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00000000000000000000}Sydnie Greek;} {\f243\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0506030403020204}Myriad Condensed Web;}{\f244\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503030403020204}Myriad Web;}{\f245\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020503030404060203}Kartika;} {\f246\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0602030504020204}Lucida Sans;}{\f247\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503030403020204}Myriad Web Pro;}{\f248\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0506030403020204}Myriad Web Pro Condensed;} {\f249\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f250\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f252\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f253\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;} {\f254\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f255\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f256\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f257\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);} {\f259\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f260\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f262\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f263\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f264\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);} {\f265\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f266\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f267\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f269\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f270\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;} {\f272\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f273\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f274\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f275\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);} {\f276\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f277\fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f289\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Helvetica CE;}{\f290\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Helvetica Cyr;}{\f292\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Helvetica Greek;} {\f293\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Helvetica Tur;}{\f294\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Helvetica (Hebrew);}{\f295\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Helvetica (Arabic);}{\f296\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Helvetica Baltic;} {\f297\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Helvetica (Vietnamese);}{\f361\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Mincho Western{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f359\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Mincho CE{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};} {\f360\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Mincho Cyr{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f362\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Mincho Greek{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f363\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Mincho Tur{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};} {\f366\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Mincho Baltic{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f371\froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Batang Western{\*\falt \'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7E\'a2\'aeEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE\'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7EcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE};} {\f369\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Batang CE{\*\falt \'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7E\'a2\'aeEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE\'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7EcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE};} {\f370\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Batang Cyr{\*\falt \'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7E\'a2\'aeEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE\'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7EcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE};} {\f372\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Batang Greek{\*\falt \'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7E\'a2\'aeEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE\'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7EcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE};} {\f373\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Batang Tur{\*\falt \'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7E\'a2\'aeEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE\'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7EcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE};} {\f376\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Batang Baltic{\*\falt \'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7E\'a2\'aeEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE\'a1\'cb\'a2\'e7EcEcE\'a2\'aeE\'a1\'cbcE};}{\f381\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 SimSun Western{\*\falt ??????????\'a8\'ac?????};} {\f459\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Century CE;}{\f460\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Century Cyr;}{\f462\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Century Greek;}{\f463\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Century Tur;}{\f466\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Century Baltic;} {\f478\froman\fcharset222\fprq2 Angsana New (Thai);}{\f488\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Cordia New (Thai);}{\f509\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Sylfaen CE;}{\f510\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Sylfaen Cyr;}{\f512\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Sylfaen Greek;} {\f513\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Sylfaen Tur;}{\f516\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Sylfaen Baltic;}{\f591\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f589\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;} {\f590\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f592\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f593\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f594\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);} {\f595\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f596\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f597\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f598\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Thai);} {\f599\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Trebuchet MS CE;}{\f600\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Cyr;}{\f602\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Greek;}{\f603\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Tur;}{\f606\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Baltic;} {\f609\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f610\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f612\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f613\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f614\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);} {\f615\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f616\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}{\f617\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f618\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);} {\f621\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f619\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f620\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f622\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;} {\f623\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f624\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}{\f625\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f626\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;} {\f627\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f628\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f639\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Lucida Console CE;}{\f640\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Lucida Console Cyr;} {\f642\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Lucida Console Greek;}{\f643\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Lucida Console Tur;}{\f649\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode CE;}{\f650\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Cyr;} {\f652\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Greek;}{\f653\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Tur;}{\f654\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode (Hebrew);}{\f659\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;} {\f660\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}{\f662\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}{\f663\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}{\f666\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f667\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);} {\f669\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Black CE;}{\f670\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Black Cyr;}{\f672\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Black Greek;}{\f673\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Black Tur;}{\f676\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Black Baltic;} {\f679\fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Comic Sans MS CE;}{\f680\fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Cyr;}{\f682\fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Greek;}{\f683\fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Tur;} {\f686\fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Baltic;}{\f689\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Impact CE;}{\f690\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Impact Cyr;}{\f692\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Impact Greek;}{\f693\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Impact Tur;} {\f696\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Impact Baltic;}{\f699\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Georgia CE;}{\f700\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Georgia Cyr;}{\f702\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Georgia Greek;}{\f703\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Georgia Tur;} {\f706\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Georgia 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Microsoft Sans Serif (Arabic);}{\f766\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Baltic;} {\f767\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Vietnamese);}{\f768\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Thai);}{\f832\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MAC C Swiss Greek;}{\f839\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 MAC C Times CE;} {\f842\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 MAC C Times Greek;}{\f843\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 MAC C Times Tur;}{\f919\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MakBodoni-Poster CE;}{\f922\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MakBodoni-Poster Greek;} {\f923\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MakBodoni-Poster Tur;}{\f932\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MakCirMiro Greek;}{\f959\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MANTRA CE;}{\f962\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MANTRA Greek;}{\f963\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MANTRA Tur;} {\f969\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 Marbolo-Normal CE;}{\f972\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 Marbolo-Normal Greek;}{\f973\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 Marbolo-Normal Tur;}{\f989\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MarkerFeltThin CE;}{\f992\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MarkerFeltThin Greek;} {\f993\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MarkerFeltThin Tur;}{\f1069\fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 MOZAMBIQUE CE;}{\f1072\fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 MOZAMBIQUE Greek;}{\f1073\fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 MOZAMBIQUE Tur;}{\f1102\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 YU L Swiss Greek;} {\f1112\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 YU L Times Greek;}{\f1139\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Narrow CE;}{\f1140\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Narrow Cyr;}{\f1142\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Narrow Greek;} {\f1143\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Narrow Tur;}{\f1146\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Narrow Baltic;}{\f1151\froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @Batang Western;}{\f1149\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 @Batang CE;}{\f1150\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 @Batang Cyr;} {\f1152\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 @Batang Greek;}{\f1153\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 @Batang Tur;}{\f1156\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 @Batang Baltic;}{\f1159\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Book Antiqua CE;}{\f1160\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Book Antiqua Cyr;} {\f1162\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Book 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Allegro BT Tur;} {\f1519\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 AvantGarde Bk BT CE;}{\f1522\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 AvantGarde Bk BT Greek;}{\f1523\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 AvantGarde Bk BT Tur;}{\f1529\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 BankGothic Md BT CE;} {\f1532\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 BankGothic Md BT Greek;}{\f1533\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 BankGothic Md BT Tur;}{\f1539\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Benguiat Bk BT CE;}{\f1542\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Benguiat Bk BT Greek;} {\f1543\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Benguiat Bk BT Tur;}{\f1549\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 BernhardFashion BT CE;}{\f1552\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 BernhardFashion BT Greek;}{\f1553\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 BernhardFashion BT Tur;} {\f1559\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 BernhardMod BT CE;}{\f1562\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 BernhardMod BT Greek;}{\f1563\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 BernhardMod BT Tur;}{\f1569\fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 Bremen Bd BT CE;} {\f1572\fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 Bremen Bd BT Greek;}{\f1573\fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 Bremen Bd BT 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid203447386}{\list\listtemplateid915062330{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat5\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600 \jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 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\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040 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{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid284164294}{\list\listtemplateid-1481890552{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 } {\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid311567596}{\list\listtemplateid2082497652 {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 } {\listname ;}\listid334842299}{\list\listtemplateid-907356924\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat5\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1442124360\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480 \jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid430858636}{\list\listtemplateid1203289746{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat6\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid477379591}{\list\listtemplateid894621120{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid493031849}{\list\listtemplateid1904880808{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat6\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600 \jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 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\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1907436920\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1524299324\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-266841014\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid646248004\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 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\ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160 \jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid579408547}{\list\listtemplateid-1592369120{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600 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{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname 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\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 } {\listname ;}\listid705837975}{\list\listtemplateid-810147320{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720 \jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid706641523}{\list\listtemplateid1006653730{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160 \jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 } {\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 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;}\listid783690889}{\list\listtemplateid1621272018{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat6\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040 \jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid819079394} {\list\listtemplateid1872412626{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat8\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 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{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1166380124\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-300367574\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-396585786\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-547582682\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 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;}\listid1132947147}{\list\listtemplateid1483275924{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 } {\listname ;}\listid1144814260}{\list\listtemplateid2095065312{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat5\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720 \jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040 \jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1239636669} {\list\listtemplateid333881362{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat9\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 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\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1248344381}{\list\listtemplateid-607879636{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat5\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440 \jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1253473894}{\list\listtemplateid-1955158628{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1289122830}{\list\listtemplateid-1400586486 \listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li405\jclisttab\tx405\lin405 }{\listname ;}\listid1310867291}{\list\listtemplateid1093991090{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat4\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720 \jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 } 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{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext 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;}\listid1997029317}{\list\listtemplateid-2042345594{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 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\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid2022581977}{\list\listtemplateid1093446872 {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 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\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487409 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \b\f35\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ai\af0\afs44 \ltrch \i\f0\fs44\insrsid15487409 The First Book of Factoids}{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs44 \ltrch \i\f0\fs44\insrsid4468160\charrsid13704429 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc 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004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f00670072006f007500700073002e007900610068006f006f002e0063006f006d002f00670072006f00750070002f006c0069006e006b006e0066006100630074006f0069006400000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf2\insrsid14444166\charrsid14444166 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/linknfactoid}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6439856\charrsid14444166 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \b\f35\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs36\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \par \par \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs20\alang1037 \ltrch \b\f35\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab0\af0 \ltrch \b0\f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 Editing and Design: \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \b\f35\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 Lidija Rangelovska \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \par \par \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6439856\charrsid11940028 Lidija Rangelovska \par A Narcissus Publications Imprint, Skopje 200}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 5}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6439856\charrsid11940028 \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6439856\charrsid11940028 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4468160\charrsid11940028 Not for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Sale{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}! Non-commercial edition.}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid6439856\charrsid11940028 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 \page \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid4468160\charrsid5068514 \'a9 2002}{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16 , 2005}{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 Copyright Lidija Rangelovska. \par All rights reserved. This book, or any part thereof, may }{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid4468160\charrsid5068514 not }{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission from: \par Lidija Rangelovska \endash write to: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\insrsid6439856\charrsid5068514 HYPERLINK "mailto:palma@unet.com.mk" }{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16\charrsid5068514 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000001700000012000000700061006c006d006100400075006e00650074002e0063006f006d002e006d006b000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b320000006d00610069006c0074006f003a00700061006c006d006100400075006e00650074002e0063006f006d00 2e006d006b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004e00000000000000000000000052006500670075006c00610072000000000000000000 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{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000700000041007500740068006f00720000000001020000000000000000000065340336700001006900650000008400040000001a0000ffcd0000310000000020006c00000020006900000001002000000033001e0000270000010042006f00000000006c0000 0a200100006000003100000000000000001cad00009001000000020000610000000000000069007408bc003f002b002000000000006c00002060000000000000000000000052000000000000270008000000002000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid12593867\charrsid5068514 The Author}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid12593867\charrsid5068514 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning28\langnp2057\insrsid12593867\charrsid5068514 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 XXII.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1260\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1260\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1260\itap0\pararsid12593867 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid12593867\charrsid5068514 HYPERLINK \\l "ATR" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\charrsid5068514 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000004000000410054005200000000000031000000000000000000002015007400430000000000000000a6000040000000000020006100000000000000650000006100000000002800410000005000000072000000000000000000000004760000000a3f0072004d 00000000000000410027000000690000007200000000000000520000008800ffff0000000000000000426c00003f0700006300200000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000ff000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid12593867\charrsid5068514 About "After the Rain"}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid12329778 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12736814 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid12329778 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 {\*\bkmkstart A}A}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid5377835 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377835 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid6045153 {\*\bkmkend A}Abdication Crisis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6045153 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 The love affair of Edward, Prince of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Wales{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (Edward VIII) and Wallis Simpson in 1936 is the stuff of romantic dramas. Alas, reality was a lot less inspiring. Even as she was being wooed by her regal paramour\~ - and while still being married to Ernest Aldrich Simpson, who knew of the Prince's attentions and even discussed the\~adulterous relationship\~with him - Wallis\~had an affair with Guy Marcus Trundle, a car salesman. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 So reveal documents\~released in January 2003 by the Public Record Office in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Trundle is described as\~a "very charming adventurer, very good looking, well bred and an excellent dancer". He lived at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname address}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname Street}}18 Bruton Street {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mayfair{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (a prestigious address).\~ \par \~ \par Simpson's first husband was Earl Winfield Spencer. The King met her on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0 {\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1931}}}January 10, 1931{\*\xmlclose} but was not impressed.\~Even in the months after May 1934, when he met her for the second time, dined with her and her husband in their {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} flat and invited them to his country retreat - she did not captivate him. He did take her on a cruise, two years later, unaccompanied by her husband. He tried to introduce her in co}{ \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153 urt, but George V was outraged. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 Upon his death, the Prince of Wales became King on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 20}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1936}}}January 20, 1936{\*\xmlclose} . Ernest Simpson - who was having a long-term affair of his own - moved out of the\~Simpson household in July 1936. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 Nor was\~Wallis the Prince's first American liaison. He contemplated marrying one, Thelma Furness, but then dumped her for Simpson. The British media - though perfectly aware of all the goings-on, reported noting almost until the King's abdication. The European and American press, in contr ast, provided\~extensive coverage of the developing romance. \par \~ \par At first, the King did not wish to marry Simpson, merely to make her his consort by changing the law to allow for a morganatic marriage (of people from different classes, with no rights of inheri tance). Simpson herself thought of giving up the marriage. Yet, finally, they got married\~after the abdication, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . Though Simpson became the Duchess of Windsor, she could not be addressed as "Her Royal Highness".}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6045153 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 Additionally, the King was not allowed by the British government to address the British people and the Empire through the BBC. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 \par The government's constitutional experts wrote: \par "If the King disregarded it, c onstitutional monarchy would cease to exist. The King is bound to accept and act upon the advice of his ministers ... for the King to broadcast in disregard of that advice would be appealing over the heads of his constitutional advisers. "The last time wh en this happened in English history was when Charles I raised His Standard at the beginning of the Civil War on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 8}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day} {\xmlattrvalue 22}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1642}}}22 August 1642{\*\xmlclose}." }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 \par Edward abdicated from the throne on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 11}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1936}}} 11 December 1936{\*\xmlclose}, making a different speech. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 After having abdicated the throne, in exile, not allowed to return on pain of losing their allowance, the couple\~visited Adolf Hitler in\~ 1937. Simpson was thrilled to be "entertained by Herr Hitler" but there is no proof of further contacts with the Nazi regime with the exception of a telegram from Edward to Hitler, urging peace. Edward was later appointed Governor of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bahamas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Recently released FBI files identify Simpson as a Nazi sympathizer, though. The FBI suspected her of havin g an affair with a leading Nazi and spied on her.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/-/1/hi/uk/2706889.stm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15687245 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f006e006500770073002e006200620063002e0063006f002e0075006b002f0067006f002f0065006d002f002d002f0031002f00680069002f0075006b002f00320037003000 36003800380039002e00730074006d0000000000005200650000000000000100000000000000000000420000001e006c002000020000000000000000006000000000000000000075006c000000220a0000750074002000000013000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6045153\charrsid6045153 http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/-/1/hi/uk/2706889.stm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6045153 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8331734 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 Abraham \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8331734 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 Abraham, the son of Terah, Noah's descendent, and brother of Nahor and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Haran{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, first appears in the Bible in Genesis 11:27. He may have been born in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , near Nasiryah, around 4000 years ago. His brother, Nahor, definitely was born in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and, having fathered {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Lot {\*\xmlclose}, also died in Ur Kasdim ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} of the Chaldeans). {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was the capital of S(h)umer but the Kasdim - Khaldeans - did not make it to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} until 1300 years after the birth of Abraham. Why do the Bible call it Ur Kasdim?\line \line Abraham's family are described as pastoral nomads. Wandering shepherds rarely pitch their tents, proverbial or not, next to metropolises. Terah left {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} only to settle near yet another city, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Harran{\*\xmlclose}, on the current border between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . He spent the next 60 years of his life there. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Harran{\*\xmlclose} is 1200 kilometers off the beaten path to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Canaan{\*\xmlclose} (today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place} }{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). Why such a diversion? \par Scholars suggest that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ur{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is actually {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Urfa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - about 30 kilometers away from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Harran{\*\xmlclose} . It boasts a cave where Abraham is said to have been born. \line \line SOURCE: Bruce Feiler, Abraham: A Journey to the Heart of Three Faiths and Walking the Bible: A Journey By Land Through the Five Books of Moses.\~\~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 HYPERLINK "http://www.ot-studies.com/Documents/Ur.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14627638 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f0074002d0073007400750064006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0044006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002f00550072002e0068007400 6d00000000000078001300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 http://www.ot-studies.com/Documents/Ur.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6045153 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 HYPERLINK "http://members.aol.com/mfuprojects/abrahambirth.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14627638 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f006d0065006d0062006500720073002e0061006f006c002e0063006f006d002f006d0066007500700072006f006a0065006300740073002f00610062007200610068006100 6d00620069007200740068002e00680074006d006c00000000ff0000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8331734\charrsid8331734 http://members.aol.com/mfuprojects/abrahambirth.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8331734 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 Ants}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5377835\charrsid8331734 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377835 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 There are 11,000 species of ants. The oldest ant fossil is more than 90 million years old.\~Ants are\~closely related to\~bees and wasps.\~They are so numerous that in some hab itats - the Amazon forest, for instance - their combined weight is four times the combined weight of all other animals in the area. Ants have brains. The main nerve - similar to our spine - runs along the bottom of the ant's body.\~ Ants smell, taste and touch with their antennas. Their cylinder-like heart pumps colorless blood throughout their body. \par \~ \par Ants digest only liquid food or food rendered liquid with their digestive juices. Ants share digested food with each other. They can carry 15-20 times their body weight. \par \~ \par Only the colony's queen breeds. Unfertilized eggs develop into males. The queen also lives much longer - up to 10 years, compared to worker ants which survive on average 50-150 days and up to 2 years in the tropics. \par \~ \par Some ant varieties create no nests. Instead, worker ants link their legs to form a living fabric on which the queen resides and performs her functions. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 HYPERLINK "http://www.lingolex.com/ants.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7679834 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006e0067006f006c00650078002e0063006f006d002f0061006e00740073002e00680074006d00000000007600000000720020007200000000 0072006200c000000040ff0000030200650000000000000000000000004300000000000000000000ff4000650000000000000000ff000000ff00006f00000000006e001f006900000069006900000000000000000022000000900000006400000000007200000000007000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 http://www.lingolex.com/ants.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 HYPERLINK "http://ant.edb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/INTRODUCTION/Gakken79E/Page_02.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7679834 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8600000068007400740070003a002f002f0061006e0074002e006500640062002e006d006900790061006b0079006f002d0075002e00610063002e006a0070002f0049004e00540052004f0044005500430054004900 4f004e002f00470061006b006b0065006e003700390045002f0050006100670065005f00300032002e00680074006d006c000000004e0065007400780000003100a0000000ff0000004e006f0000000000000000611e000000ff004d000000000000000000690000000000000000000000000000e900004100200000000000 0000000000cc0000000000000000000000ffa10000000000000000000000000000000000000000006908260000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5377835\charrsid5377835 http://ant.edb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/INTRODUCTION/Gakken79E/Page_02.