. The political practice does the same using social relations as raw 
materials. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Finally, ideology is the transformation of the way that a subject relates to his real-life conditions of existence. The very being and reproduction of the social base (not merely its expression) is dependent upon a social superstructure. The sup
erstructure is "}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 relatively autonomous"}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
 and ideology has a central part in it. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's social superstructure, for instance, is highly ideological. The elite regards itself as the global guardian and defender of liberal-democratic and capitalistic values 
(labeled "good") against alternative moral and thought systems (labeled "evil"). This self-assigned mission is suffused with belligerent religiosity in confluence with malignant forms of individualism (mutated to narcissism) and progress (turned materiali
sm).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Althusser's conception of ideology is especially applicable to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's demonisation of Saddam Hussein (admittedly, not a tough job) and its subsequent attempt to justify violence as the only efficacious form of exorcism.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
People relate to the conditio
ns of existence through the practice of ideology. It smoothes over contradictions and offers false (though seemingly true) solutions to real problems. Thus, ideology has a realistic attribute - and a dimension of representations (myths, concepts, ideas, i
mages). There is harsh, conflicting reality - and the way that we represent it both to ourselves and to others. 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 "This applies to both dominant and subordinate groups and classes; ideologies do not just convince oppressed groups and classes that all is well
 (more or less) with the world, they also reassure dominant groups and classes that what others might call exploitation and oppression is in fact something quite different: the operations and processes of universal necessity"}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
(Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists, ed. Stuart Sim, Prentice-Hall, 1995, p. 10)}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
To achieve the above, ideology must not be seen to err or, worse, remain speechless. It, therefore, confronts and poses (to itself) only questions it can answer. This way, it is confined to a 
fabulous, fantastic, contradiction-free domain. It ignores other types of queries altogether. It is a closed, solipsistic, autistic, self-consistent, and intolerant thought system. Hence the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}' adamant refusal to countenance any alternative points of view or solutions to the Iraqi crisis.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Althusser introduced the concept of "The Problematic": 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
"The objective internal reference ... the system of questions}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 commanding the answers given"}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The Problematic determines which issues, questions and answer
s are part of the narrative - and which are overlooked. It is a structure of theory (ideology), a framework and the repertoire of discourses which - ultimately - yield a text or a practice. All the rest is excluded. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 It is, therefore, clear that what is omitted is of no less importance than what is included in a text, or a practice. What the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} declines or neglects to incorporate in the resolutions of the Security Council, in its own statements, in the debate with its allies and, ultimately, in 
its decisions and actions, teaches us about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and its motives, its worldview and cultural-social milieu, its past and present, its mentality and its practices. We learn from its omissions as much as we do from its commissions. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The problematic of a t
ext reveals its historical context ("moment") by incorporating both inclusions and omissions, presences and absences, the overt and the hidden, the carefully included and the deliberately excluded. The problematic of the text generates answers to posed qu
estions - and "defective" answers to excluded ones. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Althusser contrasts the manifest text with a latent text which is the result of the lapses, distortions, silences and absences in the manifest text. The latent text is the "diary of the struggle" of the un-posed question to be posed and answered. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Such a deconstructive or symptomatic reading of recent American texts reveals, as in a palimpsest, layers of 19th century-like colonialist, mercantilist and even imperialist mores and values: "the white man's bur
den", the mission of civilizing and liberating lesser nation, the implicit right to manage the natural resources of other polities and to benefit from them, and other eerie echoes of Napoleonic "Old Europe".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
But ideology does not consist merely of texts. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
"(It is a) lived, material practice - rituals, customs, patterns of behavior}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 , }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 ways of thinking taking practical form - reproduced through the practices and productions of the Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs): education, organized religion, the family, 
organized politics, the media, the cultural industries ..." (ibid, p.12)}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Althusser said that }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 "All ideology has the function (which defines it) of 'constructing'}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 concrete individuals as subjects"}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Subjects to what? The answer is: to the material practices o
f the ideology, such as consumption, or warfare. This (the creation of subjects) is done by acts of "hailing" or "interpellation". These attract attention (hailing) and force the individuals to generate meaning (interpretation) and, thus, make the subject
s partake in the practice. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The application of this framework is equally revealing when one tackles not only the American administration but also the uniformly "patriotic" (read: nationalistic) media in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The press uses self-censored "news"
, "commentary" and outright propaganda to transform individuals to subjects, i.e. to supporters of the war. It interpellates them and limits them to a specific discourse (of armed conflict). The barrage of soundbites, slogans, clips, edited and breaking n
ews and carefully selected commentary and advocacy attract attention, force people to infuse the information with meaning and, consequently, to conform and participate in the practice (e.g., support the war, or fight in it). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The explicit and implicit messa
ges are: "People like you - liberal, courageous, selfless, sharp, resilient, entrepreneurial, just, patriotic, and magnanimous - (buy this or do that)"; "People like you go to war, selflessly, to defend not only their nearest and dearest but an ungrateful
 
world as well"; "People like you do not allow a monster like Saddam Hussein to prevail"; "People like you are missionaries, bringing democracy and a better life to all corners of the globe". "People like you are clever and won't wait till it is too late a
nd Saddam possesses or, worse, uses weapons of mass destruction"; "People like you contrast with others (the French, the Germans) who ungratefully shirk their responsibilities and wallow in cowardice."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The reader / viewer is interpellated both as an individ
ual ("you") and as a member of a group ("people like you..."). S/he occupies the empty (imaginary) slot, represented by the "you" in the media campaign. It is a form of mass flattery. The media caters to the narcissistic impulse to believe that it address
es us personally, as unique individuals. Thus, the reader or viewer is transformed into the subject of (and is being subjected to) the material practice of the ideology (war, in this case). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Still, not all is lost. Althusser refrains from tackling the possibilities of ideological failure, conflict, struggle, or resistance. His own problematic may not have allowed him to respond to these two deceptively simple questions: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
(a) What is the ultimate goal and purpose of the ideological practice beyond self-perpetuation? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
(b) What happens in a pluralistic environment rich in competing ideologies and, thus, in contradictory interpellations? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
There are incompatible ideological strands even in the strictest authoritarian regimes, let alone in the Western democracies. Currently, IASs within the same social formation in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} are offering competing ideologies: political parties, the Church, the family, the military, the media, the intelligentsia and the bureaucracy completely fail to agree and cohere around a single do
ctrine. As far as the Iraqi conflict goes, subjects have been exposed to parallel and mutually-exclusive interpellations since day one. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
Moreover, as opposed to Althusser's narrow and paranoid view, interpellation is rarely about converting subjects to a s
pecific - and invariably transient - ideological practice. It is concerned mostly with the establishment of a consensual space in which opinions, information, goods and services can be exchanged subject to agreed rules. 
\par Interpellation, therefore, is about
 convincing people not to opt out, not to tune out, not to drop out - and not to rebel. When it encourages subjects to act - for instance, to consume, or to support a war, or to fight in it, or to vote - it does so in order to preserve the social treaty, 
the social order and society at large.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
The business concern, the church, the political party, the family, the media, the culture industries, the educational system, the military, the civil service - are all interested in securing influence over, or at leas
t access to, potential subjects. Thus, interpellation is used mainly to safeguard future ability to interpellate. Its ultimate aim is to preserve the cohesion of the pool of subjects and to augment it with new potential ones.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
In other words, interpellation
 can never be successfully coercive, lest it alienates present and future subjects. The Bush administration and its supporters can interpellate Americans and people around the world and hope to move them to adopt their ideology and its praxis. But they ca
nnot force anyone to do so because if they do, they are no different to Saddam and, consequently, they undermine the very ideology that caused them to interpellate in the first place.
\par How ironic that Althusser, the brilliant thinker, did not grasp the cycli
cal nature of his own teachings (that ideologies interpellate in order to be able to interpellate in future). This oversight and his dogmatic approach (insisting that ideologies never fail) doomed his otherwise challenging observations to obscurity. The h
ope that resistance is not futile and that even the most consummate and powerful interpellators are not above the rules - has thus revived.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8286201 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9583614 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8286201 \page }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs28\insrsid9583614\charrsid9583614 {\*\bkmkstart justwar}Just a War or a Just War?}{\rtlch \af0\afs28 \ltrch \f0\fs28\insrsid9583614\charrsid9583614 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid9583614\charrsid9583614 Dr. Sam Vaknin}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9583614\charrsid9583614  
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\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/hitler.html" }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid7998193 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 The Inverted Saint - Hitler}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Fascism - The Tensile Permanence}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Left and Right in a Divided Europe}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
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\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Communism, Capitalism, Feudalism}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635  

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/class.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid7998193 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 A Classification of Cultures}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Why America is Hated}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 

\par \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 In an age of terror
ism, guerilla and total warfare the medieval doctrine of Just War needs to be re-defined. Moreover, issues of legitimacy, efficacy and morality should not be confused. Legitimacy is conferred by institutions. Not all morally justified wars are, therefore,
 automatically legitimate. Frequently the efficient execution of a battle plan involves immoral or even illegal acts.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
As international law evolves beyond the ancient percepts of sovereignty, it should incorporate new thinking about pre-emptive strikes, huma
n rights violations as casus belli and the role and standing of international organizations, insurgents and liberation movements.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Yet, inevitably, what constitutes "justice" depends heavily on the cultural and societal contexts, narratives, mores, and valu
es of the disputants. Thus, one cannot answer the deceivingly simple question: "Is this war a just war?" - without first asking: "According to whom? In which context? By which criteria? Based on what values? In which period in history and where?"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Being mem
bers of Western Civilization, whether by choice or by default, our understanding of what constitutes a just war is crucially founded on our shifting perceptions of the West.
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{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Table of Contents}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
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\ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635 . The Doctrine of Just War}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
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{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\bkmkstart hitlerwest}I. Hitler and the Invention of the West}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\bkmkend west}
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In his book - really an extended essay - }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 "Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order" - }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Robert Kagan claims that the political construct of the "West" was conjured up by the United States and Western Europe during the Cold War as a response to the threat posed by the nuclear-armed, hostile and expansionist U.S.S.R. 
\par The implosion of the Soviet Bloc rendered the "West" an obsolete, meaningless, and cumbersome concept, on the path to perdi
tion. Cracks in the common front of the Western allies - the Euro-Atlantic structures - widened into a full-fledged and unbridgeable rift in the run-up to the war in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (see the next chapter, }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635  HYPERLINK "file:///C:\\\\Documents%20and%20Settings\\\\Administrator\\\\My%20Documents\\\\Tripod%20Files\\\\
justwar.html" \\l "demise#demise" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid15210635 {\*\datafield 
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730065002300640065006d006900730065000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 "The Demise of the West"}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 ).
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According to this U.S.-centric view, Europe missed an opportunity to preserve the West as the organizing principle of post Cold War geopolitics by refusing
 to decisively side with the United States against the enemies of Western civilization, such as Iraq's Saddam Hussein. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Such reluctance is considered by Americans to be both naive and hazardous, proof of the lack of vitality and decadence of "Old Europe". 
The foes of the West, steeped in conspiracy theories and embittered by centuries of savage colonialism, will not find credible the alleged disintegration of the Western alliance, say the Americans. They will continue to strike, even as the constituents of
 the erstwhile West drift apart and weaken.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Yet, this analysis misses the distinction between the West as a civilization and the West as a fairly recent geopolitical construct.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Western civilization is millennia old - though it had become self-aware and excl
usionary only during the Middle Ages or, at the latest, the Reformation. Max Weber (1864-1920) attributed its success to its ethical and, especially, religious foundations. At the other extreme, biological determinists, such as Giambattista Vico (1668-174
4) and Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), predicted its inevitable demise. Spengler authored the controversial "Decline of the West" in 1918-22. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) disagreed with Spengler in "A Study of History" (1934-61). He believed in the possibility 
of cultural and institutional regeneration. But, regardless of persuasion, no historian or philosopher in the first half of the twentieth century grasped the "West" in political or military terms. The polities involved were often bitter enemies and with d
isparate civil systems.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
In the second half of the past century, some historiographies - notably "The Rise of the West" by W. H. McNeill (1963), "Unfinished History of the World" (1971) by Hugh Thomas, "History of the World" by J. M. Roberts (1976), and, mor
e recently, "Millennium" by Felip Fernandez-Armesto (1995) and "From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life" by Jacques Barzun (2000) - ignored the heterogeneous nature of the West in favor of an "evolutionary", Euro-centric idea of progres
s and, in the case of\~ Fernandez-Armesto and Barzun, decline.