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6045153 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8202904 Appendix}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5377835 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8202904 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8202904 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 The appendix is located at the beginning of the large intestine. Many types of animals have it, including rabbits and rodents. It conta ins gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) involved in recognizing foreign antigens in ingested food. The appendix is also helpful in the maturation of certain white blood cells (B lymphocytes) and antibodies (Immunoglobulin, or IgA). Molecules manufacture d in the appendix serve as "traffic guides" and direct lymphocytes to other parts of the body. The appendix is not, therefore, useless, as most people think. It is part of the immune system. The GALT disappears after age 60, though. \par \~ \par The appendix has additional functions. Endocrine cells appear in the appendix of the human fetus and produce biogenic amines and peptide hormones, both instrumental in maintaining bodily homeostasis. \par \~ \par Finally, the appendix is used to replace the "sphincter muscle" in urinary a bladder surgically reconstructed from intestinal tissue (after removal of the original bladder). It also replaces removed ureters, leading urine from the kidney to the bladder. \par \line }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6045153 \par \page }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 HYPERLINK "http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/digest/summary/append/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4006455 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006900640064006b002e006e00690068002e0067006f0076002f006800650061006c00740068002f006400690067006500730074002f0073007500 6d006d006100720079002f0061007000700065006e0064002f0000000020006e0036006500000034007600000020001f00a1030000860000000000000000000000ff01000020000000580000008700650020004d000000000000000000ee01000000006c0000000000a008000040006900000000000000000040ffffa32000 4d00000000006500002700000000000800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/digest/summary/append/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 HYPERLINK "http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/stomach/appendicitis.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4006455 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8400000068007400740070003a002f002f006b006900640073006800650061006c00740068002e006f00720067002f0070006100720065006e0074002f0069006e00660065006300740069006f006e0073002f007300 74006f006d006100630068002f0061007000700065006e0064006900630069007400690073002e00680074006d006c000000006e006e0043007000720074016f006e002000000000000000a80000000000b800000000000000420061001e0069000000000000000000220000007200550053000000000000202b0055005300 1a000000000000080000e4000000000075000000000020010000bc007200000000006900000000007900}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/stomach/appendicitis.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 HYPERLINK "http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section3/chapter25/25e.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4006455 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d006500720063006b002e0063006f006d002f0070007500620073002f006d006d0061006e00750061006c002f00730065006300740069006f006e00 33002f006300680061007000740065007200320035002f003200350065002e00680074006d00000000330173006e006e60700000003500000067000000640000009f00000000000000000075000009000003006900007600002000000072004d000000000000ff0036880069006e0000006800000056000000000000007200 000000000000000065006c00000000007500137a00001e000020000074002a00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8202904\charrsid8202904 http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section3/chapter25/25e.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8202904 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13831125 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13831125\charrsid13831125 Armenian Genocide \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13831125 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13831125\charrsid13831125 The Armenian massacres in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} started in the 19th century and continued well after the Armenian genocide of 1915 in which some 600,000 Armenians perished. The Armenians were also raided by Kurdish tribesmen on a regular basis. An Ottoman military tribunal, conve ned between 1919-21, even convicted for the crimes members of the administration of the Young Turks, including cabinet ministers. \par Many of the perpetrators fled the country only to return, triumphant, after the establishment of modern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1923. The Turkish government today denies that an organized, premeditated genocide ever took place and pegs the number of Armenian fatalities at 200-300,000 at the most. \par Towards the end of the 19th century, the Armenians formed guerrilla movements in eastern Van (the Armenakans, in 1885) and in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . Radical nationalist parties were established by Russian-Armenian emigrants in 1887 (Hunchak or Henchak, "The Bell") and in 1890 in Georgia (Dashnak or Dashnaktsutyun, "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Union{\*\xmlclose}") . Mass demonstrations in the Turkish capital (in 1890 and 1895) and armed uprisings followed (in 1894-5). The Dashnaks even invaded {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1896 - a demonstrative act which resulted in the slaughter of 50,000 Armenians. \par The suppression of these revolts claimed 200,000 Armenian lives. In 1909, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Adana{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , more than 23,000 Armenians were massacred as the warships of the Great Powers stood idly by. In 1912-3 the Great Powers, led by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , pressured {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to cease its mistreatment of the Armenians. This intervention was resented by the Ottoman authorities. By 1915, Armenian calls for autonomy were deemed a danger to the disintegrating realm, now at war with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par When the first world war broke, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} allied itself with the Germans. All Armenian men aged 20-45 were conscripted to the army as soldiers, soon to be disarmed and serve as pack animals or in menial jobs. When Russ ian Armenians recruited Turkish Armenians for the anti-Turkish Russian Army of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caucasus{\*\xmlclose} , in April 1915, the elite of the Armenian community was arrested and executed. Between May and June 1915 the Armenian population was deported to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mesopotamia{\*\xmlclose}. The deportation followed mass executions. \par Many more died from starvation, exposure, dehydration, abuse and outright torture. The survivors - less than 300,000 - were subjected to additional slaughter in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Syria {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. People were beaten wit h blunt instruments, burnt alive or drowned forcibly. The massacres were carried out by military officers with dictatorial powers, aided by criminals especially released from jails and assigned to their gruesome duties. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13831125 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13831125\charrsid13831125 Armed resistance in Van province, Mussa Dagh, Shabin Karahisar and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Urfa {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - as well as setbacks in the war - prevented the Turks for deporting the urban Armenian population in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ottoman Empire{\*\xmlclose} 's major cities. Today there are less than 60,000 Armenians in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} compared to at least 1.8 million in 1910. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856273 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13831125\charrsid1856273 HYPERLINK "http://www.armenian-genocide.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1856273 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00610072006d0065006e00690061006e002d00670065006e006f0063006900640065002e006f00720067002f0000000000000000650013002400bc0072 0000000000000000ff000100}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13831125\charrsid1856273 http://www.armenian-genocide.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13831125 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1856273\charrsid1856273 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid13831125\charrsid1856273 HYPERLINK "http://www.cilicia.com/armo10.html" }{\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\charrsid1856273 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630069006c0069006300690061002e0063006f006d002f00610072006d006f00310030002e00680074006d006c0000000043000000876c6500000000 0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13831125\charrsid1856273 http://www.cilicia.com/armo10.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid685242 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1856273\charrsid1856273 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8202904 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid685242\charrsid685242 Art, Modern \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid685242\charrsid685242 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid685242 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid685242\charrsid685242 We are all acquainted with the\~ tales - many apocryphal, some real - of how art critiques, curators, collectors\~and buyers were fooled into purchasing "works of art" created\~by monkeys. The animals "painted" by dipping their paws in\~pigments and running to and fro over empty canvasses. \par \~ \par There are numerous such striking examples of the fluidity of what constitutes art and the dubious expertise of art "professionals". \par \~ \par There is no other masterpiece so studied, analyzed and scrutinized as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. Yet, when it was stolen from the Louvre in Paris in 1912, forgers passed 6 replicas as the original, selling them for a fortune. The painting was rediscov ered in 1915. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13831125 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid685242\charrsid685242 Henri Matisse is revered as the father of Fauvism and of modern painting in general. Yet, one of his more famous\~tableaux, Le Bateau (The Boat), hung upside down for 2 months in 1961 in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname PlaceType}}Museum{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Modern Art{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}New York{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . Not one of the\~art critics, journalists, 116,000 visitors, or\~curators\~has noticed it.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13831125 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid685242\charrsid685242 Perhaps the most famous case of artistic misjudgment involves Vincent van Gogh whose work has hitherto fetched the highest prices ever paid in auction s. Despite his connections with\~leading painters, gallery owners, art\~professors and critics -\~his brother\~owned a successful\~art\~dealership in Paris -\~van Gogh\~sold only one piece while alive:\~"Red Vineyard at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Arles{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}." His brother bought it from him. By the time he died he had painted 750 canvasses and 1600 drawings. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8202904 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid685242 \par }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4271127 HYPERLINK "}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4271127\charrsid4271127 http://www.geocities.com/illonaz/ArtHistory.htm}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4271127 " }{ \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11930869 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0069006c006c006f006e0061007a002f0041007200740048006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d000000e0c9 ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0069006c006c006f006e0061007a002f0041007200740048006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d00000000000000000000a50000000000 2400bc002000000000000000000000000000640000006100000000000000000024000100}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4271127\charrsid11930869 http://www.geocities.com/illonaz/ArtHistory.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9128343 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4271127\charrsid4271127 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9128343\charrsid9128343 Atlantis}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9128343 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9128343 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9128343 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9128343\charrsid9128343 Atlantis (or Atlantica) was described in antiqui ty as a large island in the sea to the west of the known world (the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Western{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Ocean{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ), near the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Pillars of Hercules{\*\xmlclose} (the Gibraltar Straits?). It was not, therefore, a part of the known geography of the period. An earthquake was said to have submerged it in the ocean. \par \~ \par It is first mentioned in the dialogs Timaeus and Critias written by the Greek philosopher Plato (428-347 BC). An Egyptian priest was supposed to have described it to the Greek statesman Solon (638-559 BC). }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13831125 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9128343\charrsid9128343 The priest insisted that Atlantis was enormous - bigger than {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia Minor{\*\xmlclose} (today, a part of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} combined. It harbored a technologically advanced civilization, recounted the priest, in the 10th millennium BC (c. 12,000 years ago). \par \~ \par Curiously, he also said that the Atlantians conquered all the lands of antiquity, bar {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Athens{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (which only came into existence in the Neolithic period, about 3000 years later). \par \~ \par Arab geographers propagated the story of Atlantis and medieval European authors referred to it as fact. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4271127 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9128343\charrsid9128343 Current oceanographers, scholars and conspiracy theorists place Atlantis all over the map - from an island in the Aegean Sea (Thera, or Santorini it suffered an earthquake in 1640 BC and housed t he flourishing Cycladic civilization), through the Canary Islands\~to Scandinavia. Considering that many ancient civilizations - such as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Troy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose},\~ long considered a mere fable - were unearthed by archeologists, it is not futile to continue to look for Atlantis. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9128343\charrsid5852787 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Alternative/Lost_Civilizations/Atlantis/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5852787 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bba00000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006300690065006e00630065002f0053006f006300690061006c005f0053006300690065006e006300650073002f004100 720063006800610065006f006c006f00670079002f0041006c007400650072006e00610074006900760065002f004c006f00730074005f0043006900760069006c0069007a006100740069006f006e0073002f00410074006c0061006e007400690073002f000000ff880069006e000000000069002b000000000020ff0900 65000000000072000000206c000000ff0000000000000000000000001f1700000000000000007700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9128343\charrsid5852787 http://dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Alternative/Lost_Civilizations/Atlantis/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9128343 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 Automatic Switchboard (Phone Exchange) \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5514926 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 Almon B. Strowger, an undertaker in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Kansas City{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , faced unfair competition. The wife of a competing undertaker was an operator at the local (manual) telephone exchange. She re-routed calls to her husband, even when the caller asked for Strowger. \par In an effort to get rid of her, Strowger invented the first automatic, electromechanical switchboard and, together with his cousin, produced the first model in 1888. He was granted a patent in 1891. \par Strowger joined forces with Joseph B. Harris and Moses A. Meyer to f}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13908747 orm \'93}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13908747 \'94 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 in October 1891. A year later, the first Strowger exchange was installed with great fanfare at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}La Porte{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Indiana{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It had less than 80 subscribers. \par Strowger died in 1902 but his company still survives as AG Communications Systems. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 HYPERLINK "http://www.roserpark.net/greenwood/strowger.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4677037 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0072006f007300650072007000610072006b002e006e00650074002f0067007200650065006e0077006f006f0064002f007300740072006f0077006700 650072002e00680074006d006c00000000009d0000bc006600000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 http://www.roserpark.net/greenwood/strowger.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 HYPERLINK "http://www.strowger.com/history.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4677037 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006f0077006700650072002e0063006f006d002f0068006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d006c0000000061010000000000 00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 http://www.strowger.com/history.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 HYPERLINK "http://www.agcs.com" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5514926 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000001400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006700630073002e0063006f006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006700630073002e0063006f006d00 2f00000000750000006c0000000000650000014900b100}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 http://www.agcs.com}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5514926\charrsid5514926 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5514926 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid6045153 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 {\*\bkmkstart B}B}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14244673\charrsid5514926 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14244673 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid9783595 {\*\bkmkend B}Barbie \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9783595 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 Barbie was invented by Ruth Handler in 1959. It was model}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16345078 l}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 ed on a minuscule German sex doll called "Lilli". Barbie was the nickname of Ruth's daughter, Barbara. Ruth proceeded to found Mattel with her husband, Elliott. It is now\~ one of the world's largest toy manufacturers (revenues - c. $5 billion annually, a third of which in Barbie sales). More than 1 billion Barbies were sold by 1996. Mattel commemorated this event by manufacturing a "Dream Barbie". \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 HYPERLINK "http://www.people.virginia.edu/~tsawyer/barbie/barb.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16323762 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00700065006f0070006c0065002e00760069007200670069006e00690061002e006500640075002f007e0074007300610077007900650072002f006200 610072006200690065002f0062006100720062002e00680074006d006c00000000870100002000006e000000006c00003670006f000000000000000000000064000000000000ff0000670000ff007600000f0000000b0000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000006d00650813020000000000000000 00000002000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 http://www.people.virginia.edu/~tsawyer/barbie/barb.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 HYPERLINK "http://www.barbiecollectibles.com/whatshot/barbiehistory/index.asp" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16323762 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062006100720062006900650063006f006c006c00650063007400690062006c00650073002e0063006f006d002f007700680061007400730068006f00 74002f0062006100720062006900650068006900730074006f00720079002f0069006e006400650078002e0061007300700000000000000000000000869000000000006f000000000000ff02009000000043003300b801000000001f0000006f004000000000000000000000001800ff004300650000000000000000000000 0000bc000000000000000000000024000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 http://www.barbiecollectibles.com/whatshot/barbiehistory/index.asp}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 HYPERLINK "http://www.mattel.com/our_toys/ot_barb.asp" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16323762 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0061007400740065006c002e0063006f006d002f006f00750072005f0074006f00790073002f006f0074005f0062006100720062002e0061007300 7000000000000000006000002053006500000000002b000000690072000000fc000000720053000000000063000000000056006f00876c6f000000000072000000000000002009000000000000000065006c000000000000002000000077000000000000006900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9783595\charrsid9783595 http://www.mattel.com/our_toys/ot_barb.asp}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9783595 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 Bathory, Erszebet}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13320416 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13320416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 If you think that today's serial killers are unsurpassed, try this for size: \par \~ \par In 1611,\~Countess Erszebet Bathory was tried -\~though, being a noblewoman, not convicted - in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for\~slaughtering 612 young girls. The true figure may have been 40-100, though the Countess recorded in her diary more than 610 girls and 50 bodies were found in her estate when it was raided. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 The girls were not killed outright. They were kept in a dungeon and repeatedly pierced, prodded, pricked,\~and cut.\~ The Countess may have bitten chunks of flesh off their bodies while alive. She is said to have\~bathed and showered in their blood in the mistaken belief that she could thus slow down the aging process. \par \~ \par Her servants were executed, their bodies burnt and their ashes scattered. Being royalty, she was merely confined to her bedroom until she died in 1614. \par \~ \par She was married to a descendant of Vlad Dracula of Bram Stoker fame. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3171852 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 She was }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3171852 notorious}{ \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 as an inhuman sadist long before her hygienic fixation. She once ordered the mouth of a talkative servant sewn. It is rumo}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10052250 u}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 red that in her childhood she witnessed\~a gypsy being sewn into a horse's stomach and left to die. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13320416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10052250 F}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 or a hundred years after her death, by royal decree, mentioning her name in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Hungary{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was a crime. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 HYPERLINK "http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/demons/vampires/booksandmoviesebathory.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3608019 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006e00670065006c0066006900720065002e0063006f006d002f007200650061006c006d002f007300680061006400650073002f00640065006d00 6f006e0073002f00760061006d00700069007200650073002f0062006f006f006b00730061006e0064006d006f007600690065007300650062006100740068006f00720079002e00680074006d00000000c10020002b0000004e00000000000000d80000000000610065000000000101006400000154000000000000000000 000000000080b0006500000064000000000008000000bc0000007700000000006100000000000000000000000000f000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/demons /vampires/booksandmoviesebathory.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 HYPERLINK "http://www.alienplayground.net/disgusting/idols.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3608019 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006c00690065006e0070006c0061007900670072006f0075006e0064002e006e00650074002f00640069007300670075007300740069006e006700 2f00690064006f006c0073002e00680074006d006c000000009c0000cc6300000042000000000000a120000000090020ff00006500000000ee00000000200000001e0000007200000072000000980000001e00000077000000000065000000000062ff0000ff6c00007200000000000000000000004e00}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 http://www.alienplayground.net/disgusting/idols.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 HYPERLINK "http://bathory.freehosting.net/ebathori.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3608019 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5a00000068007400740070003a002f002f0062006100740068006f00720079002e00660072006500650068006f007300740069006e0067002e006e00650074002f00650062006100740068006f00720069002e006800 74006d006c00000000000000000000690000ffff00400000006700ff00200069000000000000000000000000001f0000000000000000006500000000000900000000000000000000201f010000000000df43004900000000000000000000000000000000006400}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 http://bathory.freehosting.net/ebathori.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13320416 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7089121 \par }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7089121 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/objectrelations.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12536790 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006f0062006a00650063007400720065006c006100740069006f006e0073002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9ba ce118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006f0062006a00650063007400720065006c006100740069006f006e0073002e00680074006d006c000000000000220024002b00550052000008130200000000 0000000020ff74006f0000000000000000000000000021000000000000006c00000400000000bf006500770000000000000042000008210000004e006f0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7089121\charrsid12536790 http://samvak.tripod.com/objectrelations.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7089121 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9783595 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13320416\charrsid13320416 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14244673 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid13320416 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid7671451 Berliner \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7671451 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7671451\charrsid7671451 When President John F. Kennedy sought to impress the Germans in 1961 - then besieged by the Russians - he visited {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and famously said, in a public speech: "Ich bin ein Berliner". Alas, "Berliner" in German is also a kind of yummy doughnut with jam filling and vanilla icing. This gave rise to the fallacy - adopted even by "The Economist" - that "Berl iner" is wrong usage or gaffe. \par It is not. "Berliner" in German means "that which belongs to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Berlin{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} or of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State} }Berlin{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}". The Berlin Wall is the "Berliner Mauer", for instance. Berlinerin is the female form of Berliner. Kennedy was grammatically correct to have said "Ich bin ein Berliner". \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7671451\charrsid7671451 HYPERLINK "http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/weekly/aa021700a.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3629870 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f0075007200620061006e006c006500670065006e00640073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f00770065006500 6b006c0079002f006100610030003200310037003000300061002e00680074006d000000006104000000004d00000000002000000075000000000000000000000000004e0028000000007600000000650000000000000061006400000000000000000000000000000000000000e40000000000000000000000750000000000 00000002000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7671451\charrsid7671451 http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/weekly/aa021700a.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7671451 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7671451\charrsid7671451 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7671451\charrsid7671451 HYPERLINK "http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/berliner.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3629870 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068006900730074006f007200790070006c006100630065002e0063006f006d002f00730070006500650063006800650073002f006200650072006c00 69006e00650072002e00680074006d0000000000000000610061ff00ff00026900000000000000000800000000000000ff43007200bc0000000000000000000000876c000000000000006a640000000000ff006f00000000000a00000069760000000000006c000000000000000000000000f700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7671451\charrsid7671451 http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/berliner.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7671451 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 Bible}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15687245 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15687245 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15687245 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 The J ews do not include the 27 books of New Testament in their Bible. The factoids below relate to the version of the Bible used by Christians everywhere: Old (39 books) and New Testament. Altogether 1189 chapters (929 of which are in the Old Testament), 31173 verses. The Old Testament contains 592439 words (2728100 letters), the New Testament contains 181253 words (838380 letters).\~Of the 27 books of the New Testament, 14 were written by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}St. Paul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15687245 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 The Bible contains words in Hebrew, Aramaic and }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11491787 Koine }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 Greek. \par \~ \par The Bible is the bestseller of all times. More than 50 copies are still being sold every minute. The Bible is also the most shoplifted book in the world. \par \~ \par According to the Concordance - a compilation of the words and names in the Bible - cats are not mentioned at all. Christians appear only 3 times (Acts {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 11}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 26}}}11:26{\*\xmlclose}; 26:28; 1 Peter {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 16}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 16}}} 4:16{\*\xmlclose}). The words "grandmother" and "eternity" only once each. The Bible records seven suicides and seven different Jeremiahs - but not a single "trinity". \par \~ \par The books of Esther and the Song of Solomon do not contain the word "God". The Jewish codifiers of the Bible almost left\~them out (i.e., almost declared\~them apocryphal). \par \~ \par Amen is the word that seals the\~Bible.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15687245 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15687245 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 HYPERLINK "http://www.gospelcom.net/bible" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15754159 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0067006f007300700065006c0063006f006d002e006e00650074002f006200690062006c00650000000000000000000000006c00650000000000000000 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006300000000002000420000000000fc3624000000420200000000610069760000040000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 http://bible.crosswalk.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 HYPERLINK "http://unbound.biola.edu/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15754159 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3400000068007400740070003a002f002f0075006e0062006f0075006e0064002e00620069006f006c0061002e006500640075002f00000000420000006e00000000005600000000000000000074000a000000000801 004eba000000000000240000000000730004006f0000ff000000000000000000000000000000000000002100}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 http://unbound.biola.edu/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15687245 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 HYPERLINK "http://www.concordance.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15754159 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006f006e0063006f007200640061006e00630065002e0063006f006d002f0000000061000076000069006300206c00000000000057000000430000 00ff000000000000001f000000000049000000000000000000000061000a000000000000000000000000000000000500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 http://www.concordance.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9831755 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 Bioluminiscence}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15687245\charrsid9831755 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7671451 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid15687245\charrsid15687245 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9831755 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 The bobtail squid lives in the shallow waters of the \~coast of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. During the day, it is buried deep in the sand. It emerges to hunt at nightfall. Moonlight is its mortal enemy:\~conveniently for its predators, the squid\~casts a black and moving shadow.\~To fend off these risks, the squid\~emits a blue glow from a "light organ". The luminosity\~perfectly matches the amount of moonlight filtering through the water,\~ rendering the squid indistinguishable from\~its light-flooded\~environs. \par To generate the fine tuned radiance, the squid hosts a\~community of luminescent bacteria called Vibrio fischeri. From the first moments of its life,\~the squid\~circulates bacteria-infested seawater through a hollow chamber in its body. Only the Vibrio fischeri cells are caught by the squid's tiny cilia. Henceforth, the squid provides his microscopic "prisoners" with\~oxygen and amino acids - and they reciprocate with\~emitted light. \par The squid constantly monitors to what\~extent\~the night sky is illuminated, using dedicated sensors on\~the surface of its body.\~It then\~adjusts an iris-like\~ "shutter" to release the correct amount of light from his bacterial colony. The squid replaces the\~hosted vibrios daily. \par Still, bacteria multiply ceaselessly. How is a constant level of luminescence maintained as time passes? \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9831755 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 Woody Hastings, a microbiologist at the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}University{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Illinois{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, noticed in the early 1960s\~that though the bacterial population doubles every 20 minutes -\~the quantity of luciferase (the light producing enzyme) remains constant\~ for up to five hours. luciferase production resumes only when a certain "critical mass" (quantitative threshold) is attained. This is called "quorum sensing".\~\~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 HYPERLINK "http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2109666 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900660065007300630069002e0075006300730062002e006500640075002f007e00620069006f006c0075006d002f000000001a000000740000 0077000000450000001f000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 HYPERLINK "http://www.biolum.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2109666 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00620069006f006c0075006d002e006f00720067002f00000040700061006c00200000007500ff00f70000000000610000000000000000000900}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 http://www.biolum.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9831755\charrsid9831755 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14244673 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid8720892 Black Death \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8720892 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8720892\charrsid8720892 AIDS has infected hitherto 42 million people, of which perhaps 22 million have died. \par \~ \par The "Black Death" - an epidemic of bubonic plague which ravaged both {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mediterranean{\*\xmlclose} in 1347-1351- killed one quarter to one third of the population - c. 25 million people. This is the equivalent of 250 million today. It took 150 years for the population to recover its pre-epidemic levels. \par \~ \par Scholars believe that the plague\~emanated from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Middle East{\*\xmlclose} through southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , between the Black and the Caspian seas. \par \~ \par Contemporaries did not use the term "Black Death". They called it the "Pestilence" or the "Great Mortality". They regarded it as divine punishment of humanity's sins. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid8720892\charrsid7671451 HYPERLINK "http://www.ento.vt.edu/IHS/plague.html" }{\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\charrsid7671451 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0065006e0074006f002e00760074002e006500640075002f004900480053002f0070006c0061006700750065002e00680074006d006c000000006f0073 00ff00200069006500000000006500000000000100ee00000090003f0020000000000000000801000000000000ff000000690064006c006400000000000000000000006100000000000000000100000000720000ff00000000cd0000000000000000000000000000004e000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8720892\charrsid7671451 http://www.ento.vt.edu/IHS/plague.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid8720892\charrsid7671451 \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid8720892 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid8720892 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid14244673\charrsid8720892 Black Holes \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14244673 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8720892 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 Black holes are ex tremely dense bodies. Their density and gravitation are so enormous that it was thought nothing - not even electromagnetic radiation such as light - can escape them once caught by their gravitational pull. Hence the "black" in "black holes". This is what laymen and the media know about\~them. \par \~ \par Yet, the truth is different. \par \~ \par The English physicist Stephen William Hawking proved that in the vicinity of\~tiny black holes, it is possible for one member of an electron-positron or proton-antiproton pair of particl es to escape while the other is hurled towards the singularity (i.e., the center of the black hole). The escaping particle draws energy from the black hole itself and thus "evaporates" it. It is as if the black hole gives off heat, thermal radiation. \par \~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/rjn_bht.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5584055 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f0061006e0074007700720070002e0067007300660063002e006e006100730061002e0067006f0076002f00680074006d006c0074006500730074002f0072006a006e005f00 6200680074002e00680074006d006c0000000063000000007601a90000000000006e020000000000006700000000d4000090006e0072006500000063006400420000006100000000082000000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000bc00000000000000bc00000000000000000000000000 0000ff0a000000000000000000000076000043000000130065000000000000006900000100007500000000000000000000000008000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/rjn_bht.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoles.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5584055 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f0061007200630068006900760065002e006e006300730061002e0075006900750063002e006500640075002f0043007900620065007200690061002f004e0075006d005200 65006c002f0042006c00610063006b0048006f006c00650073002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000001300610000000000d8000000c820000000000000000000002000000000005300000172003600000000000000000000000000000000004500cd0000006000000090003f006800000042000000610163000000 fc00000065000000000001760000007600000000000061000000000064007002000000000000600000006100fc08000000080300640056000020000472000000000000000000ff00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoles.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://cfpa.berkeley.edu/BHfaq.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5584055 {\*\datafield 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{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bh_home.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5584055 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00640061006d00740070002e00630061006d002e00610063002e0075006b002f0075007300650072002f00670072002f007000750062006c0069006300 2f00620068005f0068006f006d0065002e00680074006d006c0000003142006500000000002400008004008400000000000400650084ff0000000300000000000061000000200028000000840000000000700100000000000000000000b8ff0000000000001f03000020000000000200400300000000010020720000000000 000000000000000000007200000064000000000820006c976f0061000000000000ff0000000000006c004900000000000000000000080000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bh_home.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8720892 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9831755 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 Bolivar, Simon \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15879435 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 Simon Bolivar }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13392809 (1783-1830) }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 is a Latin American folk hero, revered for\~having been\~ a revolutionary freedom fighter, a compassionate egalitarian and a successful politician. He is credited with the liberation from Spanish colonial yoke of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Colombia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ecuador {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Peru{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bolivia {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, a country named after him. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s new strongman, Hugo Chavez, renamed his country The Bolivarian {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}republic{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~to reflect the role of his "Bolivarian revolution". \par \~ \par Yet, while alive, Bolivar was a much hated\~dictator and - at the beginning of his career -\~a military failure. \par \~ \par His aide and friend, Gen. Daniel O'Leary, an Irish soldier described him so: \par \~ \par "His chest was narrow, his figure slender, his legs particularly thin. His skin was swarthy and rather coarse. His hands and feet were small \'85 a woman might have envied them. His expression, when he was in good humor, was pleasant, but it became terrible when he was aroused. The change was unbelievable." \par \~ \par Bolivar\~explained his motives: \par \~ \par "I confess this (the coronation of Napoleon in 1804) made me think of my unhappy country and the glory which he would win who should liberate it" \par \~ \par And, later, after a victory against the Spaniards in 1819: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid1856273 "The triumphal arches, the flowers, the hymns, the acclamations, the wreaths offered and placed upon my head by the hands of lovely maidens, the fiestas, the thousand demonstrations of joy are the least of the gifts t hat I have received," he wrote. "The greatest and dearest to my heart are the tears, mingled with the rapture of happiness, in which I have been bathed and the embraces with which the multitude have all but crushed me." \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} became independent in 1811 and Bolivar, being a minor - though self-aggrandizing - political figure, had little to do with it. After his first major military defeat, in defending the coastal town of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname City}}Puerto Cabello{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} against royalist insurgents out to oust the newly independent {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, he\~ advocated the creation of a professional army (in the Cartagena Manifesto). Far from being a revolutionary\~he, justly, opposed the reliance on guerrilleros and militiamen. \par \~ \par He then reconquered {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Caracas{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s capital,\~ at the head of a small army and declared himself a dictator. He made Congress award him the title of El Libertador (the Liberator). The seeds of his personality cult were sown. When he lost {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname City}}Caracas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the royalists in yet another botched campaign, he retreated and captured Bogot\'e1, the capital city of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Colombia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in December 1814. \par \~ \par After a series of uninterrupted military defeats, Bolivar exiled himself to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jamaica{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. I n a sudden conversion, he published the Jamaica Letter (1815) in which he supported a model of government akin to the British parliamentary system - yet, only\~following a phase of "guided leadership" (identical to Hitler's "Fuhrerprinzip"). \par \~ \par But the self-anointed leader did not hesitate to desert his soldiers and leave them stranded after yet another of his military exploits - an attempt to capture {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Caracas {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - unravel}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435 l}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 ed in 1816. He simply\~defected to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Haiti{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, letting his loyal troops fend for themselves as best they could. \par \~ \par There followed a string of successful - even brilliant - battles and coalitions with local warlords and politicians which culminated in the liberation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Peru {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. In 1824, Bolivar was declared dictator - or, to be precise, "Emperor" - of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Peru{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and commander in chief of its army. Bolivar liked power and its trappings. In the constitution he composed in 1826,\~he suggested that the president of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bolivia {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - the name given to the entire region, except {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Peru{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - should be appointed for life and should have the right to choose his successor. \par \~ \par This president - presumably, Bolivar - was described unabashedly by Bolivar himself as: \par \~ \par "The sun which, fixed in its orbit, imparts life to the universe. \'85Upon him rests our entire order, notwithstanding his lack of powers \'85 a life term president, with the power to choose his successor, is the most sublime inspiration amongst republican regimes." \par \~ \par In a letter to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Santander{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the Liberator expounded: \par \~ \par "I am convinced, to the very marrow of my bones, that our {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} can only be ruled through a well-managed, shrewd despotism." \par \~ \par The National Geographic describes how: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid1856273 "William Tudor,\~the American\~consul at Lima, wrote in 1826 of the 'deep hypocrisy' of Bol\'ed var, who allowed himself to be deceived by the 'crawling, despicable flattery of those about him.' Later, John Quincy {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Adams{\*\xmlclose} would define Bol\'edvar's military ca reer as 'despotic and sanguinary' and state baldly that 'he cannot disguise his hankering after a crown.' In Bogot\'e1 the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U. S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} minister and future president, Gen. William Henry Harrison, accused Bol\'edvar of planning to turn Gran {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Colombia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} into a monarchy: 'Under the mask of patriotism and attachment to liberty, he has really been preparing the means of investing himself with arbitrary power.' " \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 \~ \par When, in 1828, a constitutional convention in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Colombia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} rejected amendments to the constitution that he proposed,\~ Bolivar assumed dictatorial powers in a coup d'etat.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9831755 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 Now, Bolivar was the oppressor. He has murdered, or exiled his political rivals throughout his career. He confiscated church funds and imposed oner ous taxes on the populace. Consequently, the "Liberator"\~faced numerous uprisings and narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. By the time he died he was so despised that the government of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} refused to allow his body onto its soil. It took 12 years of constant petitioning by the family to let his remains be interred in the country that he helped found. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/7609/eng/bio.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13392809 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0041007400680065006e0073002f004100630072006f0070006f006c0069007300 2f0037003600300039002f0065006e0067002f00620069006f002e00680074006d006c000000000000040000004a00000000000000650000000000000000000000bf00000075000000000000005600200057000000ff000000000000000000650000000000000100000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/7609/eng/bio.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 HYPERLINK "http://wekker.seagull.net/bolivar/biograf_menu.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13392809 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f00770065006b006b00650072002e00730065006100670075006c006c002e006e00650074002f0062006f006c0069007600610072002f00620069006f006700720061006600 5f006d0065006e0075002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000630020000000000000004d0000000000200000080000180000007200fc0075000000240000000000000069000000a10001000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 http://wekker.seagull.net/bolivar/biograf_menu.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8720892 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15879435\charrsid15879435 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9831755 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 Bra}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14244673 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6169049 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 Mary Phelps Jacob - a rich socialite - received the first patent for a bra in 1914. Her corset - replete with whaleback bones was visible under a brand new evening gown she purchased. She used handkerchiefs and ribbon to replace the bones. The bra was bor n. she sold the\~patent to\~\~Warner Brothers Corset Company in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Bridgeport{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Connecticut{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , for $1,500. They made $15 million over the next 30 years. Bras were one size fits all until 1928. \par An interesting coincidence: one of the forerunners of the bra was patented by a George Phelps in 1875. Other bra-like devices were patented in 1893 and 1889. \par During the first world war, in 1917, the US War Industries Board called on women to stop buying metal-rich corsets. Some 28,000 tons of metals were thus made available to the war effort. \~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6169049 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 HYPERLINK "http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa042597.htm" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e00760065006e0074006f00720073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f007700650065006b006c007900 2f00610061003000340032003500390037002e00680074006d000000005300720000b70000200000006d000000000000000000000000000000000200400000690040000000000000000000000013010000490000000000000000000000b80078206000000000000000750000006c01000072001f0072006400080000000000 0000000063000000000862001f00030000006100000000006c0000000000000800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa042597.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid6169049 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 HYPERLINK "http://www.patentmuseum.com/ebayhtmls/111mj.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0070006100740065006e0074006d0075007300650075006d002e0063006f006d002f006500620061007900680074006d006c0073002f00310031003100 6d006a002e00680074006d006c00000000000065006c0100007600750000000000000000000000000090010000000000000000ffff67002000000000001e00000072000000000000005400000800000000690072000000000075127400570000004d0000004300640064000000080000000000000000000000770000000000 00006b000000900020000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 http://www.patentmuseum.com/ebayhtmls/111mj.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid6169049\charrsid6169049 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8261416 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Burma}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid8261416 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (Aung San) \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7671451 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 Aung San Suu Kyi is a much revered opposition leader in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Myanmar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place }}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Burma{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) (born 1945). She has bravely resisted - and still does\~-\~the murderous military regime in her homeland and has won the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7671451 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 Her mother was ambassador to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the 1960s. She is cherished by all her countrymen. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8261416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 \~ \par Moreover, Aung San Suu Kyi\~is the daughter of an illustrious figure in Burmese history, a national hero\~- Aung San, who was murdered in 1947. \par \~ \par Aung San may be a hero to the Burmese but he has collaborated with the Japanese war-crime tainted military machine throughout the second world war - though he conveniently switch allegiances to the winning side five months before the Japanese capitulated. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9783595 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 Aung San raised a Burmese\~contingent - the "Burma Independence Army" -\~ to assist the Japanese in their invasion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Burma{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1942. He was rewarded with the post of minister of defense in Ba Maw's puppet government (1943-5). }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9831755 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 In March 1945, in what amounted to a coup, he opportunistically defected, together with the Burma National Army, to the Allies,\~and worked closely with\~the British, whom he hitherto claimed to have been fighting for independence. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8261416 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 \~ \par When the war was over, he established a private militia, under his commend - the People's Volunteer Organization. He proceeded to negotiate {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Burma{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}'s independence from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its first elections. He was murdered - with his brother and four others - probably by a political opponent, U Saw, in 1947. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/toekyi/aungsan.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16335943 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0074006f0065006b00790069002f00610075006e006700730061006e002e006800 74006d006c0000000000000000450000000000000000000000bc006500420000004a00000000000000770020000000000072000000740000270000000000000000870000006000000000080000700000000000200000000000e40000006100000060000000100063000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 http://www.geocities.com/toekyi/aungsan.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 HYPERLINK "http://aungsan.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16335943 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2800000068007400740070003a002f002f00610075006e006700730061006e002e0063006f006d002f000000000000640020006c004d010000000000006c006c00000025010000000000000102000000004100000000 00000000000000000000000000bc00200070000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020007500000000760000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 http://aungsan.com/}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8261416\charrsid8261416 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8261416 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14244673 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid8470228\charrsid8470228 {\*\bkmkstart C}C}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid8470228 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676604 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 {\*\bkmkend C}Caesarean Section}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676604 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 Legend has it that Julius Caesar was cut out of his mother's womb through the abdomen. In Latin, "caedere" means "to cut". \par \~ \par Caesarean section was mandated in case of the mother's death in the "Roman Law" wrongly attributed to Numa Pompilius, the second of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s seven kings\~ (said to have ruled 715-673 BC). Stories during the Renaissance describe "do it yourself" sectio ns by anxious husbands. But the procedure was unknown to midwives and lithotomists (specialist removers of bladder stones). Scipione Mercurio (1540-1615) described the operation in his first text, published in 1596. Four strong assistants had to hold down the writhing mother while the incision was done.\~Another documented case - a failure - dates back to 1610. \par \~ \par Survival rates were, probably, abysmal. The next mention of the dreaded surgery was in 1793 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Manchester{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}England {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Jane Foster's pelvis was crushed in an accident and then she\~survived a Caesarean section by one, Dr. James Barlow. The baby was less fortunate. \par \~ \par In the meantime, the French obstetrician Baudeloque published a book describing dozen}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 s of cases of successful caesare}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 an section in the previous 50 years. The book was translated to English.\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 An {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Edom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose},\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname State}}Virginia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} doctor, Jessee Bennet, recorded in the margin of his copy that he performed a section on his wife thus: }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1856273 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid1856273 "14 Jany 1794 JB on EB up 9 Feby walked 15 Feby Cured on 1 March." The mother was sedated with laudanum and placed on two planks set across two barrels. While at it, the good doctor removed his wife's ovaries to prevent a recurrence of the ordeal. She lived another 25 years and the baby died at the ripe old age of 77.}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid1856273 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 HYPERLINK "http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/manitoba_womens_health/hist1b.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4095391 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0075006d0061006e00690074006f00620061002e00630061002f006f0075007400720065006100630068002f006d0061006e00690074006f0062006100 5f0077006f006d0065006e0073005f006800650061006c00740068002f006800690073007400310062002e00680074006d00000000000000ff00015300000000000000200000000000000000006c002000000073000000000074000000720000000000f7006900630000000000000000000000000000ff0000610000000000 00000000000861000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/manitoba_womens_health/hist1b.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 HYPERLINK "http://www.obgyn.net/displayarticle.asp?page=/urogyn/murphy-book/cover" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4095391 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f006200670079006e002e006e00650074002f0064006900730070006c0061007900610072007400690063006c0065002e006100730070003f007000 6100670065003d002f00750072006f00670079006e002f006d00750072007000680079002d0062006f006f006b002f0063006f00760065007200000000206c00000000000025002000000032000000000090000000000000000000200000006900e40074000000000000006c006400000000000000490000004e0000006000 00006900000060000000000000006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 http://www.obgyn.net/displayarticle.asp?page=/urogyn/murphy-book/cover}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12806098 {\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10055351 Calendars \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10055351 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on January 7. Their "old new year" is a week later, on January 14. It is all Julius Caesar's fault ... \par \~ \par The Romans sometimes neglected to introduce an extra month every two years to amortize the difference between their lunar calendar and the natural solar year.\~ Julius Caesar decreed that the year 46 BC should have 445 days (some historians implausibly say: 443 days) in order to bridge the yawning discrepancy that accumulated over the preceding seven centuries. It\~was aptly titled the "Year of Confusion". \par \~ \par To "reset" the calendar, }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 HYPERLINK "http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/C/Caesar-J1.asp" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid12680779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0065006e006300790063006c006f00700065006400690061002e0063006f006d002f00680074006d006c002f0043002f00430061006500730061007200 2d004a0031002e006100730070000000000f000000000000006200000065000000000000000001630000006f00000000000000000000000000000000006900000400000000770000009000000000000000000000004e0000000000000049000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 Julius Caesar}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \~affixed the\~New Year\~ on January 1 (the day the Senate traditionally convened) and added a day or two to a few months. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 He\~thus gave rise to the Julian Calendar, a latter day rendition of the Aristarchus calendar from 239 BC. After his assassination, the month of Quintilis was renamed Julius (July) in his honor. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676604 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10055351\charrsid12676604 The Julian calendar estimated the length of the natural solar year (the time it takes for the earth to make one orbit of the sun) to be 365 days and 6 hours. Every fourth year the extra six hour s were collected and added as an extra day to the year, creating a leap year of 366 days. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604\charrsid12676604 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10055351\charrsid12676604 But the calendar's underlying estimate was off by\~11 minutes and 14 seconds. It was\~longer than the natural solar year. The extra minutes accumulated to one whole day. By\~325 AD,\~ the Spring Equinox was arriving on March 21st on the\~Julian Calendar - instead of March 25. \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid12676604\charrsid10055351 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10055351 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 The First Ecumenical Council met in Nicea in 325 and determined that the date to celebrate\~Pascha was\~on the first Sunday, after the first full moo n, after the Spring Equinox on March 21st. In other words, it enshrined the Julian calendar's aberration. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par Thus, by 1582, the Spring Equinox was arriving on March 11. Half-hearted measures by Popes Paul III and\~Pius V failed to restore the essential correspondence between the calendar and the seasons. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par Pope Gregory XIII decided - in his tenth year in office - to\~drop 3 leap years every 400 years by specifying that any year whose number ended with 00 must also be evenly divisible by 400 in order to have a 29-day February.\~}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12676604 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 This would have the effect of\~bringing the Julian calendar\~closer to the natural length of the solar year - though an error of 26 seconds per year would still remain. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676604 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 To calibrate the Julian calendar with the Gregorian one and to\~ move the Spring Equinox back to March 21, 10 days were dropped from the civil calendar in October 1582. Thursday, October 4 was followed by Friday, October 15. People rioted in the streets throughout {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe {\*\xmlclose}, convinced that they have been robbed of 10 days. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12676604 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 But this was merely a convenient fiction.\~The Spring Equinox in the\~Gregorian calendar was, indeed, celebrated on March 21 in perpetuity.\~ But, according to the Julian calendar, in the 17th century\~it arrived o n March 11th, in the 18th century on March 10th, in the 19th century on March 9th, and in the 20th century on March 8th - 13 days earlier that even the erroneous date adopted by the Nicea Council. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10055351 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 The Gregorian calendar was controversial in Protestant countries. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and its colonies adopted it only in 1752. They had to drop 11 days from the civil calendar and move the official new year from March 25 to January 1. For centuries, dates followed by OS ("Old Style") were according to th e Julian calendar and dates followed by NS ("New Style") according to the Gregorian one. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sweden{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1753, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1873, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1875, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Eastern Europe{\*\xmlclose}\~between 1912 to 1919 and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1927. In {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} it was decreed by the (bourgeois) revolutionaries\~that thirteen days would be omitted from the calendar, the day following {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 31}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1918}}}January 31, 1918{\*\xmlclose} becoming {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 14}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1918}}}February 14, 1918{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par It was Pope Pius X who, in 1910, changed the beginning of the ecclesiastical year from Christmas Day to January 1, effective from 1911 onwards. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676604 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 All that time, the Christian Orthodox continued to observe the Julian cale ndar. In 1923, a Conference of Orthodox Churches in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Constantinople{\*\xmlclose} reduced the number of leap years every 900 years and attained a discrepancy between the calendar and the natural solar year of merely 2.2 seconds per year. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12676604 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 According to this calendar, the Spring Equinox will regress by one day every 40,000 years. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10055351 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 They, too, had to drop 13 days to\~ bring the Spring Equinox back to March 21st. Hence the gap between December 25 (Gregorian calendar) and January 7 (revised Julian-Orthodox calendar). }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 HYPERLINK "http://serendipity.magnet.ch/hermetic/cal_stud/cal_art.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12680779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006500720065006e006400690070006900740079002e006d00610067006e00650074002e00630068002f006800650072006d0065007400690063002f00630061006c00 5f0073007400750064002f00630061006c005f006100720074002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000700200004900f7080000000000000000000061000000000000004900bc00000013000000000000002402200000000000000000000000000000000000000063df000000001a000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 http://serendipity.magnet.ch/hermetic/cal_stud/cal_art.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10055351 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 HYPERLINK "http://www.greenheart.com/billh/julian.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12680779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0067007200650065006e00680065006100720074002e0063006f006d002f00620069006c006c0068002f006a0075006c00690061006e002e0068007400 6d006c000000006c00000000277000000069000000000000006500740000107400600000000000000020006f000000000000000000005d00000000000043000000430000001a0000009001000000006900200100000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 http://www.greenheart.com/billh/julian.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12806098 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10055351\charrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14494442 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494442 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14494442 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 Following a series of rebellions, the British North American colonies achieved self-government\~in 1848.\~ But the economic situation was dire. The colonies, immersed as they were in the 1847 global depression,\~could no longer rely on protective tariffs once the British repealed the Corn Laws.\~ Famished and disease-stricken Irish immigrants flooded the new state. Young men in\~Canada West left in droves for the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} due to a shortage\~of\~agricultural land. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676604 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 The 1849 Gold Rush brought tens of thousands of gold diggers from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Riots erupted in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Montreal{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . A Rebellion Losses Bill, intended to compensate some of the victims of the 1837-38 rebellion, further drained the country's dilapidated resources.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12676604 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 By 1849, many Canadians were clamoring to join the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . An Annexation Association was founded to promote unification with the prospering southern neighbor. The two versions of an Annexation Manifesto were signed by the entire business community in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname City}}Montreal{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Quebec{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and by the nationalists, who, contrary to their name, were republicans who preferred the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the British crown.\~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494442 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 HYPERLINK "http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/2/18/h18-2005-e.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11604255 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006c0063002d0062006e0063002e00630061002f0032002f00310038002f006800310038002d0032003000300035002d0065002e00680074006d00 6c000000006e00000069ff0036000000000000000000000000000000e900000000000000000000000000000000000000007200690000001f0025005300ff0000007500000000000000000000000000000070000000610000004300740018000000000000001c00000060020000000000006900000000000000000000000000 0000000050000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/2/18/h18-2005-e.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 HYPERLINK "http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0000230" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11604255 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740068006500630061006e0061006400690061006e0065006e006300790063006c006f00700065006400690061002e0063006f006d002f0069006e00 6400650078002e00630066006d003f00500067004e006d003d005400430045002600410072007400690063006c006500490064003d00410030003000300030003200330030000000006576000000006f0000000000000000000000000070000000000000000001210021000000000000006800000024000000680000000000 000063006c000a000000000000ff00000000000000006800000000000000900065009e000020cd00000000000000000000000076000000000000000000000000000000000000000045000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0000230}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2959139 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2914732 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2914732\charrsid2914732 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Invasion of \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2914732 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2914732\charrsid2914732 \par The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} military\~ developed a "Joint Army and Navy Basic War Plan--Red" in the 1920s. The detailed Plan was augmented and amended in the 1930s.\~It envisioned\~the\~invasion of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to hurt the interests of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Later, the Plan called for the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} military to invade {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Bermuda{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caribbean{\*\xmlclose} assets. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Australia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Zealand{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} were singled out as British allies and enemy powers. \par \~ \par The document was declassified in 1974. It was only the last of many such color-coded contingency plans. \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2914732\charrsid1856273 HYPERLINK "http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcanadawar.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1856273 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006100690067006800740064006f00700065002e0063006f006d002f006d00610069006c006200610067002f006d00630061006e006100 640061007700610072002e00680074006d006c000000002000750000000000000000000000000070000000000000006f0061000000000000000076200000000000430000004e0000000100000000000000000000000000000050000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2914732\charrsid1856273 http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcanadawar.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2914732\charrsid1856273 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494442 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2914732 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10055351 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 Candidate}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14494442\charrsid2959139 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12806098 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs20\insrsid14494442\charrsid14494442 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10898583 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10898583\charrsid10898583 White in Latin is "candicans". Pure white, bright, shining - is "candidus". Hence the English words "candid" and "candidate". The word "candidus" is derived from "candere" - glow, shine, be white, or guileless. Hence the \par words candle, incandescent. \par \line Political candidates in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} wore a chalk-powdered white toga. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10898583 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 HYPERLINK "http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/candidate" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10898583 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068007900700065007200640069006300740069006f006e006100720079002e0063006f006d002f00640069006300740069006f006e00610072007900 2f00630061006e00640069006400610074006500000000000000000000000000ff2b000000000000000000000049000000000000005a0000000000620000005000e400630000000000000000000000000000000000000000084c0000000000000000090000010000001c0020000000720000000000000000df000000000000 00000000000000000000000075000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/candidate}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2959139 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4550579\charrsid2959139 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2959139 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 HYPERLINK "http://faculty.whatcom.ctc.edu/lthomp/personal/wordfor.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10898583 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f0066006100630075006c00740079002e00770068006100740063006f006d002e006300740063002e006500640075002f006c00740068006f006d0070002f00700065007200 73006f006e0061006c002f0077006f007200640066006f0072002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f0900000000000000010000000065000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000720000000000e4000000720000006901 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000049000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2959139\charrsid2959139 http://faculty.whatcom.ctc.edu/lthomp/personal/wordfor.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2959139 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12869091 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4550579 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4872234 Capone, Alphonse (\'93Al\'94)}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12869091 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4872234 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 The "fact" that Alphonse ("Al") Capone (1899-1947) evaded justice numerous times and was finally indicted for income tax evasion in 1931 - is untrue. It is a partial myth. \par \~ \par As his FBI file (see link below) makes clear, Capone was apprehended and did time in prison prior to his conviction for tax fraud. \par \~ \par In the 1920s, the FBI was not authorized to investigate gangsters and organized crime. \par \~ \par Capone's first arrest - by the FBI - was for contempt of court. He posted bond and was released. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2914732 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 Then, in May 1929, as the FBI recounts: "Al Capone and his bodyguard were arrested in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Philadelphia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for carrying concealed deadly weapons. Within 16 hours they had been sentenced to terms of one year each. Capone served his time and was released in nine months for good behavior on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 3}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1930}}} March 17, 1930{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4872234 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 28}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1936}}} February 28, 1936{\*\xmlclose}, Capone was found guilty in Federal Court on the Contempt of Court charge and was sentenced to six months in Cook County Jail. His appeal on that charge was subsequently dismissed."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4872234 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2914732 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 At first, Capone pleaded guilty to tax evasion charges - but he later changed his plea when the judge informed him that he is not bound by any deals he may have made with the prosecution. In 1931, he was ultimat ely sentenced to 11 years in prison of which he served more than 7. \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2914732 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 He contracted syphilis which affected his brain and in his last years in seclusion he has mentally regressed to the age of 12. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4872234 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 HYPERLINK "http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/capone/capone.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4550579 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006600620069002e0067006f0076002f006c00690062007200650066002f0068006900730074006f007200690063002f00660061006d00630061007300 650073002f006300610070006f006e0065002f006300610070006f006e0065002e00680074006d000000000000000000000bff00000000003600006300740000000000000000000000bc002000000074000000000000000000740063000000000000000000000000000000000049000000640000007f000000010000006100 000000fffc00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006b000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/capone/capone.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals/capone.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4550579 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00610072006300680069007600650073002e0067006f0076002f0065007800680069006200690074005f00680061006c006c002f0061006d0065007200 6900630061006e005f006f0072006900670069006e0061006c0073002f006300610070006f006e0065002e00680074006d006c00000000000000010000720000000000000000006e2000000000000000000000000000000000ee00720000000000000000007000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000 000847006f0000001f0090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000072000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals/capone.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2959139 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234\charrsid4872234 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4006455 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4006455 Car Race \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10055351 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 The first\~ car race in the Unites States, sponsored by the Chicago Times-Herald\~was held in 1895. The contestants drove from\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Chicago{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Waukegan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It was won by James Frank Duryea (1869-1967). }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2914732 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 His average speed was a whopping 10 kilometers per hours (7 1/2 MPH). His brother, Charles, lost the race, driving a German Benz. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4006455 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4872234 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 The Duryea brothers - Charles Edgar and James Frank - were technological pioneers. They invented the first commercial American automobile to run on gasoline in 1893-4 in their bicycle workshop and a loft they rented. In 1895 they established the Duryea Motor Wagon Company. It produced a total of 13 cars and went belly up in 1898. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4872234 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 Frank proceeded to design the prestigious and high standard Stevens-Duryea limousine car. It was very successful. It continued to be\~ manufactured well into the 1920's. Charles competed with his own self-designed three cylinder car manufactured by the Duryea Power Company. In 1914 he gave up business and became an engineering consultant.\~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4006455 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 HYPERLINK "http://duryea.ssi.net/links.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid12869091 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f006400750072007900650061002e007300730069002e006e00650074002f006c0069006e006b0073002e00680074006d000000000000000065000000740000000000000024 00bc00000000000000000000000000000025000000000000000000000000006f0000006500000000000000000000000000690072000000000000000000000065000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 http://duryea.ssi.net/links.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid4006455\charrsid4006455 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4006455 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \f1\fs20\insrsid4006455 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12806098 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4480716 Census}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2188172 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4480716 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4480716\charrsid4480716 The first complete world census was carried out in 1801. The results - China (295 million people), India (131 million), Russia (33 million), France (27 million), Ottom an Empire (21 million), Germany (14 million), Spain (11 million), Britain (10 million), Ireland and the USA (c. 5 million each). \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2914732 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4480716\charrsid4480716 Data for these countries today: \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (1,302,505,000), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (1,047,074,000), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (142,881,000), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (59,107,500), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Turkey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (71,374,700), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (81,947,100), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (41,197,900), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (59,751,900), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ireland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (3,917,300), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (288,212,300). \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4480716\charrsid4480716 HYPERLINK "http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jun02/mattison.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5572602 {\*\datafield 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"http://www.gazetteer.de/home.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5572602 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670061007a006500740074006500650072002e00640065002f0068006f006d0065002e00680074006d0000000013000000000200000000002200006c 000000650020ff0000000000006d00000000000000000000006900000000000000250000009000000020000000007620004e0000000000000000007200000000000000000000000000000061000400740069000000100100006100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4480716\charrsid4480716 http://www.gazetteer.de/home.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4480716\charrsid4480716 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4872234 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4480716\charrsid12589641 HYPERLINK "http://www.ipums.umn.edu/international/" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid12589641 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006900700075006d0073002e0075006d006e002e006500640075002f0069006e007400650072006e006100740069006f006e0061006c002f0000000120 001800000000000000000075006200000800007200000000000000ff0000000000000000000000000064000000650000000000620000006e00ab00000000006e00000000004c0000000000000020000000010000000000000075006c0064000000000000000077000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4480716\charrsid12589641 http://www.ipums.umn.edu/international/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4872234 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 Chauvinism}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3366992 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2914732 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 Chauvinism - excessive and self-aggrandizing promotion of one's group - is named after the hapless Nicolas Chauvin. He served as a soldier under Napoleon. though he witnessed, first hand, the\~bloody crumbling\~ of the Grande Armee in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Waterloo{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , he continued to praise the invincibility and foresight of his leader. Napoleon himself, touched by such devotion, decorated him and awarded him a pension of 200 francs.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2914732 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 Chauvin was born in\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rochefort{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} around 1780 or 1790. His\~17 battle wounds resulted in disfigurement and\~mental instability. After the war, he\~became a laughing stock and was\~ridiculed in several Vaudevill e plays, especially 'La Cocarde Tricolore' (1831). The terms "Chauvinism" first appeared in Arrago's }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 Dictionnaire de la Conversation}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 in 1834}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 .}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3366992 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 HYPERLINK "http://humanityquest.com/topic/Index.asp?theme1=chauvinism" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid336248 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f00680075006d0061006e00690074007900710075006500730074002e0063006f006d002f0074006f007000690063002f0049006e006400650078002e006100730070003f00 7400680065006d00650031003d006300680061007500760069006e00690073006d0000000000006f0020000000000000006900720000000000000000000000000000090000000000006d000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3366992\charrsid3366992 http://humanityquest.com/topic/Index.asp?theme1=chauvinism}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4929285 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4929285\charrsid4929285 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Chicago{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (musical)}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3366992\charrsid4929285 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4929285 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4929285\charrsid4929285 The musical "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Chicago{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}" won 6 Academy awards (Oscars) }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4929285 in March 2003}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4929285\charrsid4929285 . It is based on the true story of\~Belva Gaertner and Beulah Annan,\~two\~ravishing and witty women\~murderers who became celebrities in\~the 1920s.\~ \par When asked what kind of jury she needed, Gaertner responded: "I want worldly men, broad-minded men, men who know what it is to get a bit." She had a gig in a cabaret when she married William Gaertner, h er second husband, in 1917. William was convinced from the start that Belva was being unfaithful to him. They both hired gumshoes, who spent their time mostly spying on each other. \par In 1923, Walter Law was found dead in his Nash sedan. Belva was involved with him. Her statement to the police read thus: "gin and guns-either one is \line bad enough but together they get you in a dickens of a mess, don't they?" She promised to reunite with William if exonerated and the jury rendered a verdict of "not guilty". Later, William divorced her, accusing her of homicidal tendencies. \par In 1924, Annan was asked out on a date by Harry Kolstedt, a co-worker. They had a fight and he was killed. In her latest version of the events - she proferred a few - Annan insisted that Harry tr ied to rape her and that she took his life in self-defense. She was found not guilty and promptly divorced her husband. She died of tuberculosis, in a hospital bed.\~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4929285 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf1\insrsid4929285\charrsid6498176 HYPERLINK "http://www.chicagothemusical.com/indexl.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf1\charrsid6498176 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300680069006300610067006f007400680065006d00750073006900630061006c002e0063006f006d002f0069006e006400650078006c002e006800 74006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4929285\charrsid6498176 http://www.chicagothemusical.com/indexl.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4929285\charrsid6498176 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4872234 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2914732 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 Cigarettes}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15888254 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15888254 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 Smokers inhale the same amounts of nicotine from regular, light and ultralight cigarettes - 1-2 milligrams per cigarette. They also absorb the same amounts of tar (a group of compounds), regardless of the type of cigarette. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3366992 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 " Light" and "low tar" designate tar and nicotine yields in cigarette smoke as measured by a machine. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3366992 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 The number on the cigarette pack merely reflects the milligrams of nicotine or tar found in cigarette smoke as measured by the machine. It does not\~relate to\~ the real amount of nicotine per cigarette (between 6-17 milligram). Nor is it the total amount of nicotine in the whole pack.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15888254 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15888254 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15888254 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 SOURCE: Preventive Medicine 2003;36:92-98. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15888254 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15888254 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Health/Addictions/Substance_Abuse/Tobacco/Research/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10055351 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f004800650061006c00740068002f0041006400640069006300740069006f006e0073002f005300750062007300740061006e00 630065005f00410062007500730065002f0054006f0062006100630063006f002f00520065007300650061007200630068002f0000000000cc0000610000000000740061000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006c000061000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000052000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 http://dmoz.org/Health/Addictions/Substance_Abuse/Tobacco/Research/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15888254 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6498176\charrsid15888254 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2494405 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 HYPERLINK "http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story2&cid=571&ncid=751&e=3&u=/nm/20030103/hl_nm/smoking_cancer_dc" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid10055351 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bd200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730074006f00720079002e006e006500770073002e007900610068006f006f002e0063006f006d002f006e006500770073003f0074006d0070006c003d00730074006f00 72007900320026006300690064003d0035003700310026006e006300690064003d00370035003100260065003d003300260075003d002f006e006d002f00320030003000330030003100300033002f0068006c005f006e006d002f0073006d006f006b0069006e0067005f00630061006e006300650072005f006400630000 0000000000000300000000006f00330000000000000069007400000000000000000000000000000065000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000061000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15888254\charrsid15888254 http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story2&cid=571&ncid=751&e=3&u=/nm/20030103/hl_nm/smoking_cancer_dc}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2494405 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2494405\charrsid2494405 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid2494405 Civil War \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12589641 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2494405 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 The Civil War (1861-5) has spawned numerous myths and falsities. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1005437 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 The Republicans did not intend to abolish slavery - just to "contain" it, i.e., limit it to the 15 states where it had already existed. Most of the Democrats accepted this solution. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2494405 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 This led to a schism in the Democratic party. The "fire eaters" left it and established their own pro-secession political organization. Growi ng constituencies in the south - such as urban immigrants and mountain farmers - opposed slavery as a form of unfair competition. Less than one quarter of southern families owned slaves in 1861. Slave-based, mainly cotton raising, enterprises, were so pro fitable that slave prices almost doubled in the 1850s. This\~rendered slaves - as well as land - out of the reach of everyone but the wealthiest citizens.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 Cotton represented three fifths of all {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} exports in 1860. Southerners, dependent on industrial imports as they were, supported free trade. Northerners were vehement trade protectionists. The federal government derived most of its income from custom duties. Income tax and corporate profit tax were yet to be invented. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12589641 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 \~ \par The states seceded one by one, following secession conventions and state-wide votes. The Confederacy (Confederate States of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ) was born only later. Not all the constituents of the Confederacy seceded at once. Seven - the "core" - seceded between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day} {\xmlattrvalue 20}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1860}}}December 20, 1860{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day} {\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1861}}}February 1, 1861{\*\xmlclose}. They were: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}South Carolina{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Mississippi{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Florida{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Alabama{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Georgia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place} }{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Louisiana{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6498176 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 Another four - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Virginia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname State}}North Carolina{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Tennessee{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Arkansas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - joined them only after the attack on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Fort{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Sumter{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} in April 1861. Two - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Kentucky{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Missouri{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} - seceded but were controlled by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Union{\*\xmlclose}'s army throughout the war. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Maryland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Delaware{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were slave states but did not secede. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1005437 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 President James Buchanan who preceded Abraham Lincoln, made clear that the federal government would not use force to prevent secession. Secession was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court only in 1869 (in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} vs. White) - four years after the Civil War ended. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}New England{\*\xmlclose} almost seceded in 1812, during the Anglo-American conflict,\~ in order to protect its trade with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 The constitution of the Confederacy prohibited African slave trade (buying slaves from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Africa{\*\xmlclose} ), though it allowed interstate trade in slaves. The first Confederate capital was in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Montgomery{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Alabama{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} - not in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Richmond{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Virginia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . The term of office of the Confederate president - Jefferson Davis was the first elected - was six years, not four as was the case in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Union{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12589641 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Fort{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Sumter{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was not the first attack of the Confederacy on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}Union{\*\xmlclose}. It was preceded by attacks on 11 forts and military installations on Confederate territory. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8657423 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Lincoln{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} won only 40 percent of the popular vote in 1860. Hence the South's fierce resistance to his abolitionist agenda. In 1864, the Republicans became so unpopular, they had to change their name to the Union Party. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Lincoln{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s vice-president, Johnson, actually was a Democrat and hailed from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Tennessee{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , a seceding state.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6498176 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 He was the only senator from a seceded state to remain in the Senate. \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6498176 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 Reconstruction started long before the war ended, in Union-occupied {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Louisiana{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Arkansas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Tennessee{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Slave tax was an important source of state revenue in the South (up to 60 percent in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}South Carolina{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). Emancipation led to near bankruptcy. \par The Union states of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Connecticut{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Minnesota{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Wisconsin{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} refused to pass constitutional amendments to confer suffrage on black males. The Union army consigned black labor gangs to work on the plantations of loyal Southerners and forcibly separated the black workers from their families. \par Contrary to myth, nearly two thirds of black families were headed by both parents. Slave marriages were legally meaningless in the antebellum South, though. But nearly 90 percent of slave households remained intact\~til}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423 l}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 death or forced separation. The average age of childbirth for women was 20. \par Segregation was initiated by blacks. The freedmen lobbied hard and long for separate black churches and educational facilities. Nor was lynching confined to blacks. For instance,\~a white mob}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423 lynched, in September 1862, fo}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 rty four Union supporters in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Gainesville{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . Similar events took place in Shelton Laurel, North Carolina. The Ku Klux Klan was the paramilitary arm of the Democratic party in the South, though never officially endorsed by it. It was used to "discipline" the workforce in th}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423 e plantations - but also target}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 ed Republicans. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1005437 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8657423\charrsid8657423 The Democrats changed their name after the war to the Conservative Party. By 1877 they have regained power in all\~formerly Confederate states. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12589641 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 HYPERLINK "http://dmo z.org/Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12467919 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bac00000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f0048006900730074006f00720079002f00420079005f0052006500670069006f006e00 2f004e006f007200740068005f0041006d00650072006900630061002f0055006e0069007400650064005f005300740061007400650073002f0057006100720073002f0043006900760069006c005f005700610072002f000000000100690000005b0000000000000060000000000000000000000000000000410000000000 000060000000000000000000000000006900200100000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 http://dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2914732 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Society/Military/People/Personal_Experiences/American_Civil_War/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid12467919 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba200000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f004d0069006c00690074006100720079002f00500065006f0070006c0065002f005000 6500720073006f006e0061006c005f0045007800700065007200690065006e006300650073002f0041006d00650072006900630061006e005f0043006900760069006c005f005700610072002f0000000000000000e40000000000000000000000000000310000000090000000000000000000000000000000000074000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12589641\charrsid12589641 http://dmoz.org/Society/Military/People/Personal_Experiences/American_Civil_War/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2914732 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2914732\charrsid2914732 C}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid14494442\charrsid2914732 ocaine \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494442 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14494442 Cocaine, discovered in 1855, was considered by Sigmund Freud to be both a powerful anti-depressant and an aphrodisiac. He recommended it to treat morphine addiction in his tome, \'93On Coca\'94 , published in 1884. He himself used it for a few years and convinced at least one of his friends to become an addict. \par But cocaine was popularly used long before Freud. Spanish discoverers of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}New World{\*\xmlclose}, such as Amerigo Vespucci, tried it in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Peru{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and reported enthusiastically back home in 1505. Both the Spanish crown and the church taxed coca production and accepted payment in coca leaves. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1005437 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14494442 Cocaine was extensively used in the 19}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\super\kerning28\insrsid14494442\charrsid10313451 th}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14494442 century in throat and eye surgeries. It was so commonplace, cheap, and popular that it was not banned either by the stri ct Prussians or by the British in the 1868 Pharmacy Act. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid6498176 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14494442 Peopl e drank cocaine in wine, in Coca-Cola (hence the name), in patent medicines. Merck was a huge producer of the substance. By the beginning of last century, everyone was snorting cocaine. Celebrities from Thomas Edison to Sarah Bernhart \endash not to mention {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Hollywood{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \endash extolled the drug\rquote s virtues.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid1005437 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid14494442 Cocaine was banned in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} only in 1914. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494442 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14494442\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/ophs.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0064007200750067006c006900620072006100720079002e006f00720067002f00730063006800610066006600650072002f0048006900730074006f00 720079002f006f007000680073002e00680074006d000000006c000000154000001300610000000076040000000400000070006f000000ff0061000000000000004a001f0000000000000000002400000000000000700000000000000072000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14494442\charrsid14244673 http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/ophs.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14494442\charrsid14244673 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14494442 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1005437\charrsid14244673 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2914732 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14494442\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www. stopcocaineaddiction.com/history-of-cocaine.htm" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730074006f00700063006f006300610069006e00650061006400640069006300740069006f006e002e0063006f006d002f0068006900730074006f00 720079002d006f0066002d0063006f006300610069006e0065002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000001710000407a650000000000000000000000000000000000000000007200720000000000780000004e0000000000000020000000000000004d0000005400000000000000000000004e0000000000 630000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14494442\charrsid14244673 http://www.stopcocaineaddiction.com/history-of-cocaine.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2914732 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14494442\charrsid4872234 C}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid4872234 olumbus, Christopher}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10374066\charrsid4872234 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2188172 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Columbus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was an Italian and lived most of his early life in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Portugal{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, not in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. He was born in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Genoa{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, no one knows when. He did "discover" {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , the continent - or, at least, is the first documented European to have done so. His first and second voyages ended in\~in today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Haiti{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Caribbean{\*\xmlclose}) - but on\~two subsequent\~trips he visited today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Venezuela{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Nicaragua{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Costa Rica{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Panama{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. He is buried - maybe - in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Dominican Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8657423 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 Though he knew the earth was spherical and not flat, how good a navigator he was is debatable. He was actually looking for a path to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} when he stumbled across {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} (named after a later discoverer, Amerigo Vespucci). }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6498176 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Columbus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} denied to his dying day that he\~ detected a new continent. Indeed, the Spanish royal couple, Ferdinand and Isabella, twice rejected his entreaties for regal fi nance of his trips before they succumbed to lobbying and the euphoria of the eradication of the Moslem Moors from Granda in January 1492. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2188172 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2914732 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 He is a deeply controversial figure. He had a son out of wedlock with his mistress. His second, third, and, possibly, fourth trips were financed by property expropriated from Jews exiled from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1492. He introduced the slave trade - and a host of incurable epidemics - to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Americas{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6498176 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 He gave his approval to the massacring of\~natives in abandon. Even his own sponsors\~found his dangerously self-delusional and overweening. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2914732 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 He was arrested in 1500 and sent back to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , in chains throughout the voyage (at his insistence). He was forbidden to ever re-enter {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Hispaniola{\*\xmlclose}. He died a well-off but embittered man. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2188172 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2188172\charrsid2188172 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 HYPERLINK "http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7538599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0077007700770031002e006d0069006e006e002e006e00650074002f007e006b00650069007400680070002f00000000000070ff000000af0076000070000000000000ad1f 001f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000f000000000000000000630000000000000000000000000000000000000a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000020000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 HYPERLINK "http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/c-Columbus/columbus.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7538599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0069006200690062006c0069006f002e006f00720067002f006500780070006f002f0031003400390032002e0065007800680069006200690074002f00 63002d0043006f006c0075006d006200750073002f0063006f006c0075006d006200750073002e00680074006d006c0000000000004300000000000000430000000000000043000000000065000000000000000000b801000000000000000000a3000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000 00a20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/c-Columbus/columbus.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 HYPERLINK "http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7538599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0066006f0072006400680061006d002e006500640075002f00680061006c00730061006c006c002f0073006f0075007200630065002f0063006f006c00 75006d0062007500730031002e00680074006d006c0000000004000000000203004001000028000000000000000000520000000000007600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000df00000000630000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2188172\charrsid7538599 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html }}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 {\*\bkmkstart coma} Coma and Persistent Vegetative State}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 {\*\bkmkend coma} \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 The term "vegetative state" (cortical death) was coined in 1972 by the Scottish neurosurgeon Bryan Jennett and the American neurologist Fred Plum. It refers to the incapacitation of the cerebral cortex either as a result of severe head injury or trauma or as the outcome of an acute or degenerative illness or as a consequence of substance abuse. \par \par Following a 1-2 week phase of coma (profound sleep-like unconsciousness, usually with artificially-sustained respiration), these patients wake up but they remain un aware of themselves and their surroundings. They don't respond or interact with the environment. Their reflexes are still intact, though, so their eyes roam the scene, their limbs move jerkily, and sometimes they are even capable of swallowing and chewing food (or gagging on it). They do react to painful stimuli by withdrawing, groaning, and grimacing - but all other neurological and biochemical hallmarks of pain are missing. Patients in PVS yawn, smile, weep, and laugh - but not in response to external st imuli. They breathe normally and unaided. \par \par There is no way to diagnose PVS, even with the aid of Electroencephalography (EEG), computer tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Actually, the EEG of 25% of all PVS cases is absolutely normal! Cere bral blood flow is evident in the brains of some PVS patients. A typical MRI of a PVS patient shows widespread lesions and wasting of brain tissue - but this is common in other diseases (such as dementia) which do not render the patient unconscious! Moreo ver, the cerebral cortex continues to function, though at a very depressed level, akin to that of barbiturate anesthesia. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 "The vegetative state can be diagnosed according to the following criteria; (1) no evidence of awareness of self or environment and a n inability to interact with others; (2) no evidence of sustained, reproducible, purposeful, or voluntary behavioural responses to visual, auditory, tactile, or noxious stimuli; (3) no evidence of language comprehension or expression; (4) intermittent wak e fulness manifested by the presence of sleep-wake cycles; (5) sufficiently preserved hypothalamic and brain-stem autonomic function to permit survival with medical and nursing care; (6) bowel and bladder incontinence; and (7) variably preserved cranial-ner ve reflexes (pupillary, oculophalic, corneal, vestibulo-ocular, and gag) and spinal reflexes..... A wakeful unconscious state that lasts longer than a few weeks is referred to as a persistent vegetative state." \par \par (Multi-Society Task Force on PVS, Medical Aspects of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Persistent{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Vegetative{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname PlaceType}}State{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}: Second of two parts, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}New England{\*\xmlclose} Journal of Medicine, 330, 22, 1572-1579 (1994) \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par If the patient does not recover from PVS within 1 month, the prognosis is bad. Patients in PVS su rvive for years (up to 40 years, though many die in the first 4 years of their condition) as long as they are fed and hydrated. But they very rarely regain consciousness (or the ability to communicate it to others, if they are in a "locked-in" state or sy ndrome). Even those who do recover within days from this condition remain severely disabled and dependent, both physically and intellectually. \par There are around 30,000 patients in PVS in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The numbers are far lower in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} an d {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, partly due to the reduced incidence of head injuries and because life-prolonging treatments are either administered less frequently ( {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Netherlands{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) or less vigorously. \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/euthanasia" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00650075007400680061006e00610073006900610000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://samvak.tripod.com/euthanasia}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f0065006e002e00770069006b006900700065006400690061002e006f00720067002f00770069006b0069002f00500065007200730069007300740065006e0074005f007600 6500670065007400610074006900760065005f007300740061007400650000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2959139 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 Corset}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6367709 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6367709 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 Catherine de M\'e9dicis, wife of King Henri II of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , hated the thick waists of women attending court receptions. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6498176 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 So, in the 1550s, she introduced the corset (sleeveless "payre of bodies") - an undergarment designed to artificially narrow a woman's waist by up to 30 centimeters and to yield a cylindrical shape with a flat, breastless,\~torso. \par The Elizabethan corset - as opposed to the Victorian one - was comfortable and supported the back. It evolved in Tudor times from the kirtle, stiffened by glue and worn under the gown.\~Mary Tudor's wardrobe contained these: \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6367709 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 "Item for making of one peire of bodies of crymsen satin, Item for making two pairs of bodies for petticoats of crymsen satin, Item for making a pair of bodies for a Verthingall of crymsen Grosgrain."}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6367709 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 Queen Elizabeth had these listed in her garderobe: \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 "A}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 payre of bodies of black cloth of silver with little skirts (1571), a pair of bodies of sweete lether (1579), a pair of bodies of black velvet lined with canvas stiffened with buckeram (1583), for altering a pair of bodies...the bodies lined with sa ckecloth and buckram about the skirts with bents covered with fustian, a pair of french bodies of damaske lined with sackcloth, with whales bone to them (1597)"}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 Victorian women were described by contemporaries as maintaining a 43 centimeters waistline with the aid of whalebone corsets. But\~period advertisements for corsets cater to waistlines of\~ up to 107 centimeters with an average of 76 centimeters. Wearing a tight corset did constrain blood flow and cause fainting - but there was no shortage of corsets of all sizes. \par Corsets dominated fashion between 1555 and 1908 when the first flowing gowns to be worn without a\~the constraining undergarment\~were designed. Another twenty years passed before the corset was relegated to history.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6367709 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 HYPERLINK "http://www.corset.dk/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15205567 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006f0072007300650074002e0064006b002f0000000000000000000000000000000a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 http://www.corset.dk/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 HYPERLINK "http://costume.dm.net/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15205567 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0063006f007300740075006d0065002e0064006d002e006e00650074002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6367709\charrsid6367709 http://costume.dm.net/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Crime Fighting, Computer Systems and Databases}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par As crime globalize s, so does crime fighting. Mobsters, serial killers, and terrorists cross state lines and borders effortlessly, making use of the latest advances in mass media, public transportation, telecommunications, and computer networks. The police - there are 16,00 0 law enforcement agencies in the Unites States alone - is never very far behind. \par \par Quotes from the official Web pages of some of these databases: \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}National{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Center{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Its mission is to combine in vestigative and operational support functions, research, and training in order to provide assistance, without charge, to federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement agencies investigating unusual or repetitive violent crimes. The NCAVC also provide s support through expertise and consultation in non-violent matters such as national security, corruption, and white-collar crime investigations. \par \par It comprises the }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24 Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), Child Abduction and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Serial{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Murder{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Investigative{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Resources{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Center{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (CASMIRC), and Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP). \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 VICAP}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 is a nationwide data information center designed to collect, collate, and analyze crimes of violence - specifically murder. It collat es and analyzes the significant characteristics of all murders, and other violent offenses. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 Homicide Investigation Tracking System (HITS)}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par A program within the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} state's Attorney General's Office that tracks and investigates homicides and rapes. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 Violent Crime Linkage System (ViCLAS) \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Canada-wide computer system that assists specially trained investigators to identify serial crimes and criminals by focusing on the linkages that exist among crimes by the same offender. This system was deve loped by the RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) in the early 1990s. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 UTAP, stands for The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Utah{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Criminal Tracking and Analysis Project \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Gathers experts from forensic science, crime scene analysis, psychiatry and other fields to screen unsolved cases for local law enforcement agencies. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO) - Interpol's DNA Gateway \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Provides for the transfer of profile data between two or more countries and for the comparison of profiles that conform to Interpol standards in a centralized database. Investigators can access the database via their Interpol National Central Bureau (NCB) using Interpol's secure glob al police communications system, I-24/7. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 Interpol's I-24/7 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Global communication system to connect its member countries and provide them with user-friendly access to police information. Using this system, Interpol National Central Bureaus (NCBs) can search and cross-check data in a matter of seconds, with direct and immediate access to databases containing critical information (ASF Nominal database of international criminals, electronic notices, stolen motor vehicles, stolen/lost/counterfeit travel and ID documents, stolen works of art, payment cards, fingerprints and photographs, a terrorism watch list, a DNA database, disaster victim identification, international weapons tracking and trafficking in human beings-related information, etc). \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 Interpol Fingerprints \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Provides information on the development and implementation of fingerprinting systems for the general public and international law enforcement entities. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24 Europol (European Union's criminal intelligence agency) Computer System (TECS) \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Member States can directly input data into the information system in compliance with their national procedures, and Europol can directly input data supplied by non EU Member States and third bodies. Also provides analyses and indexing services. \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.atg.wa.gov/hits/index.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006100740067002e00770061002e0067006f0076002f0068006900740073002f0069006e006400650078002e007300680074006d006c00000000000000 000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.atg.wa.gov/hits/index.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.mass.gov/msp/unitpage/vicap.htm" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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66006100630074007300000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.europol.eu.int/index.asp?page=facts}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5572602\charrsid5572602 Crossword Puzzle}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9322511 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2188172 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5572602 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5572602 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5572602\charrsid5572602 The image of the quintessential British gentleman, stoically solvin g a crossword puzzle while on a train voyage - is etched in our minds. The crossword puzzle appears to be a British institution, as ancient as the monarchy and a lot more rewarding. \par \~ \par The surprising fact is that it was invented only in December 1913. \par \~ \par It was\~first\~published as a "word-cross" puzzle in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}New York{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} of all places - in a Sunday weekly called the "World". \par \~ \par Following a crossword craze launched by a nascent publishing company called "Simon and Schuster" in 1924,\~the Sunday Express in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} picked up the American habit. The "New York Times" succumbed and published the first of its renowned\~crossword puzzles only\~in 1942. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5572602\charrsid5572602 HYPERLINK "http://www.factmonster.com/spot/crossword1.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7749830 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0066006100630074006d006f006e0073007400650072002e0063006f006d002f00730070006f0074002f00630072006f007300730077006f0072006400 31002e00680074006d006c000000000000520000ff000000001f00000000006f0000002020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001f00000000000000000000000000610000000001200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5572602\charrsid5572602 http://www.factmonster.com/spot/crossword1.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2113508 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2113508 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2113508 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 {\*\bkmkstart D}D}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid5572602\charrsid2113508 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2188172 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5572602\charrsid5572602 {\*\bkmkend D} \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2113508 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 Dance, St. Vitus}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2113508 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2113508 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2113508 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 Dancing manias - a form of mass hysteria - were most common between the 13th and 17th centuries in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, notably in\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Taranto{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Hence\~"tarantism". But\~occurrences were\~recorded in\~other locations (e.g., Lizzano, southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Apulia{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Sardinia{\*\xmlclose}) as\~late as\~50 years ago, during and after the second world war. \par \~ \par The\~Italian folk dance, "Tarantella" is related to tarantism. It was played for days on end to manic patients by groups of trave}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2113508 l}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 ling musicians as a kind of music therapy. The patient also had to select among colored ribbons and concentrate on a\~band bearing the color of the biting spider. Oftentimes, such treatment was administered in the field where the mania first manifested. \par \~ \par The bite of the tarantula, called in many parts of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} "Taranta"\~(also named after the\~town of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Taranto{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) was long - and wrongly - thought to be the cause of the irresistible impulse to dance.\~The victims, it was claimed, were trying to\~prance the venom out of their bloodstream. \par \~ \par Other manic\~raves - such as\~"St. Vitus' or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}St. John's{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Dance",\~the names given to episodes of rheumatoid chorea\~- were common in\~large swathes\~of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} between the 11th and 17th century. One legend has it that in 1278, hundreds of\~people were successfully treated in a chapel named after St. Vitus in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Utrecht{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, close to the place where a bridge plunged into the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Maas{\*\xmlclose} river following some\~frantic dancing. Hence "St. Vitus' dance". Other sources say that the blasphemous\~frolickers drowned. \par \~ \par Manic dances - sometimes in the form of ecstatic but structured rituals - often resulted in death.\~The dancers - many of them hailing from foreign lands - were not clinically insane. Men and women were equally represented. \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 HYPERLINK "http://www.csicop.org/si/2000-07/dancing-mania.html" }{\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\charrsid2828361 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063007300690063006f0070002e006f00720067002f00730069002f0032003000300030002d00300037002f00640061006e00630069006e0067002d00 6d0061006e00690061002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000740001002001650000000000000000000000000000000000000000006c000000007600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 http://www.csicop.org/si/2000-07/dancing-mania.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2113508 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 HYPERLINK "http://atshq.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2828361 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2400000068007400740070003a002f002f00610074007300680071002e006f00720067002f00000000000000006300cd0049006100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004140000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 http://atshq.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2113508\charrsid2113508 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16647111 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16647111\charrsid16647111 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16647111 Dead Horse Arum \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1984914\charrsid1984914 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16647111 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16647111\charrsid16647111 The Dead Horse Arum smells like rotting meat and, thus, attracts female flies eager to lay their eggs. Researchers from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Swedish {\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}University{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} of Agricultural Sciences and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}University{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Cagliari{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} discovered that the chemicals emitted by the flower - three types of oligosulphides - are identical to those given out by disintegrating protein in decaying flesh.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16647111 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16647111\charrsid16647111 \par The flower is found on\~islands off the coasts of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Sardinia{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Corsica{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}Spain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Balearic islands{\*\xmlclose} in the western {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mediterranean{\*\xmlclose}. It traps\~dozens of\~ blowflies at a time in a chamber for a few hours.\~Then - when they have immersed themselves in its pollen - it l ets them fly away and pollinate other specimen. The inside of the chamber is 15 degrees warmer than the outside - another fly luring feature. The flower is the color of decomposing flesh and has is covered with hair-like pelt, the better to simulate a dea d animal.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16647111 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16647111\charrsid16647111 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16647111\charrsid16134494 HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/weird/az/pr.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7671451 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006200620063002e0063006f002e0075006b002f006e00610074007500720065002f00770065006900720064002f0061007a002f00700072002e007300 680074006d006c000000000020000000000000000000000000000000006900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16647111\charrsid16134494 http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/weird/az/pr.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16647111\charrsid16134494 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16647111\charrsid16134494 HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2566023.stm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7671451 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f006e006500770073002e006200620063002e0063006f002e0075006b002f0031002f00680069002f007300630069002f0074006500630068002f0032003500360036003000 320033002e00730074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16647111\charrsid16134494 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2566023.stm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 Decapitation}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10036217\charrsid11886779 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11886779 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \par The brain of a\~decapitated person continues to produce brain waves recordable by EEG 3-8 seconds after the head is severed. Is the person conscious?}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11886779 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \par A study (Mikeska and Klemm, 1975) reported an EGG trace in the decapitated heads of rats of up 30 seconds (on average - 14 seconds). }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs29\f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 Allred and Berntson (1986) and Vanderwolf et al. (1988) dismissed that as LVFA (low voltage fast activity), not necessarily indicative of consciousness or distress. Holson (1992) reviewed the literature and found that decapitation triggers 2-4 seconds of slow direct current EEG trace followed by 10-13 seconds of an LVFA trace. When the rats were anesthetized the LVFA trace la sted longer - proving that it had nothing to do with consciousness.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs29\f0\insrsid11886779 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs29\f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 Still, numerous anecdotes recounted by eyewitnesses support the theory that consciousness survives in the first 2-6 seconds and that some decapitated persons even realize their predicament to their utter horror.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs29\f0\insrsid11886779 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11886779 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 HYPERLINK "http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_221a.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7472012 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006100690067006800740064006f00700065002e0063006f006d002f0063006c006100730073006900630073002f00610031005f003200 3200310061002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_221a.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid2494405 HYPERLINK "http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_262.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2494405 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006100690067006800740064006f00700065002e0063006f006d002f0063006c006100730073006900630073002f00610035005f003200 360032002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11886779\charrsid2494405 http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_262.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid2494405 HYPERLINK "http://www.straightdope.com/columns/980612.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2494405 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006100690067006800740064006f00700065002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006c0075006d006e0073002f0039003800300036003100 32002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7472012\charrsid2494405 http://www.straightdope.com/columns/980612.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid2494405 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 HYPERLINK "http://www.hsus.org/ace/Article_Printer_Friendly?Content_ID=12644" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7472012 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068007300750073002e006f00720067002f006100630065002f00410072007400690063006c0065005f005000720069006e007400650072005f004600 7200690065006e0064006c0079003f0043006f006e00740065006e0074005f00490044003d0031003200360034003400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 http://www.hsus.org/ace/Article_Printer_Friendly?Content_ID=12644}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11886779\charrsid11886779 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16647111 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10036217 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid10036217\charrsid10036217 DNA \endash Deoxyribonucleic Acid}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16647111 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10036217 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10036217 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10036217\charrsid10036217 Kilo is one thousand. Mega is one million.\~Giga is one billion.\~Tera is one trillion.\~Peta is a thousand trillion\~(one quadrillion). Exa is a thousand peta (quintillion).\~ Zetta is a thousand exa (one sextillion).\~Yotta is a thousand zetta (one septillion). \par \~ \par Juan Enriquez quotes a study by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}University{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Berkeley{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in his tome, "As the Future Catches You\~- How Genomics and Other Forces Are Changing Your Life, Your Work, Your Investments, Your World": \par \~ \par All the words ever spoken by humans amount to 5 exabytes. By comparison, we now produce 1.5 exabytes of data per year, including phone conversations, e-mail messages and photocopies. \par \~ \par The genetic code consists of three billion letters,\~repeated twice within each of our 50 trillion cells. This amounts to\~ 15 with 22 zeros after it, or 150 zettabits of data. Stretched in a line, the DNA is one cell would measure c. 2 meters long. Inside the }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10036217 cell, it is folded in a packet merely }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10036217\charrsid10036217 trillionths of a centimeter long. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10036217\charrsid10036217 HYPERLINK "http://www.theharrowgroup.com/articles/20021216/20021216.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1277378 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0074006800650068006100720072006f007700670072006f00750070002e0063006f006d002f00610072007400690063006c00650073002f0032003000 3000320031003200310036002f00320030003000320031003200310036002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000} }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10036217\charrsid10036217 http://www.theharrowgroup.com/articles/20021216/20021216.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10036217 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15620898 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 Drive-in \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15620898 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 Drive-ins were invented by Richard M. Hollingshead, a car salesman.\~At first, the film was\~projected\~from the hood of his car on to a bedsheet, securely fastened to tree trunks\~ in his back yard in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Camden{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}New Jersey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The sound was broadcast\~ from a radio placed behind the screen and, later, from speakers he\~mounted\~on\~trees. Hollingshead was granted a patent in May 1933 (later invalidated by the courts) and the first drive-opened on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0 {\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 6}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 6}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1933}}}June 6, 1933{\*\xmlclose} in\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Camden{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}New Jersey{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The price of admission was 25 cents per car and another 25 ce nts per person. The sound was delivered by in-car speakers which hung on the driver's side window. \par Drive-ins today have anywhere from\~one to 13 screens\~(in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Florida{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ) and a capacity of between 50 and 3000 cars. The soundtrack is now delivered through the car radio.\~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 HYPERLINK "http://www.driveintheater.com/history/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5266595 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006400720069007600650069006e0074006800650061007400650072002e0063006f006d002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f00000000000000 000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 http://www.driveintheater.com/history/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 HYPERLINK "http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980121.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5266595 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e00760065006e0074006f00720073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f007700650065006b006c007900 2f00610061003900380030003100320031002e00680074006d00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980121.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15620898\charrsid15620898 \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid15620898 \~}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15620898 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16647111 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid10036217\charrsid10036217 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16647111 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9322511\charrsid2113508 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid9322511\charrsid9322511 {\*\bkmkstart E}E}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid2188172\charrsid9322511 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9322511 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9322511 {\*\bkmkend E} \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Earthquakes}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par Little known facts about temblors: \par \par The epicenter of an earthquake is not the same as its hypocenter (focus, point of origin within a fault-line). The epicenter is the point on the surface of the Earth directly }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 above the focus}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 . Dangerous, shallow-focus quakes originate 0-70 kilometers below the surface. Less damaging deep-focus tremors occur between 70-700 kilometers down. Subduction zone earthquakes (like the one that gave rise to the lethal } {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/factoidt.