\par Yet, these linear, developmental views of a single "Western" entity - whether a civilization or a political-military alliance - are very misleading. The West as the fuzzy name given to a set of i
nterlocking alliances is a creature of the Cold War (1946-1989). It is both missionary and pluralistic - and, thus, dynamic and ever-changing. Some members of the political West share certain common values - liberal democracy, separation of church and sta
te, respect for human rights and private property, for instance. Others - think {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - do not. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
The "West", in other words, is a fluid, fuzzy and non-monolithic concept. As William Anthony Hay notes in "Is There Still a West?" (published in the 
September 2002 issue of "Watch on the West", Volume 3, Number 8, by the Foreign Policy Research Institute): "If Western civilization, along with particular national or regional identities, is merely an imagined community or an intellectual construct that 
serves the interest of dominant groups, then it can be reconstructed to serve the needs of current agendas."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Though the idea of the West, as a convenient operational abstraction, preceded the Cold War - it is not the natural extension or the inescapable den
ouement of Western civilization. Rather, it is merely the last phase and manifestation of the clash of titans between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 on the one hand and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} on the other hand.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} spent the first half of the 19th century (following the 1815 Congress of Vienna) containing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The trauma of the Napoleonic wars was the last in a medley of conflicts with an increasingly menacing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} stretching back to the times of Louis XIV. The Concert of Europe was specifically designed to reflect the interests of the Big Powers, establish their borders of expansion in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}, and create a continental "balance of deterrence". For a few decades it proved to be a success.\line \line The rise of a unified, industrially mighty and }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
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\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 narcissistic}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635  {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} erased most of these achievements. By closely monitoring {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} rather than a {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 on the ascendant, the Big Powers were still fighting the Napoleonic wars - while ignoring, at their peril, the nature and likely origin of future conflagrations. They failed to notice that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was bent on transforming itself into the economic and political leader of a united {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}, by force of arms, if need be. 
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The German "September 1914 Plan", for instance, envisaged an economic union imposed on the vanquished nations of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 following a military victory. It was self-described as a "(plan for establishing) an economic organization ... through mutual customs agreements ... including France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Austria, Poland, and perhaps It
aly, Sweden, and Norway". It is eerily reminiscent of the European Union.\line \line The 1918 Brest-Litovsk armistice treaty between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} recognized the East-West divide. The implosion of the four empires - the Ottoman, Habsburg, Hohenzollern and Roman
ov - following the first world war, only brought to the fore the gargantuan tensions between central Europe and its east.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
But it was Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) who fathered the West as we know it today.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Hitler sought to expand the German Lebensraum and to found a giant "slave state" in the territories of the east, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 included. He never regarded the polities of west {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} or the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 as enemies. On the contrary, he believed that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and these countries are natural allies 
faced with a mortal, cunning and ruthless foe: the U.S.S.R. In this, as in many other things, he proved prescient.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Ironically, Hitler's unmitigated thuggery and vile atrocities did finally succeed to midwife the West - but as an anti-German coalition. The reluctant allies first confronted {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and Stalinist Russia with which {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Berlin{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 had a non-aggression pact. When Hitler then proceeded to attack the U.S.S.R. in 1941, the West hastened to its defense. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
But - once the war was victoriously over - this unnatural liaison between West and East disintegrated. A humbled and divided {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}West Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 reverted to its roots. It became a pivotal pillar of the West - a member of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}European Economic Community{\*\xmlclose} (later renamed the European Union) and of NATO. Hitler's fervent wish and vision - a 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} united around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against the Red Menace - was achieved posthumously.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
That it was Hitler who invented the West is no cruel historical joke. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Hitler and Nazism are often portrayed as an apocalyptic and seismic break with E
uropean history. Yet the truth is that they were the culmination and reification of European history in the 19th century. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
's annals of colonialism have prepared it for the range of phenomena associated with the Nazi regime - from industrial murder to racial theories, from slave labour to the forcible annexation of territory.\line \line {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was a colonial power no different to murderous {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belgium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} or 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. What set it apart is that it directed its colonial attentions at the heartland of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe
{\*\xmlclose} - rather than at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose} or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose}. Both World Wars were colonial wars fought on European soil. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Moreover, Nazi Germany innovated by applying to the white race itself prevailing racial theories, usually reserved to non-whites. It first targeted the Jews - a non-controversi
al proposition - but then expanded its racial "science" to encompass "east European" whites, such as the Poles and the Russians.\line \line {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} was not alone in its malignant nationalism. The far right in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was as pernicious. Nazism - and Fascism - were wor
ld ideologies, adopted enthusiastically in places as diverse as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Norway{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Latin America{\*\xmlclose}, and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. At the end of the 1930's, liberal capitalism, communism, and fascism (and its mutations) were locked in a mortal battle of ideologies. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Hitler'
s mistake was to delusionally believe in the affinity between capitalism and Nazism - an affinity enhanced, to his mind, by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's corporatism and by the existence of a common enemy: global communism.\line \line Nazism was a religion, replete with godheads and ri
tuals. It meshed seamlessly with the racist origins of the West, as expounded by the likes of Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936). The proselytizing and patronizing nature of the West is deep rooted. Colonialism - a distinctly Western phenomenon - always had disc
ernible religious overtones and often collaborated with missionary religion. "The White Man's burden" of civilizing the "savages" was widely perceived as ordained by God. The church was the extension of the colonial power's army and trading companies.
\line \line Thus, following two ineffably ruinous world wars, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} finally shifted its geopolitical sights from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. In an effort to prevent a repeat of Hitler, the Big Powers of the West, led by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, established an "ever closer" European Union. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} was (inadvertently) split, sandwiched between East and West and, thus, restrained. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}East Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} faced a military-economic union (the Warsaw Pact) cum eastern empire (the late U.S.S.R.). {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}West Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was surrounded by a military union (NATO) cum emerging Western economic supranational structure (the EU). The Cold War was fought all over the world - but in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Europe{\*\xmlclose} it revolved around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.\line \line 
The collapse of the eastern flank (the Soviet - "evil" - Empire) of this implicit anti-German containment geo-strategy led to the re-emergence of a united {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Furthermore, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 is in the process of securing its hegemony over the EU by applying the political weight commensurate with its economic and demographic might. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a natural and historical leader of central {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 - the EU's and NATO's future Lebensraum and the target of their expansionary predilections ("integration"). Thus, virtually overnight, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} came to dominate the Western component of the anti-German containment master plan, while the Eastern component - the Soviet Bloc - has chaotically disintegrated.\line \line 
The EU is reacting by trying to assume the role formerly played by the U.S.S.R. EU integration is an attempt to assimilate former Soviet satellites and dilute {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s power by re-jigging rules of voting and representation. If successful, this strategy will prevent {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 from bidding yet again for a position of hegemony in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} by establishing a "German Union" separate from the EU. It is all still the same tiresome and antiquated game of continental Big Powers. Even 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} maintains its Victorian position of "splendid isolation".\line \line The exclusion of both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 from these re-alignments is also a direct descendant of the politics of the last two centuries. Both will probably gradually drift away from European (and Western) structures and seek their fortunes in the geopolitical twilight zones of the world. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is unlikely to be of much help to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} as it reasserts the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}
Monroe{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} doctrine and attends to its growing Pacific and Asian preoccupations. It may assist the EU to cope with Russian (and to a lesser extent, Turkish) designs in the tremulously tectonic regions of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose}, oil-rich and China-bordering {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Central Asia{\*\xmlclose}, and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose}. But it will not do so in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}Central Europe{\*\xmlclose}, in the Baltic, and in the Balkan.\line \line In the long-run, Muslims are the natural allies of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in its role as a budding Asian power, largely supplanting the former {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose}. Thus, the threat of militant Islam is unlikely to revive the 
West. Rather, it may create a new geopolitical formation comprising the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and moderate Muslim countries, equally threatened by virulent religious fundamentalism. Later, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}
}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 - all destabilized by growing and vociferous Muslim minorities - may join in.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Ludwig Wittgenstein would have approved. He once wrote that the spirit of "the vast stream of European and American civilization in which we all stand ... (is) alien and uncongenial (to me)".
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 
\ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid15210635 {\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1028{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 10070188}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn alignHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn dxHeightHR}{\sv 30}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fStandardHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fHorizRule}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}
\picscalex563\picscaley6\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw1764\pich882\picwgoal1000\pichgoal500\wmetafile8\bliptag-1106582208\blipupi1400{\*\blipuid be0ae540b23990a08888b89e7a52fc79}
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\ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\bkmkstart westdemise}II. The Demise of the West?}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\bkmkend demise}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\bkmkend westdemise}The edifice of th
e "international community" and the project of constructing a "world order" rely on the unity of liberal ideals at the core of the organizing principle of the transatlantic partnership, Western Civilization. Yet, the recent intercourse between its constit
uents - the Anglo-Saxons ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}) versus the Continentals ("Old Europe" led by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) - revealed an uneasy and potentially destructive dialectic.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
The mutually exclusive choice seems now to be between ad-hoc coalitions of states able and wil
ling to impose their values on deviant or failed regimes by armed force if need be - and a framework of binding multilateral agreements and institutions with coercion applied as a last resort.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Robert Kagan sums the differences in his book:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 "The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ... resorts to force more quickly and, compared with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
, is less patient with diplomacy. Americans generally see the world divided between good and evil, between friends and enemies, while Europeans see a more complex picture. When confronting real 
or potential adversaries, Americans generally favor policies of coercion rather than persuasion, emphasizing punitive sanctions over inducements to better behavior, the stick over the carrot. Americans tend to seek finality in international affairs: They 
w
ant problems solved, threats eliminated ... (and) increasingly tend toward unilateralism in international affairs. They are less inclined to act through international institutions such as the United Nations, less likely to work cooperatively with other na
tions to pursue common goals, more skeptical about international law, and more willing to operate outside its strictures when they deem it necessary, or even merely useful.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Europeans ... approach problems with greater nuance and sophistication. They try to 
influence others through subtlety and indirection. They are more tolerant of failure, more patient when solutions don't come quickly. They generally favor peaceful responses to problems, preferring negotiation, diplomacy, and persuasion to coercion. They 
a
re quicker to appeal to international law, international conventions, and international opinion to adjudicate disputes. They try to use commercial and economic ties to bind nations together. They often emphasize process over result, believing that ultimat
ely process can become substance."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Kagan correctly observes that the weaker a polity is militarily, the stricter its adherence to international law, the only protection, however feeble, from bullying. The case of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} apparently supports his thesis. Vladimir Putin, presiding over a decrepit and bloated army, naturally insists that the world must be governed by international regulation and not by the "rule of the fist". 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
But Kagan got it backwards as far as the European Union is concerned. Its members are n
ot compelled to uphold international prescripts by their indisputable and overwhelming martial deficiency. Rather, after centuries of futile bloodletting, they choose not to resort to weapons and, instead, to settle their differences juridically. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 As Ivo D
aalder wrote in a review of Kagan's tome in the New York Times:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
"The differences produced by the disparity of power are compounded by the very different historical experiences of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} this past half century. As the leader of the 'free world,' {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 provided security for many during a cold war ultimately won without firing a shot. The threat of military force and its occasional use were crucial tools in securing this success.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Europe{\*\xmlclose}'s experience has been very different. After 1945 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 rejected balance-of-power politics and instead embraced reconciliation, multilateral cooperation and integration as the principal means to safeguard peace that followed the world's most devastating conflict. Over time {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} came to see this experience as a model of international behavior for others to follow."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par Thus, Putin is not a European in the full sense of the word. He supports an international framework of dispute settlement because he has no armed choice, not because it tallies with his deep
ly held convictions and values. According to Kagan, Putin is, in essence, an American: he believes that the world order ultimately rests on military power and the ability to project it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
It is this reflexive reliance on power that renders the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} suspect. Privately, Europeans regard {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} itself - and especially the abrasive Bush administration - as a rogue state, prone to jeopardizing world peace and stability. Observing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} fits of violence, bullying, unilateral actions and contemptuous haught
iness - most European are not sure who is the greater menace: Saddam Hussein or George Bush. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Ivo Daalder:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
"Contrary to the claims of pundits and politicians, the current crisis in United States-European relations is not caused by President Bush's gratuitous unilateralism, German Chancellor Gerhard Schr\'f6
der's pacifism, or French President Jacques Chirac's anti-Americanism, though they no doubt play a part. Rather, the crisis is deep, structural and enduring."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Kagan slides into pop psychobabble when he tries
 to explore the charged emotional background to this particular clash of civilizations:}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 "The transmission of the European miracle (the European Union as the shape of things to come) to the rest of the world has become Europe's new mission civilisatrice ..