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0066006100630074006f006900640074002e00680074006d006c00000000000000 00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 tsunami}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 26}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2004}}}December 26, 2004{\*\xmlclose} ) occur when one tectonic plate moves under another (subducts). There are interplate and intraplate quakes, which take place along plate boundaries or within the fracturing crust of a single plate, respectively. \par \par Earthquakes are not rare at all - several hundred earthquakes occur every day. There are about 1 million of them annually - of which 50,000 can be felt without the aid of instruments. Tremors of the magnitude of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kobe{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1995 (which caused an estimated damage of $100 billion ) are measured 20 times in an average year. \par \par The Encyclopedia Britannica (2005 edition) describes a "swarm" of such events thus: \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 "In the Matsushiro region of\~ {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , for instance, there occurred between August 1965 and 1967 a series of hundreds of thousands of earthquakes, some sufficiently strong (up to local magnitude 5) to cause property damage but no casualties. The maximum frequency was 6,780 small earthquakes on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month} {\xmlattrvalue 4}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1966}}}April 17, 1966{\*\xmlclose}." \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Pacific ocean{\*\xmlclose} is the unhappy recipient of well over 80 percent of all the energy released by earthquakes worldwide. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} alone suffers from 1500 tremors annually (of which two thirds are greater than 3.5 in magnitude). Fault lines abound and new ones are discovered frequently. One fault line runs under 125th street in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Manhattan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, New-York. \par \par Still, in the last 5 centuries, all earthquakes combined killed less than one tenth the victims of World War II - and this includes the 240,000 who died in the 1976 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Tang-Shan {\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} event. \par \par Earthquakes are composites of: \par \par I. Primary (or compression) and secondary (or shearing) body waves (that travel in the rocks under the surface of the Earth at speeds of up to 7 kilometers per second and frequencies of between 20 Hertz and one vibration per 54 minutes) \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 And \par \par II. Two types of surface waves, named after British physicist Lord Rayleigh and British geophysicist A. E. H. Love (with frequencies of 1-0.005 Hertz). \par \par Some earthquakes are caused by human activities (such as the filling of water reservoirs behind dams, injecting water into deep wells, and underground nuclear tests). More than 600 tremors were recorded in the decade following the filling of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Lake Mead{\*\xmlclose} behind Hoover Dam on the Nevada-Arizona state border. \par \par Some earthquakes produce low-pitch sounds and light effects (flashes, streamers, and balls). Water in lakes and reservoirs oscillate causing flooding (a phenomenon called seiche). Seiches were observed in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Scotland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Sweden{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} following the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Lisbon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} quake of 1755. Similarly, the Alaskan tremor in 1964 produced seiches in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and throughout the southwestern parts of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par Measuring the magnitude of earthquakes is more a fine art than an exact science. \par \par Charles Richter developed his eponymous logarithmic scale in 1935 . It measures the amplitude (the height) of seismic surface waves. Each unit represents a tenfold increase in the energy released by the tremor. An earthquake of magnitude 9 is, therefore, 1000 stronger than a tremor of magnitude 6. The Kobe earthquake me a sured 6.8 on the Richter scale, the San Francisco tremor of 1906 was 8.3 (as was the earthquake in the Mississippi Valley in 1811), and both the Alaskan quake of 1964 and the South Asian underwater temblor of 2004 were around 9 (9.2 in Alaska to be precis e). \par \par The Richter scale is used mainly by the media. Professional seismologists use the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) which takes into account the properties of the area and the amount of slippage (displacement). It captures the total energy of the tremor. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Kobe{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} earthquake measured 7 on the MMS, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}San Francisco{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} tremor of 1906 was 7.6, and the Alaskan quake of 1964 was 9. \par \par Then there is the still-used 12-grade Modified Mercalli Scale (adapted in 1931 by American seismologists H. O. Wood a nd Frank Neumann from the original Mercalli scale, proposed in 1902 Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli). It measures the impact that an earthquake has on the natural and man-made environment to gauge its magnitude. The Europeans have a similar 12-grad e scale, called MSK. \par \par Seaquakes are earthquakes that start on land and then travel into the sea at the speed of sound (about 1.5 kilometers per second). \par \par Quakes occur even on the moon which has no plates, volcanic activities, or ocean trenches. The five seismograph stations of the Passive Seismic Experiment set up between\~1969\~and\~ 1977 as part of the United States Apollo Program detected up to 3,000 moonquakes every year. Mars, on the other hand, seems not to have quakes at all! \par \par Some notable earthquakes in history: \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Lisbon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 11}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1755}}}November 1, 1755{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 9}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 40}}}09:40 AM{\*\xmlclose} (All Saints Day) \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Property damage: 12,000 houses, fire raged for 6 days \par Casualties: 60,000 dead \par \par Felt as far as: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Algiers{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (1100 kilometers to the east) \par \par Side effects: tsunami 20 meters high (at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cadiz{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) to 6 meters high (at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Lisbon {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). Traveled to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Martinique{\*\xmlclose} (6100 kilometers) in 10 hours and rose to 4 meters when it struck the shore. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 New {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Madrid{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Missouri{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 16}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1811}}}December 16, 1811{\*\xmlclose}, January 23 and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year} {\xmlattrvalue 1812}}}February 7, 1812{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Felt as far as: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Louisville{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Kentucky{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (300 kilometers away); {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cincinnati{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Ohio{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (600 km. away); {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Canada {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}; {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Gulf{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Coast{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \par Side effects: 1874 aftershocks; The tremor affected 100,000 square kilometers. An area of 240X60 kilometers sank by 1-3 meters and was flooded as a nearby river rushed in. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}San Francisco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month} {\xmlattrvalue 4}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 18}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1906}}}April 18, 1906{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour} {\xmlattrvalue 5}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}}05:12 AM{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Property damage: Fire destroyed the business district of San Francisco. Cities along the fault (e.g., {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}San Jose{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Salinas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Santa Rosa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) obliterated. \par \par Casualties: 700 dead \par \par Felt as far as: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Los Angeles{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the south and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Coos Bay{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Oregon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, to the north \par \par Side effects: At least a 430 kilometers fault slippage (break). \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Tokyo\endash Yokohama, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1923}}}September 1, 1923{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Property damage: Fifty four percent of brick buildings and one tenth of other, reinforced, structures collapsed. Hundreds of thousands of houses crumbled or burned. \par \par Casualties: 140,000 dead \par \par Side effects: Twelve-meter high tsunami crashed against Atami on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Sagami{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Gulf{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , destroyed 155 houses and killed 60 people. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Chile{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1960 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Property damage: Pegged at millions of US dollars. \par \par Casualties: 5700 killed and 3000 injured. \par \par Side effects: Seismic sea waves (tsunamis) struck {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Japan {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and the Pacific coast of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alaska{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 3}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 27}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1964}}}March 27, 1964{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Casualties: 131 dead \par \par Side effects: Felt over an area of 1,300,000 square kilometers and tilted an area of more than 120,000 square kilometers. Land was thrust up by as much as 25 meters and sank by up to 2.5 meters. Numerous tsunamis affected locales as far as {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Crescent City{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . The fault extended for 1000 kilometers and there were tens of thousands of aftershocks. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Tang-shan{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 28}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1976}}}July 28, 1976{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Property damage: Entire city razed to the ground. \par \par Casualties: 240,000 killed and half a million injured. \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month} {\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 19}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1985}}}September 19, 1985{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour} {\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 18}}}07:18 AM{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Property damage: Most buildings in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mexico City{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - 400 kilometers from the epicenter - damaged extensively. \par \par Casualties: 10,000 killed. \par \par Side effects: Seismic sea waves (tsunamis) struck {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Japan {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and the Pacific coast of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4400000068007400740070003a002f002f0070007500620073002e0075007300670073002e0067006f0076002f006700690070002f0065006100720074006800710031002f0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/ics/understanding/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300720075007300740061006c002e0075006300730062002e006500640075002f006900630073002f0075006e006400650072007300740061006e00 640069006e0067002f0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/ics/understanding/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0073006500690073006d006f002e0075006e0072002e006500640075002f006600740070002f007000750062002f006c006f007500690065002f006300 6c006100730073002f003100300030002f0070006c006100740065002d0074006500630074006f006e006900630073002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4000518\charrsid4000518 Eating Disorders \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4000518\charrsid4000518 The media would have us believe that the victims of eating disorders are adolescents with psychological problems. \par The truth is different. Both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are indeed more common among adolescents. But close to 80% of all deaths fro m anorexia nervosa are among people older than 45. Actually, the median age of death from eating disorders and related causes among women is 69 and among men - 80! One fifth of all adult sufferers are men. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid4000518 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/editors/editcat.cgi?cat=Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Eating" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4811451 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0065006400690074006f00720073002f0065006400690074006300610074002e006300670069003f006300610074003d004800 650061006c00740068002f004d0065006e00740061006c005f004800650061006c00740068002f004400690073006f00720064006500720073002f0045006100740069006e00670000000045000000ff0008ac650077000000000000000000000043000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff00 0000000048000000000000006500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4000518\charrsid4000518 http://dmoz.org/editors/editcat.cgi?cat=Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Eating}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid4000518 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9322511 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9322511\charrsid9322511 Egg}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs32 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs32\insrsid9322511 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9322511\charrsid9322511 A human female is born with }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2895616 150,000 }{ \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9322511\charrsid9322511 hollow balls of cells. Each "ball" - a follicle - contains an immature ovum (egg cell). By the age of 16-18, only 30-40,000 of these follicles survive. The destruction of follicles continues well into menopause when the few remaining follicles degenerate and die. Only 300-400 follicles mature during the woman's reproductive years 13-54. But the qu ality of the eggs deteriorates with time.\~In her early 30's, for instance, the rate of spontaneous abortions a woman endures reaches 28%. Menstruation occurs every 4 weeks. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9322511\charrsid9322511 A follicle from one of the two ovaries matures, the egg is extruded from the ovary and is made ready for fertilization in the reproductive tract. If not fertilized, it leaves the body together with the nutrients accumulated to feed a prospective embryo - and blood.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9322511 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9322511 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9322511\charrsid9322511 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9322511\charrsid7538599 HYPERLINK "http://www.babycenter.com/expert/pregnancy/pregcomplications/4754.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7538599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006200610062007900630065006e007400650072002e0063006f006d002f006500780070006500720074002f0070007200650067006e0061006e006300 79002f00700072006500670063006f006d0070006c00690063006100740069006f006e0073002f0034003700350034002e00680074006d006c00000000150000804e00000001000000000000005200000000000000880000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a00000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000001f0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9322511\charrsid7538599 http://www.babycenter.com/expert/pregnancy/pregcomplications/4754.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9322511\charrsid7538599 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9322511\charrsid7538599 HYPERLINK "http://www.bartleby.com/107/3.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7538599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062006100720074006c006500620079002e0063006f006d002f003100300037002f0033002e00680074006d006c0000007675000000000000000c0000 0065000000ff014100000000002000000000000000ff006f00000000000000000077000000000000000000000064000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9322511\charrsid7538599 http://www.bartleby.com/107/3.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 Electric Chair}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14233609 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 The electric chair was invented by a dentist, }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3354605 A}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 lfred\~Southwick from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Buffalo{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . But the modern implement was designed and tested by Harold Brown with the active support of Thomas Edison. Carlos McDonald and A. P. Rockwell contributed to the engineering of the chair. But the patent is registered to one, Edwin Davis, who used it to\~ kill more than 300 prisoners.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 \par Due to the body's high resistance, an alternating current of 2000-2400 volts is\~applied to electrocute the condemned. Only two electrodes, moistened with a salt solution,\~are attached to the scalp and to the calf of one leg. Death occurs two to five whole minutes after the jolt has been administered - but no one knows why or how. The electrical current may stop the heart before the victims are practically burnt or cooked to death.\~ There is no proof either way. Willie Francis, who survived his first execution, described it thus:}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3354605\charrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14233609\charrsid1725238 "My mouth tasted like cold peanut butter. I felt a burning in my head and my left leg, and I jumped against the straps." \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 The chair has its own circuit, separate from the prison's - but it does feed off the public grid. Prison officials pull the switches or push the buttons.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3354605\charrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609\charrsid14233609 The axe murderer, William Kemmler, was the first to be electrocuted in Auburn State Prison, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}New York{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 8}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 6}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1890}}}August 6, 1890 {\*\xmlclose}.\~By 1972\~the chair\~was adopted by 25 states and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}District of Columbia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. More than 4300 inmates, including dozens of women,\~ were "grilled" by the device in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Only 11 of the 38 states that currently allow the death penalty still use the chair, though - and only 3 of those as an exclusive method of execution, as do the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Philippines{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14233609 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3354605\charrsid14233609 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 HYPERLINK "http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa102497.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2692599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e00760065006e0074006f00720073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f007700650065006b006c007900 2f00610061003100300032003400390037002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa102497.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3354605\charrsid3354605 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 HYPERLINK "http://www.albany.edu/~brandon/sparky.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2692599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006c00620061006e0079002e006500640075002f007e006200720061006e0064006f006e002f0073007000610072006b0079002e00680074006d00 6c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 http://www.albany.edu/~brandon/sparky.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3354605\charrsid3354605 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/trctl11/chair.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2692599 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0074007200630074006c00310031002f00630068006100690072002e0068007400 6d006c000000000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 http://www.geocities.com/trctl11/chair.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14233609\charrsid3354605 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1680\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877136 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3354605 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 Electronic Mail\tab }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12877136 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877136 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 Both Electronic Mail and Instant Messaging\~were available as early as 1965. Queen Elizabeth of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} sent her first email in 1976.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 \par Users were sharing files - by placing them into common directories - even earlier (in 1961).\~The system\~was known as CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System). It was modified by Louis Pouzin, Glenda Schroeder, and Pat Crisman, Tom van Vleck and Noel Morris \~at the beginning of 1965 to include a MAIL command. Van Vleck and Morris also wrote an instant messaging tool into the software. An unknown hack added a "You've got mail" alert facility. Other timesharing systems - such as SDC and\~BBN\~ - also included e-mail by autumn 1965. The military deployed AUTODIN (commissioned in 1962) and SAGE with full e-mail capabilities by 1966.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 \par But these were same-machine e-mail applications. They could not connect different computers. ARPANET, a unit of the Department of Defence in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, was the first to achieve inter-connectibility. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3354605 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 Ray Tomlinson of ARPANET sent the first recognizable e-mail message in 1971. It was addressed to himself and read: "Testing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2003}}}1-2-3{\*\xmlclose}". He then\~followed with\~a message to all ARPANET us ers with instructions on how to use the convention }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 HYPERLINK "mailto:username@hostname" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid11617994 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b320000006d00610069006c0074006f003a0075007300650072006e0061006d006500400068006f00730074006e0061006d00650000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 username@hostname}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 .}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 \par At first, the use of the word "mail" was contentious as the Postal Office was thought to have a monopoly on sending personal notes and messages around. But the Postal Office, not realizing the importance of e-mail, did not object to the newly coined\~ moniker e-mail.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877136 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 HYPERLINK "http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11617994 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0075006c00740069006300690061006e0073002e006f00720067002f0074006800760076002f006d00610069006c002d0068006900730074006f00 720079002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 HYPERLINK "http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/chap3.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11617994 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c00650074002e006c0065006900640065006e0075006e00690076002e006e006c002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f006900760068002f00 630068006100700033002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12877136\charrsid12877136 http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/chap3.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12877136 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2316000 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid2316000 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs32 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs32\insrsid10374066\charrsid9322511 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs32 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs32\insrsid10374066\charrsid10374066 {\*\bkmkstart F}F}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs32 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs32\insrsid12806098\charrsid10374066 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid10374066\charrsid10374066 {\*\bkmkend F} \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid11617994 Federations \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11617994 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Jordan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were once one country under a united Hashemite throne. The two monarchs - Hussein of Jordan and Faisal II of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - created a federation in 1958. It lasted a few months - until Faisal II of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was deposed and killed in a military coup. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Syria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~ proclaimed in a federation in February 1958. It lasted till September 1961. It was called the United Arab Republic (UAR) and had the hallmarks of a unitary state: single flag and\~anthem,\~shared armed services and common foreign policy. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} retained the name - UAR - until 1971. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was nominally independent even during the heyday of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose} . It maintained its own delegation to the United Nations, for instance. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}USSR{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was a federation between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Belarus{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the Transcaucasus with a formal right to secede granted to each of the constituents. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Lagos{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - today, a state within {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Nigeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} incorporating the largest city in\~the country\~and, for a long time, its capital - was\~made a separate British colony in 1886. It was administered from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Freetown{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sierra Leone{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Nigeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is a federation of 36 states and a federal capital territory (similar to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}). \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11617994 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (originally, Tejas) was an independent republic between 1836 and 1845. It was recognized by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and by many countries in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} - though not by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, from which it seceded. Its annexation by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} led to the Mexican War between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par For centuries, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was a monarchy. The last queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed in January 1893. An\~ independent republic was declared and immediately sued for annexation. The republic survived\~5 years as an independent entity and was annexed by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in\~1898. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 HYPERLINK "http://www.ciff.on.ca/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid10642100 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006900660066002e006f006e002e00630061002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 http://www.ciff.on.ca/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Society/Politics/Federalism_and_Devolution/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid10642100 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f0050006f006c00690074006900630073002f004600650064006500720061006c006900 73006d005f0061006e0064005f004400650076006f006c007500740069006f006e002f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11617994\charrsid11617994 http://dmoz.org/Society/Politics/Federalism_and_Devolution/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid11617994 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 \par Filibuster \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8719579 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 Filibuster is a term common to all the procedural techniques employed by members of a legislature to delay legislation they oppose. Thus, filibuster includes the introduction of dilatory motions, intentional absen ce from the assembly to prevent a quorum, or lengthy speechmaking. Even speeches completely unrelated to the issue are allowed. Filibustering members hope to kill a legislative initiative or obtain concessions from the majority. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8719579 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 In the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , members of the House of Representatives cannot filibuster as debate there is limited in time. At the behest of President Woodrow Wilson, cloture rules were adopted by the U.S. Senate in Rule 22 in 1917 (and amended in 1949, 1959, and 1975). Debate now can be limited to a further 30 hours with the vote of three-fifths (originally two thirds) of the full Senate membership. In the British House of Commons, cloture was introduced in 1822 and requires at least 100 affirmative votes. \par In August 1957, Senator Strom Thurmond of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Carolina{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} spoke for 24 hours and 18 minutes in opposition to a civil rights measure. This is the American filibuster record. In 1964, a group of southern senators led by Russell Long of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Louisiana{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} extended the debate on the Civil Rights Act for 74 days. \par Filibuster is originally a Dutch word meaning "pirate, hijacker". In Spanish "filibustero" meant "freebooting" and applied to 16th century privateers. Irregular military adventurers, mercenaries and guerril leros in the 19th century were also called "filibusters". \~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8719579 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 HYPERLINK "http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/filibuster.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12610938 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730065006e006100740065002e0067006f0076002f007200650066006500720065006e00630065002f0067006c006f00730073006100720079005f00 7400650072006d002f00660069006c0069006200750073007400650072002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/filibuster.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 HYPERLINK "http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Filibuster_Cloture.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12610938 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730065006e006100740065002e0067006f0076002f0061007200740061006e00640068006900730074006f00720079002f0068006900730074006f00 720079002f0063006f006d006d006f006e002f006200720069006500660069006e0067002f00460069006c0069006200750073007400650072005f0043006c006f0074007500720065002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Filibuster_Cloture.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8719579\charrsid8719579 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11617994 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid8719579\charrsid11617994 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid11617994 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid8719579 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid13514730 Fingerprints \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13514730 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 Fingerprints were first used to identify criminals in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bengal{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the 1890s. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13514730 T}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 he London Metropolitan Police introduced them in 1901. The\~Illinois}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13514730 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 Supreme Court}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 \~was the\~first to rule that fingerprints are admissible as evidence. The FBI currently holds the fingerprints of more than 80 million people, close to 40 million of them in a computerized database. \par \~ \par In January 2002 a federal judge in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pennsylvania{\*\xmlclose} ruled that fingerprint examiners testifying in his courtroom will h ave to convince the jury that fingerprints discovered in the scene of a crime belong to specific defendants. In other words, fingerprints are no more reliable than other types of evidence. The claim that the error rate in matching prints is zero has never been proven scientifically. \par \~ \par Latent prints lifted off crime scenes with the application of special chemicals or ultraviolet light are often incomplete or indistinct. The matching of prints requires an overall "impression" of similarity (in other words, it is an art, not a science). The minimal number of points of similarity\~required in more demanding jurisdictions\~varies wildly and arbitrarily from one jurisdiction to another. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13514730 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10492900 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid13514730 It was Francis Galton, a 19-century statistician, who pegged, in 1892, the pro bability that the prints of two individuals would match at 1:64 billion. This calculation was based on 35-50 "Galton details" - features related to ridges in the fingerprint. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid10492900 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid13514730 In forensic practice, only 8-16 such points are used. No one knows to calcul ate the probability of matching fragments of two individual fingerprints - though most fingerprints recovered from crime scenes are partial.}{\rtlch \af2\afs20 \ltrch \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13514730 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13514730 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13514730 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 In the case of Byron Mitchell,\~in 1998, two latent prints were said to substantiate his guilt. The FBI\~sent the la tent prints and Mitchell's inked fingerprints to the laboratories of 53 state law enforcement agencies. Of the 35 that bothered to respond,\~fourteen failed\~to find a match for one of the two latent prints. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region} }America{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s National Institute of Justice (an arm of the Department of Justice) is conducting a study of the reliability of fingerprinting - finally. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13514730 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 HYPERLINK "http://www.crimelibrary.com/forensics/fingerprints/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16647111 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300720069006d0065006c006900620072006100720079002e0063006f006d002f0066006f00720065006e0073006900630073002f00660069006e00 6700650072007000720069006e00740073002f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 http://www.crimelibrary.com/forensics/fingerprints/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 HYPERLINK "http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~brislawn/FBI/FBI.