. Thus we arrive at what may be the most important reason for the divergence in views between Europe and the United States: America's power and its willingness to exercise that power - unilaterally if necessary - constitute a threat to Europe's new sense 
of mission."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Kagan lumps together {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bulgaria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Denmark{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
. Such shallow and uninformed caricatures are typical of American "thinkers", prone to sound-bytes and their audience's deficient attention span. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 Moreover, Europeans willingly joined 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in forcibly eradicating the brutal, next-door, regime of Slobodan Milosevic. It is not the use of power that worries (some) Europeans - but its gratuitous, unilateral and exclusive application. As even von Clausewitz conceded, 
military might is only one weapon in the arsenal of international interaction and it should never precede, let alone supplant, diplomacy. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 As Daalder observes:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
"(Lasting security) requires a commitment to uphold common rules and norms, to work out differen
ces short of the use of force, to promote common interests through enduring structures of cooperation, and to enhance the well-being of all people by promoting democracy and human rights and ensuring greater access to open markets."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 American misbehavior is
 further exacerbated by the simplistic tendency to view the world in terms of ethical dyads: black and white, villain versus saint, good fighting evil. This propensity is reminiscent of a primitive psychological defense mechanism known as splitting. Armed
 conflict should be the avoidable outcome of gradual escalation, replete with the unambiguous communication of intentions. It should be a last resort - not a default arbiter.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15210635 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635\charrsid15210635 
Finally, in an age of globalization and the increasingly free flow of people, idea
s, goods, services and information - old fashioned arm twisting is counter-productive and ineffective. No single nation can rule the world coercively. No single system of values and preferences can prevail. No official version of the events can survive th
e onslaught of blogs and multiple news reporting. Ours is a heterogeneous, dialectic, pluralistic, multipolar and percolating world. Some like it this way. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} clearly doesn't.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15210635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7998193 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch 
{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1029{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 10070188}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn alignHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn dxHeightHR}{\sv 30}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fStandardHR}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fHorizRule}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}\picscalex563\picscaley6\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0
\picw1764\pich882\picwgoal1000\pichgoal500\wmetafile8\bliptag2000658787\blipupi1392{\*\blipuid 773fa163e07c740c48b9718a8a2aded8}
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\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 {\*\bkmkstart doctrine}I}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 II}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 . Just War or a Just War?}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\f0\insrsid7998193\charrsid14228416 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 {\*\bkmkend doctrine}
In an age of terrorism, guerilla and total warfare the medieval doctrine of Just War needs to be re-defined. Moreover, issues of legitimacy, efficacy and mo
rality should not be confused. Legitimacy is conferred by institutions. Not all morally justified wars are, therefore, automatically legitimate. Frequently the efficient execution of a battle plan involves immoral or even illegal acts.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
As international law
 evolves beyond the ancient percepts of sovereignty, it should incorporate new thinking about pre-emptive strikes, human rights violations as casus belli and the role and standing of international organizations, insurgents and liberation movements.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 Yet, in
evitably, what constitutes "justice" depends heavily on the cultural and societal contexts, narratives, mores, and values of the disputants. Thus, one cannot answer the deceivingly simple question: "Is this war a just war?" - without first asking: "Accord
ing to whom? In which context? By which criteria? Based on what values? In which period in history and where?"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Being members of Western Civilization, whether by choice or by default, our understanding of what constitutes a just war is crucially founded on our shifting perceptions of the West.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Imagine a village of 220 inhabitants. It has one heavily armed police constable flanked by two lightly equipped assistants. The hamlet is beset by a bunch of ruffians who molest their own families and, at times, violen
tly lash out at their neighbors. These delinquents mock the authorities and ignore their decisions and decrees.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Yet, the village council - the source of legitimacy - refuses to authorize the constable to apprehend the villains and dispose of them, by force
 of arms if need be. The elders see no imminent or present danger to their charges and are afraid of potential escalation whose evil outcomes could far outweigh anything the felons can achieve.
\par Incensed by this laxity, the constable - backed only by some o
f the inhabitants - breaks into the home of one of the more egregious thugs and expels or kills him. He claims to have acted preemptively and in self-defense, as the criminal, long in defiance of the law, was planning to attack its representatives.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 Was the
 constable right in acting the way he did? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
On the one hand, he may have saved lives and prevented a conflagration whose consequences no one could predict. On the other hand, by ignoring the edicts of the village council and the expressed will of many of t
he denizens, he has placed himself above the law, as its absolute interpreter and enforcer.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 
\par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
What is the greater danger? Turning a blind eye to the exploits of outlaws and outcasts, thus rendering them ever more daring and insolent - or acting unilaterally
 to counter such pariahs, thus undermining the communal legal foundation and, possibly, leading to a chaotic situation of "might is right"? In other words, when ethics and expedience conflict with legality - which should prevail?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Enter the medieval doctrin
e of "Just War" (justum bellum, or, more precisely jus ad bellum), propounded by Saint Augustine of Hippo (fifth century AD), Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) in his "Summa Theologicae", Francisco de Vitoria (1548-1617), Francisco Suarez (1548-1617), Hugo
 Grotius (1583-1645) in his influential tome "Jure Belli ac Pacis" ("On Rights of War and Peace", 1625), Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1704), Christian Wolff (1679-1754), and Emerich de Vattel (1714-1767).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Modern thinkers include Michael Walzer in "Just and Unjust
 Wars" (1977), Barrie Paskins and Michael Dockrill in "The Ethics of War" (1979), Richard Norman in "Ethics, Killing, and War" (1995), Thomas Nagel in "War and Massacre", and Elizabeth Anscombe in "War and Murder".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
According to the Catholic Church's rendition of this theory, set forth by Bishop Wilton D. Gregory of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in his Letter to President Bush on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, dated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 13}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname 
Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2002}}}September 13, 2002{\*\xmlclose}, going to war is justified if these conditions are met:}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 "The damage inflicted b
y the aggressor on the nation or community of nations [is] lasting, grave, and certain; all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective; there must be serious prospects of success; the use of arms must not pro
duce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated."}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
A just war is, therefore, a last resort, all other peaceful conflict resolution options having been exhausted. 
\par The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy sums up the doctrine thus:
\par "The principles of the justice of war are commonly held to be: 
\par (1) Having just cause (especially and, according to the United Nations Charter, exclusively, self-defense)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(2) Being (formally) declared by a proper authority 
\par (3) Possessing a right intention 
\par (4) Having a reasonable chance of success 
\par (5) The end being proportional to the means used."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Yet, the evolution of warfare - the invention of nuclear weapons, the propagation of total war, the ubiquity of guerrilla and national liberation movements, the emergence of
 global, border-hopping terrorist organizations, of totalitarian regimes, and rogue or failed states - requires these principles to be modified by adding these tenets:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(6) That the declaring authority is a lawfully and democratically elected government
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 (7)
 That the declaration of war reflects the popular will
\par (Extension of 3) The right intention is to act in just cause.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(Extension of 4) ... or a reasonable chance of avoiding an annihilating defeat
\par (Extension of 5) That the outcomes of war are preferable to the outcomes of the preservation of peace.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Still, the doctrine of just war, conceived in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}
 in eras past, is fraying at the edges. Rights and corresponding duties are ill-defined or mismatched. What is legal is not always moral and what is legitimate i
s not invariably legal. Political realism and quasi-religious idealism sit uncomfortably within the same conceptual framework. Norms are vague and debatable while customary law is only partially subsumed in the tradition (i.e., in treaties, conventions an
d other instruments, as well in the actual conduct of states).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
The most contentious issue is, of course, what constitutes "just cause". Self-defense, in its narrowest sense (reaction to direct and overwhelming armed aggression), is a justified casus belli. 