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16647111 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630033002e006c0061006e006c002e0067006f0076002f007e0062007200690073006c00610077006e002f004600420049002f004600420049002e00 680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~brislawn/FBI/FBI.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 HYPERLINK "http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/iafis.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16647111 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006600620069002e0067006f0076002f00680071002f0063006a006900730064002f00690061006600690073002e00680074006d000000000700000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13514730\charrsid13514730 http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/iafis.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8719579 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 Fleming, Ian}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13514730\charrsid16530421 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16530421 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 Ian Lancaster Fleming (1908-1964), the author of the James Bond 007 novels, was the grandson of a Scottish banker and the son of a Conservative MP (Member of Parliament). His father died in the first world war. In his will, he bequeathed his property to h is widow on condition she never remarries. \par Ian's youth was inauspicious. He was expelled from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Eton{\*\xmlclose} following a sexual liaison with a girl. He left {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sandhurst{\*\xmlclose} without obtaining an officer's rank, having been caught violating the curfew. He continued his education in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kitzbuhel{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Austria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Munich{\*\xmlclose} and in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Geneva{\*\xmlclose} where he studied languages. But the chain of disappointments continued apace. He failed in a Foreign Service exam and had to join Reuters as a journalist. There he successfully covered a spy trial in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia {\*\xmlclose} (1929-32). \par He then joined a British investment bank as a stockbroker and moved to live in a converted temple in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Belgravia{\*\xmlclose} , a fashionable district of London, where he entertained the members of the Le Cercle Gastronomique et des Jeux de Hasard. \par In 1939, Fleming took on an assignment for The Times in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Moscow{\*\xmlclose} - in effect a cover. He was spying for the Foreign Office and later for Naval Intelligence where he attained the rank of Commander. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8719579 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 During the second world war, he worked from room number 39 in the Admiralty building in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Whitehall{\*\xmlclose} a s assistant to Admiral John Godfrey. He was involved in the evacuation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Dieppe{\*\xmlclose} in 1940, in the smuggling of King Zog out of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Albania{\*\xmlclose} and in setting up the Office for Special Services, the precursor of the CIA. \par As commander of the 30th Assault Unit, he sometimes operated behind the German lines, trying to secure important documents and files from destruction. But, mostly, he directed the Unit's operations from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} London{\*\xmlclose}. \par When the war was over, he built a house - Goldeneye - in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jamaica{\*\xmlclose}. He worked for the Kemsley group of papers and vacationed every winter in the island. \par While awaiting the divorce of one of his numerous paramours - the pregnant Lady An ne Rothermere - the 44 years old Fleming wrote "Casino Royale" published in 1953. It was the first of 12 James Bond thrillers, translated to 11 languages and with total sales of 18 million copies. James Bond novels are now being authored by a new generati on of writers. \par In 1961, John F, Kennedy, the newly elected president, listed a James Bond title as one of his favorite books. Many movie plots were loosely based on Fleming's novels and have grossed, in total, more than $1 billion. The 007 trademark was mer chandised and attached to\~ everything, from toys and games to clothes and toiletries. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8719579 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 But Fleming was also renowned for his non-fiction: tomes like "The Diamond Smugglers" and his "Atticus" column in The Sunday Times where he served as foreign manager (19 45-9). He successfully branched into children's literature with "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1964), also made into a movie. \par Ironically, his mother died and left him a fortune in 1964 - when Fleming was already wealthy and dying. The trip to her service may have done him in. His son committed suicide in 1975 and his wife died in 1981. He left behind one heir: James Bond. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 HYPERLINK "http://www.klast.net/bond/fleming.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid22727 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006b006c006100730074002e006e00650074002f0062006f006e0064002f0066006c0065006d0069006e0067002e00680074006d006c00000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 http://www.klast.net/bond/fleming.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 HYPERLINK "http://www.ianfleming.org/index.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid22727 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00690061006e0066006c0065006d0069006e0067002e006f00720067002f0069006e006400650078002e007300680074006d006c000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 http://www.ianfleming.org/index.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16530421\charrsid16530421 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid10374066\charrsid10374066 Foreign Accent Syndrome}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid10374066 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10374066\charrsid10374066 The brains of stroke victims play odd tricks on them.\~ A small group of stroke survivors develops a speech impediment known as "Foreign Accent Syndrome". In the first known case, in 1941, a Norwegian woman\~spoke in\~ a German accent. All the elements of pronunciation shift - pacing, rhythm, intonation, and stress. The New York Times cites the case of a BBC producer in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose} who spoke in a Scottish - or, at any rate, foreign - accent. The impediment is aided and often completely cured through speech therapy.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16604037 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/15/health/15CHAN.html?8vd" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3175250 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e007900740069006d00650073002e0063006f006d002f0032003000300032002f00310030002f00310035002f006800650061006c00740068002f00 310035004300480041004e002e00680074006d006c003f003800760064000000006900000000001f000000840020ab0000000000005200000052006e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000320060006f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/15/health/15CHAN.html?8vd}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 \line \line }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2300395.stm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3175250 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002e00000068007400740070003a002f002f006e006500770073002e006200620063002e0063006f002e0075006b002f0032002f00680069002f006800650061006c00740068002f0032003300300030003300390035002e00730074006d000000e0c9ea79f9ba ce118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f006e006500770073002e006200620063002e0063006f002e0075006b002f0032002f00680069002f006800650061006c00740068002f0032003300300030003300390035002e00730074006d0000007184000401000075000000380000006c0062000008 0000000065006e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2300395.stm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 HYPERLINK "http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/021003.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3175250 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00610064006d0069006e002e006f0078002e00610063002e0075006b002f0070006f002f003000320031003000300033002e007300680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004b a90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00610064006d0069006e002e006f0078002e00610063002e0075006b002f0070006f002f003000320031003000300033002e007300680074006d006c0000000000001c000000000000006f0000006f006100000000000000000074760000000800000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/021003.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 HYPERLINK "http://www.cog.brown.edu/~seb/Kurowski.pdf" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3175250 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002b00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006f0067002e00620072006f0077006e002e006500640075002f007e007300650062002f004b00750072006f00770073006b0069002e007000640066000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa 004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006f0067002e00620072006f0077006e002e006500640075002f007e007300650062002f004b00750072006f00770073006b0069002e007000640066000000d400007c7a0000750000007a000000000073000000ff0042000000000000000000 00000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 http://www.cog.brown.edu/~seb/Kurowski.pdf}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 HYPERLINK "http://casino.cchs.usyd.edu.au/csd/mig_site/1999_vol15_2/foreign_accent_syndrome.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3175250 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000005500000068007400740070003a002f002f0063006100730069006e006f002e0063006300680073002e0075007300790064002e006500640075002e00610075002f006300730064002f006d00690067005f0073006900740065002f0031003900390039005f00 76006f006c00310035005f0032002f0066006f0072006500690067006e005f0061006300630065006e0074005f00730079006e00640072006f006d0065002e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90baa00000068007400740070003a002f002f0063006100730069006e006f002e0063006300680073 002e0075007300790064002e006500640075002e00610075002f006300730064002f006d00690067005f0073006900740065002f0031003900390039005f0076006f006c00310035005f0032002f0066006f0072006500690067006e005f0061006300630065006e0074005f00730079006e00640072006f006d0065002e00 680074006d00000000848010000000870000007400240000000000730000ff700000080000000000000000006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10374066\charrsid3175250 http://casino.cchs.usyd.edu.au/csd/mig_site/1999_vol15_2/foreign_accent_syndrome.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10374066\charrsid10374066 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 French Revolution}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10374066 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2586528 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 The monarchy was far from absolute prior to the French Revolution. Laws had to be approved by the regional parlements - and, increasingly frequently, were not. King Louis XVI abolished the parlements in May 1788. This led to widespread at tacks on royal officials and emissaries,\~civil disobedience,\~and a tsunami of pamphlets against the king's despotism. The revolution started, therefore, much before July 1789.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16530421 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 The disaffection cut across class lines. Many noblemen spoke for the commoners. French nobleman Honor\'e9 Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau, for instance, sought to be elected to the Estates-General, a consultative assembly not convened since 1614,\~as a delegate of the "third estate" (people who were neither aristocrats, nor clergy). \par \~ \par The revolution itself may have been set off by a misunderstanding. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10492900 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8719579 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 The representatives of the third estate joined forces with dissenting delegates from the other two estates to form the National Assembly. One day, officials of the king locked the reg ular meeting place of the Assembly in order to prepare it for an address by the king. The members of the Assembly wrongly concluded that they are about to be crushed. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8719579 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 On June 20, they regrouped in an indoor tennis court and vowed not to disband until {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose} had a constitution and the king's powers are drastically curtailed. This became known as the "Tennis Court Oath". \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2586528 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2494405 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}July 14, 1789 {\*\xmlclose}\~crowds stormed the Bastille - a fortress prison in east {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Paris{\*\xmlclose} - in response to ominous movements of royal troops in and around the capital. Contrary to later myths, the Bastille was virtually decommissioned and housed, at the time, only seven aging inmates. They missed the Marquis de Sade by weeks. He wa s moved from the Bastille to the Charenton lunatic asylum in 1789, after having incited the crowds outside his window in the impregnable fort.\~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4131097 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 HYPERLINK "http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1465802 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f00630068006e006d002e0067006d0075002e006500640075002f007200650076006f006c007500740069006f006e002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000870000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2586528 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4131097\charrsid2586528 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10492900 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 HYPERLINK "http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1465802 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0066006f0072006400680061006d002e006500640075002f00680061006c00730061006c006c002f006d006f0064002f006d006f006400730062006f00 6f006b00310033002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f3000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2586528\charrsid2586528 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid15955868\charrsid10374066 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid15955868 {\*\bkmkstart G}G \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955868 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid10492900 {\*\bkmkend G} \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid15955868 Gandhi, Mahatma \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10374066 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 Many myths abound about Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand known as Mahatma "Great Souled") Gandhi (1869-1948). \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3608019 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 He was NOT born to a poor Indian family. His father was dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Gujarat{\*\xmlclose} in western {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} under British suzerainty. He later became dewan of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rajkot{\*\xmlclose}. \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1473413 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 He married at the age of 13 and was a mediocre student. In his adolescence he defied his repressive environment by petty thieving, meat eating, smoking, and professed atheism. \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1473413 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 Until the age of 18 He spoke very little English. His main language was Gujarati. \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1473413 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 H}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16604037 e wanted to be a medical doctor}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 - more precisely, a surgeon. His family forced his to study law. \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1473413 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 His first political activity was as a member of the executive committee of the London Vegetarian Society. \par He went to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Africa{\*\xmlclose} because he couldn't find work in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} . He was a poor lawyer, in both senses of the word. He suffered from stage fright. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7673086 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 The "Encyclopedia Britannica" describes his first days there:}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4000518 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1473413 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868\charrsid7421006 "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Africa {\*\xmlclose} was to present to Gandhi challenges and opportunities that he could hardly have conceived. In a {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Durban{\*\xmlclose} court, he was asked by the European magistrate to take off his turban; he refused and left the courtroom. }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1473413\charrsid7421006 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868\charrsid7421006 A few days later, while traveling to Pretoria, he was unceremoniously thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and left shivering and brooding at Pietermaritzburg Station; in the further course of the journey he was beaten up by the white dri ver of a stagecoach because he would not travel on the footboard to make room for a European passenger; and finally he was barred from hotels reserved "for Europeans only." These humiliations were the daily lot of Indian traders and labourers in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Natal{\*\xmlclose} who had learned to pocket them with the same resignation with which they pocketed their meagre earnings." \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955868 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868 He was about to sail to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} London{\*\xmlclose} when he read about a bill to deprive the Indians of their right to vote. He decided to stay. It is in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Johannesburg{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Africa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} that his first civil disobedience ("Satyagraha") campaign was staged - not in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}. \par Gandhi's life was at peril many times. He was almost lynched in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Durban{\*\xmlclose} as early as January 1897. He was assassinated in 1948. \par He was not a pacifist. Nor was he anti-British. When the Boer war broke out, he organized a volunteer corps of 11,000 Indians to defend the British colony of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Natal{\*\xmlclose}. \par There is much more here: \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870353 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Gandhi,_Mohandas_Karamchand,_Mahatma/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bdc00000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f0048006900730074006f00720079002f00420079005f0052006500670069006f006e00 2f0041007300690061002f0053006f007500740068005f0041007300690061002f0050006500720073006f006e0061006c00690074006900650073002f00470061006e006400680069002c005f004d006f00680061006e006400610073005f004b006100720061006d006300680061006e0064002c005f004d006100680061 0074006d0061002f00000000000000006f760000000042002000000000007500010000000000000000000000000000000000000000001e0000000000000000006f0000000000000072000000410000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868\charrsid14244673 http://dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Gandhi,_Mohandas_Karamchand,_Mahatma/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Gein, Edward Theodore ("Ed" or "Eddie") - }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\cf6 WARNING! Graphic Descriptions! \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par Also known as The Butcher of Plainfield, The Plainfield Butcher, The Mad Butcher, The Plainfield Ghoul. \par \par A }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/serialkillers.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00730065007200690061006c006b0069006c006c006500720073002e0068007400 6d006c00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 serial killer}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 who served as the inspiration to numerous films, among them Psycho, The Silence of the Lambs, Maniac, Three on a Meathook, Deranged, Ed Gein, The Movie, and the Texas Chainsaw Massacre. \par \par He was born on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 8}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 27}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1906}}}August 27, 1906 {\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}La Crosse{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Wisconsin{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and lived with his domineering and fanatically religious mother, Augusta, and his older brother, Henry, on a 195-acres family homestead outside {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Plainfield{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Wisconsin{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. His father, George, a no-good alcoholic, and much despised by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Augusta{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , died in 1940, aged 67. His brother abruptly followed suit in 1944, aged 43 (he died in a mysterious and suspicious brush fire). Ed's mother passed away a year later, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month} {\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 29}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1945}}}December 29, 1945{\*\xmlclose} , aged 67. Ed remained all alone and subsisted on Federal farm subsidies and his occasional bouts as the community's itinerant handyman and babysitter. \par \par After his mother died, Ed sealed the upper floor as a shrine, and lived in a single room by the kitchen. He accumulated a library of anatomy books, porn magazines, horror and adventure novels, historical accounts of the Nazi medical experiments in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Auschwitz{\*\xmlclose} and elsewhere, and medical encyclopedias. At night, he performed rudimentary surgeries on exhumed and decomposing female bodies about whose death he learned from the obituaries in the local paper. His semi-retarded friend Gus helpe d him dig up the graves, including, reportedly, the body of Ed's own mother. \par \par Even at this early necrophiliac phase, Gein kept the victims' internal organs and draped himself with the flayed skins or fitted them onto a tailor's mummy. Around the house, he wore women's panties stuffed with excised vaginas. Contrary to rumor, he did not have sex with the bodies. They smelled too bad, he explained. \par \par Gein wondered what it feels like being a woman and fantasized about gender reassignment. He was not shy about h is collections and even showed them to visitors. For many years, Ed and his shrunken heads have been the butt of morbid local jokes. Once he told a a sawmill owner named Elmo Ueeck that Mary Hogan, one of his victims, is not missing. "She is at my farm ri ght now" - confessed Ed sheepishly. No one paid any attention to the shy recluse. \par \par When Gus was committed to an old people's home, Ed's supply of corpses dried up. To replenish it, he proceeded to murder a string of women who were in their mid to late fifti es (he denied having killed young girls who vanished without a trace throughout the area starting in 1947). Bernice Worden was dragged from her hardware store on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 11}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 16}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1957}}}November 16, 1957{\*\xmlclose} together with her cash register and $41 in cash (Ed said he wa s planning to return the money, he just wanted to learn how cash registers work). \par \par Her son, Frank, the deputy-sheriff, suspected Gein. A day later, captain Lloyd Schoephoester and the sheriff, Art Schley, found her at Gein's house, hanging upside down fro m a meat hook, beheaded, and gutted. Her intestines and head were discovered in a box, nails driven through her ears. Her heart rested on a plate in the living room. \par \par A search throughout the grisly, trash and junk ridden house yielded ten preserved skins f rom human heads, a rug consisting of the skin from a woman's upper torso, a belt with embedded female nipples, a chair, a drum, and a wastebasket upholstered in human skin, a soup bowl made from the crown of a skull, lampshades fashioned from human flesh, a table resting on human shinbones for its legs, and a refrigerator stocked with bits of female anatomy (Ed denied the cannibalism charges levied against him). Other artifacts made of human skins (and the occasional sown-off nose) included a purse, bracel et, a sheath for a knife, and leggings. A pair of human lips were sewed onto a string (a curtain pull). \par \par Skulls crowned the four bedposts in Gein's room. Trophies - human heads stuffed with newspapers - were pinned to the walls, flanked by nine death masks made of the original faces of dead women. A shoebox contained nine female genitalia including one painted silver (presumably his mother's). Finally, Gein peeled the breasts off one of his victims to make himself a "mammary vest". He wore it - and other ga rments made from human female skin - when he pretended to be his own mother. \par \par All in all, the house and the surrounding land contained the remains of 15 bodies but Gein himself admitted that he had murdered only two - Worden and Mary Hogan, a tavern keeper on December 8, 1954. They were both shot in the head. The police found eight bodies in the local graveyard that were exhumed and mutilated by Gein. All body parts found belonged to female adults. \par Gein quickly became a cult figure and the butt of moralizing folk tales and "Geiners", macabre jokes. His farm and belongings were put on the block in a much-publicized and controversial auction. On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 3}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 20}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1958}}}March 20, 1958{\*\xmlclose} , the house burned to the ground as a result of probable arson. "Just as well" - muttered Gein when he learned of the conflagration. His Ford Sedan 1949 was displayed in carnivals and fairs by an entrepreneurial businessman for many years. \par \par Gein spent a decade in an insane asylum but finally was judged }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/insanitydefense.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0069006e00730061006e0069007400790064006500660065006e00730065002e00 680074006d006c00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 competent to stand trial}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 . The trial started on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 11}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1968}}}November 7, 1968 {\*\xmlclose} and the jury found him guilty but criminally insane. He was committed to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Central{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}State{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Hospital{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (for the Criminally Insane) at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Waupon{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Wisconsin {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and moved in 1978 to the Mendota Mental Health Institute. He was a model patient. There he died on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 26}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1984}}}July 26, 1984{\*\xmlclose} of cancer and respiratory and heart ailments and was buried next to his mother in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname City}}Plainfield{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} cemetery. His grave was desecrated by vandals. \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/gein/bill_1.html?sect=1" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300720069006d0065006c006900620072006100720079002e0063006f006d002f00730065007200690061006c005f006b0069006c006c0065007200 73002f006e006f0074006f00720069006f00750073002f006700650069006e002f00620069006c006c005f0031002e00680074006d006c003f0073006500630074003d003100000000000076000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/gein/bill_1.html?sect=1}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7749830\charrsid7749830 Glass}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12870353 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749830 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7749830\charrsid7749830 Is glass an inorganic solid material - or\~a highly viscous liquid? \par \~ \par At room temperatures, glass is an elastic\~solid. The source of the confusion is its unusual atomic structure. Glass indeed starts its life as a molten liquid. But when it cools, the atoms do not form crystals. Instead, they are\~ arranged randomly, fully reflecting their distribution in the liquid. This property of homogeneous continuity is called viscosity. \par \~ \par So, why do some scholars insist that glass is really a liquid? \par \~ \par Solid glass "remembers" its previous state as a fluid. It, therefore, acts as though it were a solution - as though\~various materials, such as soda, lime, and silica - were added and di luted in a solvent. As opposed to most solids, pure, non-commercial, glass has low density (i.e., large interstitial spaces between its atoms). Such "holes" are typical of liquids. \par \~ \par Why is glass transparent if it is, indeed, a solid? \par \~ \par According to the En cyclopedia Britannica (2003 edition), electrons in glass molecules are confined to specific energy levels and cannot absorb and reemit photons (i.e., light). This is why visible light travels through glass unhindered. It is not absorbed.\~Glass molecules \~are so tiny compared to ordinary lightwaves that they also do not absorb them when they traverse the glass sheet. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7749830\charrsid7749830 HYPERLINK "http://www.cmog.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2978486 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006d006f0067002e006f00720067002f00000000000020002200000001000000000065000000030004000000000000000000000000000000000000 0065000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7749830\charrsid7749830 http://www.cmog.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14442500 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 Gorky, Maxim}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13837820\charrsid14442500 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14442500 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14442500 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 Maxim Gorky (1868-1936) is widely considered a Bolshevik author, closely allied with the likes of Lenin and Stalin. But this is far from the truth. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Gorky{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s real name was Alexei Maximovich Peshkov. He chose the pseudonym "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}} Gorky{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} " - "bitter" in Russian - to describe his early experiences from the age of eight as a menial worker. In his late teens he attempted suicide. The bullet pierced his lung, rendering him susceptible to Tuberculosis for the rest of his life. \par \~ \par Between 1899 and 1906 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Gorky{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} lived in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}St. Petersburg{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} and\~participated in the activities of\~the Social Democratic Party. When it split in 1903, he, indeed,\~supported the Bolsheviks financially - though he never joined them formally. He was a strong critic of Lenin.\~ Partly to avoid his wrath, he exiled himself to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Capri{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~in 1906. \par \~ \par Moreover, though he\~upheld the Bolsheviks' anti-war stance, he opposed the 1917 October Revolution (the Bolshevik coup against the post-Tsarist Social Democratic government). So damaging was his criticism of Lenin's dictatorial ways and the illegitimacy of the Bolshevik regime that his work\~was censored from\~ July 1918 onwards. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Gorky{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} left {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1921 and lived in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Sorrento{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} until 1928 when he was lured back by a lavish celebration of his 60th birthday. The year after, he relocated permanently to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . In 1938, certain senior Soviet figures - like Nikolai Bukharin and Genrikh Yagoda - were accused of murdering him in 1936, while under medical treatment. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 HYPERLINK "http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc73.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5444783 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0069006d006100670069002d006e006100740069006f006e002e0063006f006d002f006d006f006f006e00730074007200750063006b002f0063006c00 73006300370033002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000280000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc73.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 HYPERLINK "http://filine.centro.ru/Gorky/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5444783 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00660069006c0069006e0065002e00630065006e00740072006f002e00720075002f0047006f0072006b0079002f00000000000000000000000000000000009c0000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14442500\charrsid14442500 http://filine.centro.ru/Gorky/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14442500 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Great Wall (of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par In November 1998, China's Xinhua news agency announced the discovery of a previously unknown segment of the Great Wall of China in the Ordos (Maowusu) Desert in the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia, about 700 km (435 miles) west of Beijing. The segment's length is 25 kilometers (15.5 miles). \par \par The current Wall is the amalgamation of fortifications built by various ruling dynasties, especially the Qin and the Ming. Including its branches and extensions, the Wall runs from east {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to its west - from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Shanhai{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Pass{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} near the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Bo Hai{\*\xmlclose} ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Gulf{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Chihli{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}) to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Jiayu{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Pass{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname State}}Gansu{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} province - a distance of 7,300 km (4,500 miles). Without its secondary sections, it stretches for 6,700 kilometers (4,163 miles). The Wall's average height is 10 meters and its average width is 5 meters. Only 30% of it is in good repair, according a stu dy published in December 2002 by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}China{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Great{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Wall {\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Academy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The masonry of the Wall has been eroded by nature and recycled into newer construction by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Man.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par \par The wall can be seen from Earth orbit - but not from the moon (according to all astronauts). \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740072006100760065006c006300680069006e006100670075006900640065002e0063006f006d002f006300680069006e0061005f00670072006500 610074005f00770061006c006c002f000000000000000001000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://www.walkthewall.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00770061006c006b00740068006500770061006c006c002e0063006f006d002f000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://www.walkthewall.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13837820 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14442500 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 Greek Philosophers}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7749830 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13837820 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13837820 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 There were so many ancient Greek thinkers that virtually every bit of modern knowledge, fact, pseudo-science\~and counterfact are represented.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 \par Greek mathematician Pythagoras\~(582-500 BC) postulated that earth is round and that, together with the other planets, it is revolving around a central fire.