But what about the use of force to (deontologically, consequentially, or ethically):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(1) Prevent or ameliorate a slow-motion or permanent humanitarian crisis
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(2) Preempt a clear and present danger of aggression ("anticipatory or preemptive self-defense" against what Grotius called "immediate danger")
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(3) Secure a safe environment for urgent and indispensable humanitarian relief operations
\par (4) Restore democracy in the attacked state ("regime change")
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(5) Restore public order in the attacked state
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 (6) Prevent
 human rights violations or crimes against humanity or violations of international law by the attacked state
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(7) Keep the peace ("peacekeeping operations") and enforce compliance with international or bilateral treaties between the aggressor and the attacked state or the attacked state and a third party
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(8) Suppress armed infiltration, indirect aggression, or civil strife aided and abetted by the attacked state
\par (9) Honor one's obligations to frameworks and treaties of collective self-defense
\par (10) Protect one's citizens or the citizens of a third party inside the attacked state
\par (11) Protect one's property or assets owned by a third party inside the attacked state
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(12) Respond to an invitation by the authorities of the attacked state - and with their expressed consent - to militarily intervene within the territory of the attacked state
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
(13) React to offenses against the nation's honor or its economy 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
Unless these issues are resolved and codified, the entire edifice of international law - and, more specifically
, the law of war - is in danger of crumbling. The contemporary multilateral regime proved inadequate and unable to effectively tackle genocide (Rwanda, Bosnia), terror (in Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East), weapons of mass destruction (Iraq, Indi
a, Israel, Pakistan, North Korea), and tyranny (in dozens of members of the United Nations). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
This feebleness inevitably led to the resurgence of "might is right" unilateralism, as practiced, for instance, by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 in places as diverse as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Grenada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. This pernicious and ominous phenomenon is coupled with contempt towards and suspicion of international organizations, treaties, institutions, undertakings, and the prevailing consensual order.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012951 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228416\charrsid14228416 
In a unipolar world, reliant on a single superpower
 for its security, the abrogation of the rules of the game could lead to chaotic and lethal anarchy with a multitude of "rebellions" against the emergent American Empire. International law - the formalism of "natural law" - is only one of many competing u
niversalist and missionary value systems. Militant Islam is another. The West must adopt the former to counter the latter. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5012951\charrsid5012951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\cf17  HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents" }{\rtlch 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\cf17 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf17 Back to the Table of Contents!}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid528765 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6439856 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch 
\af35\afs32 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs32 {\*\bkmkstart Author}T H E   A U T H O R{\*\bkmkend Author}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs20\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs20\expnd8\expndtw40\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cgrid0 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Shmuel (Sam) Vaknin}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch 
\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Curriculum Vitae
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par 
\par Born in 1961 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Qiryat-Yam{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Served in the Israeli Defence Force (1979-1982) in training and education units.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Education
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Graduated a few semesters in the Technion \endash  Israel Institute of Technology, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Haifa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par Ph.D. in Philosophy (major: Philosophy of Physics) \endash  {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pacific Western University{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}California
{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Graduate of numerous courses in Finance Theory and International Trading.
\par Certified }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/transcript/public/viewtranscript.xml?pid=781937"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  by }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/business/aboutbrainbench.xml" }{\rtlch \af35 
\ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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2f00610062006f007500740062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0078006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Brainbench}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
.
\par Certified in }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/transcript/public/transcript_testdetails.xml?back=1&pid=781937&testid=6149637"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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0034003900360033003700000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Psychological Counselling Techniques}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  by }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/business/aboutbrainbench.xml"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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2f00610062006f007500740062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0078006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Brainbench}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
.
\par Certified }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/transcript/public/viewtranscript.xml?pid=781937" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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700074002f007000750062006c00690063002f0076006900650077007400720061006e007300630072006900700074002e0078006d006c003f007000690064003d00370038003100390033003700000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Financial Analyst}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  by }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/business/aboutbrainbench.xml" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
{\*\datafield 
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2f00610062006f007500740062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0078006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Brainbench}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
.
\par Full proficiency in Hebrew and in English.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par Business Experience
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1980 to 1983
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Founder and co-owner of a chain of computerized information kiosks in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tel-Aviv{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1982 to 1985
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Senior positions with the Nessim D. Gaon Group of Companies in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Geneva{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Paris{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and New-York (NOGA and APROFIM SA):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-120\li120\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin120\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash  Chief Analyst of Edible Commodities in the Group's Headquarters in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Switzerland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-120\li120\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin120\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash  Manager of the Research and Analysis Division
\par \endash  Manager of the Data Processing Division
\par \endash  Project Manager of the Nigerian Computerized Census
\par \endash  Vice President in charge of RND and Advanced Technologies
\par \endash  Vice President in charge of Sovereign Debt Financing
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1985 to 1986
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Represented Canadian Venture Capital Funds in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1986 to 1987
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
General Manager of IPE Ltd. in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The firm financed international multi-lateral countertrade and leasing transactions.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1988 to 1990
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Co-founder and Director of "Mikbats-Tesuah", a portfolio management firm based in Tel-Aviv.
\par Activities included large-scale portfolio management, underwriting, forex trading and general financial advisory services.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1990 to Present
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Freelance consultant to many of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Blue-Chip firms, mainly on issues related to the capital markets in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}.
\par Consultant to foreign RND ventures and to governments on macro-economic matters.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Freelance journalist and analyst for various media in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1990 to 1995
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
President of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} chapter of the Professors World Peace Academy (PWPA) and (briefly) {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} representative of the "Washington Times".
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1993 to \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1994
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Co-owner and Director of many business enterprises:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-120\li120\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin120\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash  The Omega and Energy Air-Conditioning Concern
\par \endash  AVP Financial Consultants
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-120\li120\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin120\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash  Handiman Legal Services \endash  Total annual turnover of the group: 10 million USD.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Co-owner, Director and Finance Manager of COSTI Ltd. \endash  {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s largest computerized information vendor and developer. Raised funds through a series of private placements locally in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1993 to 1996
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Publisher and Editor of a Capital Markets Newsletter distributed by subscription only to dozens of subscribers countrywide.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 In a legal precedent in 1995 \endash  studied in business schools and law faculties across {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \endash  was tried for his role in an attempted takeover of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Agriculture Bank.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Was interned in the State School of Prison Wardens.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Managed the Central School Library, wrote, published and lectured on various occasions.
\par Managed the Internet and International News Department of an Israeli mass media group, "Ha-Tikshoret and Namer".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Assistant in the Law Faculty in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Tel-Aviv{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}University{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (to Prof. S.G. Shoham).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1996 to 1999
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Financial consultant to leading businesses in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Economic commentator in "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Nova Makedonija}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/" }{\rtlch 
\af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0064006e00650076006e0069006b002e0063006f006d002e006d006b002f00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch 
\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Dnevnik}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", "Makedonija Denes", "Izvestia", "Argumenti i Fakti", "The Middle East Times", "}
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.pritomnost.cz/index.php?fulltext=vaknin" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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780074003d00760061006b006e0069006e00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 The New Presence}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-review.org/authorarchives/vaknin_archive/vaknin_main.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630065002d007200650076006900650077002e006f00720067002f0061007500740068006f007200610072006300680069007600650073002f007600
61006b006e0069006e005f0061007200630068006900760065002f00760061006b006e0069006e005f006d00610069006e002e00680074006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Central Europe Review}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", and other periodicals, and in the economic programs on various channels of Macedonian Television.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Chief Lecturer in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in courses organized by the Agency of Privatization, by the Stock Exchange, and by the Ministry of Trade.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1999 to 2002
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Economic Advisor to the Government of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
 and to the Ministry of Finance.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch 
\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 2001 to 2003
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Senior Business Correspondent for }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/briefs.html"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006200720069006500660073002e00680074006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 United Press International (UPI)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 .
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Web and Journalistic Activities
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Author of extensive Web sites in:
\par \endash  Psychology (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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"Malignant Self Love"}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ) \endash  An }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Personality/Narcissistic"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ,
\par \endash  Philosophy (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://philosophos.tripod.com/"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\cs20\f0\ul\cf2 "Philosophical Musings"}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ),
\par \endash  Economics and Geopolitics (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://ceeandbalkan.tripod.com/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\cs20\f0\ul\cf2 "World in Conflict and Transition"}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Owner of the }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http
://groups.yahoo.com/group/narcissisticabuse/"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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6300610062007500730065002f00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Narcissistic Abuse Study List}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  and the }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://groups.google.com/group/narcissisticabuse" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\par Owner of the }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conflictransition/"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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73006900740069006f006e002f00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Economies in Conflict and Transition Study List}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 , the }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/toxicrelationships" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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6f006e0073006800690070007300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Toxic Relationships Study List}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 , and the }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/linknfactoid/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\par Editor of mental health disorders and Central and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Eastern Europe{\*\xmlclose} categories in various Web directories (}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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720064006500720073002f00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Open Directory}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 , }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch 
\f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.searcheurope.com/"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Search Europe}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 , }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
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{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.ebooknet.org" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ".
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par Publications and Awards
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 "Managing Investment Portfolios in States of Uncertainty", Limon Publishers, Tel-Aviv, 1988
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 "The Gambling Industry", Limon Publishers, Tel-Aviv, 1990
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 "}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
HYPERLINK "http://www.yediothsfarim.co.il/catalog1.asp?bID=3621609"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\af35 \ltrch \f0 ", Yedioth Aharonot, Tel-Aviv, 1997
\par "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/sipurim.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 The Suffering of Being Kafka}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 " (electronic book of Hebrew and English Short Fiction), 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Prague{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Skopje{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, 1998-2004
\par "The Macedonian Economy at a Crossroads \endash  On the Way to a Healthier Economy" (dialogues with }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/cvng.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Nikola Gruevski}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1998
\par "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/exporter.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 The Exporters' Pocketbook}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", Ministry of Trade, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1999
\par "}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/thebook.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Malignant Self Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", Narcissus Publications, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Prague{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1999-2007

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/thebook.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 The Narcissism Series}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  (e-books regarding relationships with abusive narcissists), 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1999-2007
\par "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/after.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 After the Rain \endash  How the West Lost the East}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", Narcissus Publications in association with }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-review.org/authorarchives/vaknin_archive/aftertherain.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 , {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Prague{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 2000
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Winner of numerous awards, among them }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERL
INK "http://www.yediothsfarim.co.il/catalog1.asp?bID=3621609" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  (1997), The Rotary Club Award for Social Studies (1976), and the Bilateral Relations Studies Award of the American Embassy in Israel (1978).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Hundreds of professional articles in all fields of finances and the economy, and numerous articles dealing with geopolitical and political economic issues published in both print and Web periodicals in many countries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Many appearances in the elect
ronic media on subjects in philosophy and the sciences, and concerning economic matters.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Write to Me:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "mailto:palma@unet.com.mk" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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palma@unet.com.mk}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "mailto:narcissisticabuse-owner@yahoogroups.com" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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73002e0063006f006d00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 narcissisticabuse-owner@yahoogroups.com}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par 
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\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 My Web Sites:
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\par Afraid? Confused? Need HELP? DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Had a Narcissistic Parent?
\par Married to a Narcissist \endash  or Divorcing One?
\par Afraid your children will turn out the same?
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 "Malignant Self Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The EIGHTH, REVISED PRINTING (January 2007) is now available!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Seven additional e-books, All NEW Editions, JUST RELEASED!!!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Malignant Self Love, Toxic Relationships,
\par Pathological Narcissism, Coping with Divorce,
\par The Narcissist and Psychopath in the Workplace \endash  and MORE!!!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Click on this link to purchase the PRINT BOOK and/or
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 the EIGHT E-BOOKS
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Sam Vaknin published the EIGHTH, REVISED IMPRESSION of his book about relationships with abusive narcissists, 
}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Malignant Self Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 .
\par The book deals with the Narcissistic Personality Disorder and its effects on the narcissist and his nearest and dearest \endash  in 102 frequently asked questions and two essays \endash  a total of 600 pages!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 Print Edition from BARNES AND NOBLE and AMAZON
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Barnes and Noble}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  \endash  "Malignant Self Love \endash 
 Narcissism Revisited" EIGHTH, Revised, Impression (January 2007)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ON {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}SALE
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} starting at $40.45 !!!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 INSTEAD OF the publisher's list price of $54.95 (including shipping and handling)!!!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 That's more than $14 off the publisher's list price!!!!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the paper edition:
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Amazon Canada }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash  Click on this link:
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The previous revised impression of Sam Vaknin's "Malignant Self \endash  Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Comes with an exclusive BONUS PACK (not available through Barnes and Noble or Amazon).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
Contains the entire text: essays, frequently asked questions and appendices regarding pathological narcissism and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The publisher charges the full list price \endash  but throws
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link:
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Free excerpts from the EIGHTH, Revised Impression of }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Malignant Self Love \endash 
 Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  are available as well as a free NEW EDITION of the Narcissism Book of Quotes
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\par }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "After the Rain \endash  How the West Lost the East"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The history, cultures, societies, and economies of countries in transition in the Balkans.
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16 An }{\rtlch \ab\af35\afs16 \ltrch \i\f0\fs16 electronic book}{\rtlch \af35\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16 
 is a computer file, sent to you as an attachment to an e-mail message. Just save it to your hard disk and click on the file to open, read, and learn!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \f0 1.\tab "}{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Malignant Self Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch 
\af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The e-book version of Sam Vaknin's "Malignant Self \endash  Love \endash 
 Narcissism Revisited". Contains the entire text: essays, frequently asked questions (FAQs) and appendices regarding pathological narcissism and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 2.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "The Narcissism Series"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 EIGHT e-books (more than 2500 pages), including the full text of "Malignant Self Love \endash 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the EIGHT e-books:
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\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 3.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Toxic Relationships \endash  Abuse and its Aftermath"}{\rtlch 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Fourth Edition (February 2006)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
How to identify abuse, cope with it, survive it, and deal with your abuser and with the system in divorce and custody issues.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
\par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ABUSE" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 4.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "The Narcissist and Psychopath in the Workplace"}{\rtlch \af35 
\ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 (September 2006)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Identify abusers, bullies, and stalkers in the work
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
\par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_WORKPLACE" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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 (February 2006)
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Self-assessment questionnaires, tips, and tests for victims of abusers, batterers, and stalkers in various types of relationships.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 6.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Pathological Narcissism FAQs"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Dozens of Frequently Asked Questions regarding Pathologica
l Narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
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00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_FAQS}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 7.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "The World of the Narcissist"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
A book-length psychodynamic study of pathological narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder, using a new vocabulary.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 8.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Excerpts from the Archives of the Narcissism List"}{\rtlch \af35 
\ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Hundreds of excerpts from the archives of t
he Narcissistic Abuse Study List regarding Pathological Narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 9.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Diary of a Narcissist"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  (November 2005)

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The anatomy of one man's mental illness \endash  its origins, its unfolding, its outcomes.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the e-book:
\par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_JOURNAL" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 10.\tab "}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 After the Rain \endash  How the West Lost the East"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The history, cultures, societies, and economies of countries in transition in the Balkans.
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Download Free Electronic Books
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 More about the Books and Additional Resources
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The Eighth, Revised Impression (January 2007) of the Print Edition of }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 
"Malignant Self Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0  includes:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-115\li115\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin115\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \bullet \tab The full text of "Malignant Self Love \endash  Narcissism Revisited"
\par \bullet \tab The full text of 102 Frequently Asked Questions and Answers
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-115\li115\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin115\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \bullet \tab An Essay \endash  The Narcissist's point of view
\par \bullet  Bibliography
\par \bullet \tab 600 printed pages in a quality paper book
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Digital Bonus Pack! (available only when you purchase the previous edition from the Publisher) \endash  Bibliography, three e-books, additional FAQs, appendices and more \endash  hundreds of additional pages!
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Testimonials and Additional Resources
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 HERE:
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\par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Dozens of Links and Resources
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 Psychological Tests, NPD Resources, Support Groups for Narcissists and Their Victims, and Tutorials
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\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af35 \ltrch \b\i\f0 BE WELL, SAFE AND WARM WHEREVER YOU ARE!
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Sam Vaknin
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \page 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \f0\fs28 Narcissism Revisited}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
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\par The Book}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
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"Narcissists live in a state of constant rage, repressed aggression, envy and hatred. They firmly believe that everyone is like them
. As a result, they are paranoid, aggressive, haughty and erratic. Narcissists are forever in pursuit of Narcissistic Supply.
\par They know no past or future, are not constrained by any behavioural consistency, 'rules' of conduct or moral considerations. You signal to a narcissist that you are a willing source \endash  and he is bound to extract his supply from you.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \i\f0\cgrid0 This is a reflex.}{\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \i\f0 
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He would have reacted absolutely the same to any other source. If what is needed to obtain supply from you is intimations of intimacy \endash  he will supply them liberally."}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 This book is comprised of two parts.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
The first part contains 102 Frequently Asked Questions related to the various aspects of pathological narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
The second part is an exposition of the various psychodynamic theories regarding pathological narcissism and a proposed new vocabulary.}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 The Author}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Sam Vaknin was born in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1961. A financial consultant and columnist, he lived (and p
ublished) in 12 countries. He is a published and awarded author of short fiction and reference and an editor of mental health categories in various Web directories. This is his twelfth book.}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0\charrsid5068514 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6439856\charrsid3633485 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid3633485 HYPERLINK  \\l "Contents"}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\charrsid3633485 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000900000043006f006e00740065006e007400730000000000007400000000006900200000000000000000004e000000ff00000000000000000003000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid6439856\charrsid3633485 Return}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \page 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ai\af0\afs48 \ltrch \i\f0\fs48\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 {\*\bkmkstart ATR}After the Rain
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs20\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 {\*\bkmkend ATR}How the West
\par Lost the East
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 The Book
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch 
\f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 This is a series of articles written and published in 1996-2000 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} and in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 
How the West lost the East. The economics, the politics, the geopolitics, the conspiracies, the corruption, the old and the new, the plough and the internet \endash  it is all here, in colourful and provocative prose.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 From "The Mind of Darkness":
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 "'The Balkans' \endash  I say \endash 
 'is the unconscious of the world'. People stop to digest this metaphor and then they nod enthusiastically. It is here that the repressed memories of history, its traumas and fears and images reside. It is here that the psychodynamics of humanity \endash 
 the tectonic clash between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Byzantium{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, West and East, Judeo-Christianity and Islam \endash  is still ea
sily discernible. We are seated at a New Year's dining table, loaded with a roasted pig and exotic salads. I, the Jew, only half foreign to this cradle of Slavonics. Four Serbs, five Macedonians. It is in the Balkans that all ethnic distinctions fail and 
i
t is here that they prevail anachronistically and atavistically. Contradiction and change the only two fixtures of this tormented region. The women of the Balkan - buried under provocative mask-like make up, retro hairstyles and too narrow dresses. The me
n
, clad in sepia colours, old fashioned suits and turn of the century moustaches. In the background there is the crying game that is Balkanian music: liturgy and folk and elegy combined. The smells are heavy with muskular perfumes. It is like time travel. 
It is like revisiting one's childhood."}{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid8526323\charrsid5068514 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid8526323\charrsid5068514 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 The Author
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{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485  HYPERLINK "mailto:palma@unet.com.mk" }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\charrsid3633485 {\*\datafield 
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 is the author of}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485  HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/thebook.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid3633485 
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\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485 . }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485 He is a columnist for}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485  HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-review.org/authorarchives/vaknin_archive/vaknin_main.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid3633485 
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\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485 and the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in The }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485  HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org" }{
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\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485 . }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8526323\charrsid3633485 
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Until recently, he served as the Economic Advisor to the Government of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
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