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 \par Aristarchus, a Greek Astronomer (310-250 BC), was more precise. He suggested that the earth revolves around the sun. He also suggested a correct method to calculate the distance between the two.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 \par Another Greek astronomer, Eratosthenes (276-196 BC),\~measured the earth's circumference accurately. He used astronomical observations to calculate the difference in latitude between the cities of Syene (now }{\rtlch \af256 \ltrch \f256\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Asw\'e2n{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}) and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Alexandria{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 \par Democritus (460-370 BC) invented the concept of a-toms -\~minute, invisible, indivisible and indestructible particles, which\~populate an\~infinite empty void (kenon). }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 HYPERLINK "http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12877136 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0074006d00740068002e006500640075002e00670072002f0065006e002f006100650074002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000bb0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15880719 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 Guillotine}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13837820\charrsid15880719 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15880719 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 The guillotine was first put to lethal use on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 4}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 25}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1792}}}April 25, 1792{\*\xmlclose}, at\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 15}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}3:30 PM{\*\xmlclose}, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Paris{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at the Place de Greve on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Right Bank{\*\xmlclose} of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Seine{\*\xmlclose} . It separated highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier's head from the rest of his body. \par The device was perfe}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid6760664 cted - though not invented- by D}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 octor Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738 - 1814). The 'e' at the end of the noun is a later, British, addition. Ironically, he belonged to a movement seeking to abolish capital punishment altogether. \par Guillotine-like implements were used on delinquents from the nobility in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Scotland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Persia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} long before the good doctor's era. Guillotin and Germa n engineer and harpsichord maker, Tobias Schmidt, improved and industrialized it. It was Schmidt who transformed the blade, changing it from round to the familiar form and placing it at an oblique, 45 degree, angle. The process of severing the head - the blade falling, cutting through the tissues and severing the head - took less than half a second. More than 40,000 people were guillotined during the French Revolution and in its immediate aftermath (1789-1795). \par Nor was the guillotine abandoned after the Fre nch Revolution. As late as 1870, one Leon Berger, an assistant executioner and carpenter, added a spring system, which stopped the mouton at the bottom of the groves, a lock/blocking device at the lunette and a new release mechanism for the blade. \par The murderer Hamida Djandoubi was beheaded on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1977}}}September 10, 1977{\*\xmlclose}, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Marseilles{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . The guillotine was never used since. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls140\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15880719 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 Total weight of a Guillotine is about 580 kg \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The guillotine blade with weight is over 40 kg \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The heights of the guillotine posts average about 4 meters \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The guillotine blade drop is about 2.3 meters \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The falling blades rate of speed is about 7 meters/second \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The actual beheading was completed in 2/100 of a second \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f3\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls140\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6760664 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15880719\charrsid15880719 The power when the guillotine blade stops at the bottom is 400 kg/square inch\~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15880719 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid15880719\charrsid6760664 HYPERLINK "http://www.napoleonguide.com/guillotine.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid15620898 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610070006f006c0065006f006e00670075006900640065002e0063006f006d002f006700750069006c006c006f00740069006e0065002e006800 74006d0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15880719\charrsid6760664 http://www.napoleonguide.com/guillotine.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid15880719\charrsid6760664 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid15880719\charrsid6760664 HYPERLINK "http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa103197.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid15620898 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e00760065006e0074006f00720073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f007700650065006b006c007900 2f00610061003100300033003100390037002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15880719\charrsid6760664 http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa103197.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid15880719\charrsid6760664 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13837820 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15880719\charrsid13837820 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13837820 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13837820\charrsid13837820 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870353 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12870353 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12870353\charrsid12870353 {\*\bkmkstart H}H \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955868 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9642164 {\*\bkmkend H}Halloween \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9642164 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9642164 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9642164\charrsid9642164 Centuries ago, October 31 was called in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}England{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} "All Hallows' Eve". People prayed to prepare the souls of the departed for the Catholic All Saints' Day on November 1. \par \~ \par October 31 was also the Celtic New Years' Eve - the "Samhain". On that night, the spirits of the deceased were supposed to possess living bodies before departing to the afterlife. \par \~ \par Pumpkins were not part of Halloween celebrations until late in the 19th century. The Irish and other Europeans actually carved up turnips. Poor immigrants to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} could not afford turnips and turned to pumpkins instead. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9642164\charrsid9642164 HYPERLINK "http://rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/ap/ap_on_re_us/inlinks/*http:/www.americancatholic.org/Features/Halloween/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid545335 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bd200000068007400740070003a002f002f00720064002e007900610068006f006f002e0063006f006d002f006400610069006c0079006e006500770073002f00610070002f00610070005f006f006e005f0072006500 5f00750073002f0069006e006c0069006e006b0073002f002a0068007400740070003a002f007700770077002e0061006d00650072006900630061006e0063006100740068006f006c00690063002e006f00720067002f00460065006100740075007200650073002f00480061006c006c006f007700650065006e002f0000 000003000000000061006c0000004300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9642164\charrsid9642164 http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Halloween/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9642164\charrsid9642164 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9642164 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16464839 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 Hamburgers \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955868 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9642164 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16464839 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 The Tatars were nomad Turkic tribes who conquered a large swathe off current day {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the\~ 13th and 14th centuries. Constantly on the move, they\~placed meat under the saddles of their horses to soften it, the shredded and\~spiced it and ate\~the meat raw. Hence the celebrated - and expensive -\~"Beefsteak (or steak) Tatar". }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 The tenderized beef crossed over to northern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} and was especially appreciated in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Immigrants from the German port city of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Hamburg{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} brought\~the\~" {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Hamburg{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} steak" (or "Hamburger" - "from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Hamburg{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} " in German) to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}US{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in the 19th century. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 The term "Hamburger steak" appeared in a menu of Delmonico's in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}New York{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} dated to 1834.\~It is mentioned\~as part of a restaurant menu in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Walla Walla{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~ Union News\~in 1889 and in Mrs. Rorer's New Cookbook in 1902. Hamburgers cost 15 cents a piece in Ray Croc\~MacDonald's hamburger chain launched in 1955.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16464839 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid16464839 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 HYPERLINK "http://www.nandotimes.com/ncd/week2/burger5.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5532882 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e0061006e0064006f00740069006d00650073002e0063006f006d002f006e00630064002f007700650065006b0032002f0062007500720067006500 720035002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 http://www.nandotimes.com/ncd/week2/burger5.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 HYPERLINK "http://southernfood.about.com/library/weekly/aa052999.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5532882 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006f00750074006800650072006e0066006f006f0064002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f00770065006500 6b006c0079002f00610061003000350032003900390039002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f8000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 http://southernfood.about.com/library/weekly/aa052999.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16464839\charrsid16464839 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955868 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16464839\charrsid9642164 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3175250 Head S}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 hrinkers}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15955868\charrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af2\afs20 \ltrch \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid932098 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid932098 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 A few tribes in Amazonian Ecuador used to shrink heads as part of their post war rituals. Visit the links below for\~additional ethnological and anthropological data.\~ \par But what is head shrinking? How is the procedure carried out? \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid932098 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 The heads of both men and women were shrunk. The head was\~severed with a clean cut of the neck.\~The skin was carefully peeled from the back of the skull forward and preserved. The skull and brain were discarded.\~ The skin was then turned inside out and all the fat was scraped. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16464839 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 A rope was inserted through an incision at the top of the skin.\~The head was dipped into a pot of boiling water and\~ chinchipi plant juice. It was left to simmer for two hours until the hair is soft and the head shrinks by two thirds to three quarters of its previous size.\~All the cuts and incisions are sown and the lips are attached to\~each other with minute bamboo\~ nails.\~}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5703737\charrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16464839 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 Next, the neck is shrunk repeatedly over a few days by inserting hot pebbles and hot sand into the cavity. Scalding stones are also used to massage the face in order to conserve the facial features. Facial hair is singed off and charcoal is applied t o the eyes. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5703737\charrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 The head is smoked, dried, and cured. It is then washed and polished. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 HYPERLINK "http://www.guidebookwriters.com/authors/dominic/article130.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16010551 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006700750069006400650062006f006f006b0077007200690074006500720073002e0063006f006d002f0061007500740068006f00720073002f006400 6f006d0069006e00690063002f00610072007400690063006c0065003100330030002e00680074006d000000006c000000000000000000000000000000240000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 http://www.guidebookwriters.com/authors/dominic/article130.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid932098 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/2666/headshrinker.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16010551 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f00500065006e007400610067006f006e002f0032003600360036002f0068006500 6100640073006800720069006e006b00650072002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000072002400030072000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/2666/headshrinker.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 HYPERLINK "http://www.ratical.org/LifeWeb/Articles/shuar.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16010551 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200610074006900630061006c002e006f00720067002f004c006900660065005700650062002f00410072007400690063006c00650073002f007300 68007500610072002e00680074006d006c00000000bc0000000000000070002000000000001a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000009e00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000bb000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 http://www.ratical.org/LifeWeb/Articles/shuar.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 HYPERLINK "http://www.saraguro.org/shuar.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16010551 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0073006100720061006700750072006f002e006f00720067002f00730068007500610072002e00680074006d0000000072000000000000000000000003 001f0001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000370000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00006f000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 http://www.saraguro.org/shuar.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955868 {\rtlch \af2\afs20 \ltrch \f2\fs20\insrsid932098\charrsid932098 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5703737 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid5703737 Hermaphrodites \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5703737 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5703737\charrsid5703737 A\~ hermaphrodite is someone with both ovaries and testicles (both, in most cases, rather undeveloped).\~Sometimes the ovaries and testicles are combined into a chimera called\~ ovotestis. Most of these individuals have the chromosomal composition of a woman together with traces of the Y, male, chromosome.\~All hermaphrodites have a sizable penis, though rarely generate sperm. Hermaphrodites\~develop breasts during puberty and menstruate. Some hermaphrodites even got pregnant and gave birth.\~ \par \~\line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5703737\charrsid5703737 HYPERLINK "http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99350.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5848701 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f006e006500770074006f006e002e006400650070002e0061006e006c002e0067006f0076002f00610073006b0061007300630069002f00620069006f00390039002f006200 69006f00390039003300350030002e00680074006d00000040bc0072000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000097000000 0000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5703737\charrsid5703737 http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99350.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5703737\charrsid5703737 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5703737\charrsid5703737 HYPERLINK "http://www.world-sex-records.com/sex-025.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5848701 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006f0072006c0064002d007300650078002d007200650063006f007200640073002e0063006f006d002f007300650078002d003000320035002e00 680074006d0000000000000000640000000000000000000000000900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000100000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5703737\charrsid5703737 http://www.world-sex-records.com/sex-025.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5703737 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8942182 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8942182 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8942182 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/sexgender.html" }{ \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16063847 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00730065007800670065006e006400650072002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000 000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00730065007800670065006e006400650072002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000008d0000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000010000000000000004030000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8942182\charrsid16063847 http://samvak.tripod.com/sexgender.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6501418 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 Hitler, Adolf}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8942182\charrsid6501418 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501418 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 According to British intelligence documents declassified\~ in 1998, Winston Churchill (1874-1965), acting without informing the cabinet, sent agents to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to try to assassinate Adolf Hitler (1889-1945). These attempts were codenamed Operation Foxley. The agents almost poisoned Hitler's tea, dipped his uniform in lethal bacteria, blown up his train and shot him during his daily walk. \par Hitler survived numerous other assassination attempt}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7421006 s}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 by his own people, too}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418 . \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 HYPERLINK "http://learningcurve.pro.gov.uk/snapshots/snapshot17/snapshot17.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\charrsid6501418 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004400000068007400740070003a002f002f006c006500610072006e0069006e006700630075007200760065002e00700072006f002e0067006f0076002e0075006b002f0073006e0061007000730068006f00740073002f0073006e0061007000730068006f00 7400310037002f0073006e0061007000730068006f007400310037002e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f006c006500610072006e0069006e006700630075007200760065002e00700072006f002e0067006f0076002e0075006b002f0073006e0061 007000730068006f00740073002f0073006e0061007000730068006f007400310037002f0073006e0061007000730068006f007400310037002e00680074006d0000000000100000000100000000000000010000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 http://learningcurve.pro.gov.uk/snapshots/snapshot17/snapshot17.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 \par }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418 HYPERLINK "}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980803/europe.wanted_dead_or_al24.html}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418 " }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\charrsid69381 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000005200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740069006d0065002e0063006f006d002f00740069006d0065002f006d006100670061007a0069006e0065002f0031003900390038002f0069006e0074002f00390038003000380030003300 2f006500750072006f00700065002e00770061006e007400650064005f0064006500610064005f006f0072005f0061006c00320034002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740069006d0065002e0063006f006d002f0074 0069006d0065002f006d006100670061007a0069006e0065002f0031003900390038002f0069006e0074002f003900380030003800300033002f006500750072006f00700065002e00770061006e007400650064005f0064006500610064005f006f0072005f0061006c00320034002e00680074006d006c00000000000001 00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418\charrsid69381 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980803/europe.wanted_dead_or_al24.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6501418 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5703737 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 Homosexuality \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6556460 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\kerning28\insrsid6556460 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12680779 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0 {\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 13}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2002}}}December 13, 2002{\*\xmlclose} , the American Psychiatric Association (APA) - which represents 38,000 mental health professionals - joined other professional groups in supporting the right of homosexual (gay and lesbian) couples to adopt: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12680779\charrsid4983062 "Research over the past 30 years has consisten tly demonstrated that children raised by gay or lesbian parents exhibit the same level of emotional, cognitive, social and sexual functioning as children raised by heterosexual parents." \par \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12680779\charrsid4983062 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6501418 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 It was only in 1973\~that the\~Americ an Psychiatric Association reversed 100 year-old opinion that gays are mentally ill. In 2000 it came out in favor of same sex unions. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 HYPERLINK "http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/answers.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2631656 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006100700061002e006f00720067002f0070007500620069006e0066006f002f0061006e00730077006500720073002e00680074006d006c0000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a60000000000000000000000780000000000000000000000000000000000001001000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/answers.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 HYPERLINK "http://www.apa.org/pi/statemen.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2631656 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006100700061002e006f00720067002f00700069002f00730074006100740065006d0065006e002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f80000000000000000000000000014008000000000000000000000000000000101000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 http://www.apa.org/pi/statemen.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8942182 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 HYPERLINK "http://helping.apa.org/daily/answers.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2631656 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f00680065006c00700069006e0067002e006100700061002e006f00720067002f006400610069006c0079002f0061006e00730077006500720073002e00680074006d006c00 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000590000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000100110000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12680779\charrsid12680779 http://helping.apa.org/daily/answers.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8942182 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501418 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid8942182 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/sexgender.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid16063847 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00730065007800670065006e006400650072002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000 000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00730065007800670065006e006400650072002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8942182\charrsid16063847 http://samvak.tripod.com/sexgender.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid6501418 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6501418\charrsid6501418 \par H}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15337070\charrsid6501418 oney \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af35 \ltrch \b\i\insrsid6501418\charrsid15337070 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15337070 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15337070\charrsid15337070 Bees\~visit 4 million flowers to make one kilo (2 pounds) of honey. The typical bee visits 50-100 flowers in every single trip. Thus, to produce 1 kilo of honey, bees\~travels a distance equal to 4 times\~ the circumference of\~the earth. Each American consumes 1 pound (a half kilo) of honey a year.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15337070 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15337070\charrsid15337070 \par It takes the lifetime of 12 bees to produce one teaspoon of honey. Bees have been producing honey for 10-12 million years.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15337070 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15337070\charrsid15337070 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid15337070\charrsid15337070 HYPERLINK "http://www.honey.com/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068006f006e00650079002e0063006f006d002f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15337070\charrsid15337070 http://www.honey.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid15337070 \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid7472012 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 Hygiene, Personal \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid15337070 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7472012 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 Personal hygiene was rediscovered only in the late 19th century, having been popular in ancient {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Greece{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} almost two thousand years before. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6501418 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 Water was considered by the s ophisticates - perhaps justly - to be the carrier of disease. Bathing in water was a hazardous exercise. Royalty used milk instead. Others were confined to wet towels or to\~splashing water from basins on one's\~face and armpits.\~ The great unwashed utilized public baths, built throughout {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} between the 12th and 17th centuries.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6501418 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 Consider the Spanish Queen Isabella of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Castile{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , of Christopher Columbus fame. She boasted that she had only two baths in her life - at\~ birth and prior to her wedding. But not all royals were so unhygienic. The flushing toilet was the preserve of Queen Elizabeth I. It was invented for her in 1596 by Sir John Harrington, her godson. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}New York{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} entrepreneur Joseph C. Gayetty manufactured in 1857 the first pre-moistened bathroom tissues, each embossed with his name. Aptly named British plumber Thomas Crapper redesigned the modern toilet and received a series of related patents between 1861-1904. The Kleenex tissue was not introduced until 1920 and the pop-up box only nine years later. \par \~ \par Prior to the invention of the toilet paper in 1890 by the Scott Paper Company, people used an assortment of objects to wipe clean - most often leaves and corncobs. French royals\~employed lace, hardy Vikings - wool, Romans resorted to\~ the sponge. The Chinese, ahead of the times in 1391, were the first to use paper sheets. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7472012 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid7472012 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 HYPERLINK "http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/WolfFiles/wolffiles156.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9511335 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f006100620063006e006500770073002e0067006f002e0063006f006d002f00730065006300740069006f006e0073002f00750073002f0057006f006c006600460069006c00 650073002f0077006f006c006600660069006c00650073003100350036002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000950000000000000000000000000000000000780000000000000000000000000000100032000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/WolfFiles/wolffiles156.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15337070 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid7472012\charrsid7472012 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid6501418 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\kerning28\insrsid6556460 Hysteria}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6556460\charrsid8942182 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7472012 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6501418 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6556460\charrsid6556460 The word means "of the womb" in Greek.\~Hysteria was thought to be confined to women who were\~suffering from some problems with the\~womb. Hysteria is, indeed, more comm on among women - probably due to social and cultural expectations and conventions as to how a woman should and does behave.\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6556460 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3109525\charrsid6556460 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6556460\charrsid6556460 HYPERLINK "http://www.uaf.edu/english/faculty/reilly/NCHCproject/Psychology.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6169049 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500610066002e006500640075002f0065006e0067006c006900730068002f0066006100630075006c00740079002f007200650069006c006c007900 2f004e00430048004300700072006f006a006500630074002f00500073007900630068006f006c006f00670079002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000006300000000000000000000000000000000000000000069006e0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6556460\charrsid6556460 http://www.uaf.edu/english/faculty/reilly/NCHCproject/Psychology.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7472012 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5059883 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6556460\charrsid6556460 HYPERLINK "http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Rivers/chap16.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6169049 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007000730079006300680063006c006100730073006900630073002e0079006f0072006b0075002e00630061002f005200690076006500720073002f006300680061007000 310036002e00680074006d000000000000000000001a000000200020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003a000000000000003a00000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6556460\charrsid6556460 http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Rivers/chap16.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid6556460\charrsid6556460 \~}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid15955868 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid7472012 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7472012 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\kerning28\insrsid12736814\charrsid12806098 {\*\bkmkstart IJ}I-J}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid6702747\charrsid12806098 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8919038 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid597504 {\*\bkmkend IJ}Indians (Native Americans, Amerindians) \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid597504 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 Native Americans are often cast in the role of victims of White aggression and unbridled avarice-driven or gratuitous violence, especially in the territories known collectively today as the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. But the first massacre was perpetrated by Indians in the British colony {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Jamestown{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Virginia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1622. They slaughtered\~347 white\~men, women and children on that occasion. \par \~ \par Europeans are also accused of importing\~pathogens, disease causing agents}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11880036 ,}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 such as smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever.\~ Indigenous people had no immunological resistance to these illnesses as they were never exposed to them.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid597504 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid597504 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 But recent findings by a team of anthropologists, economists and paleopathologists who have completed a massive study of the health of people living in the Western Hemisphere in}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid11880036 the last 7,000 years - suggest}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 that Native American's health was severely run down long before the Europeans delivered the coup de grace. \par The researchers analyzed more than 12,500 skeletons - half of them pre-Columbian - from 65 sites in North and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South America{\*\xmlclose} for evidence of infections, malnutrition and other health problems. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 The study }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid13435615 - "The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere"}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 , edited by Dr. Richard H. Steckel and Dr. Jerome C. Rose\~- discovered that the haleness of Native-Am ericans declined markedly in the 1000 years before Columbus "discovered" them. \par The vast majority of the skeletons showed telltale signs of advanced\~degenerative joint disease, deteriorating dental health, stature, anemia, arrested tissue development, infe ctions and trauma from injuries. These were attributed by the participants to limited diets and urban congestion. People became shorter and died earlier - on average at age 35 - as the centuries passed.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid11880036 "Pre-Columbian populations were among the healthiest and the least healthy in our sample,"}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 Dr. Steckel and Dr. Rose said. }{ \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid11880036 "While pre-Columbian natives may have lived in a disease environment substantially different from that in other parts of the globe, the original inhabitants also brought with them, or ev olved with, enough pathogens to create chronic conditions of ill health under conditions of systematic agriculture and urban living." \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par Moreover,\~there are signs that diseases hitherto thought to have been introduced by the white explorers were actually indigenous.1,000-year-old Peruvian mummies}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid11090664 , for instance,}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 were found to have been infected with tuberculosis in their lungs.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 HYPERLINK "http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Our_Country_Vol_1/opechanca_gb.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid11880036 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000750062006c006900630062006f006f006b007300680065006c0066002e0063006f006d002f007000750062006c00690063005f00680074006d00 6c002f004f00750072005f0043006f0075006e007400720079005f0056006f006c005f0031002f006f00700065006300680061006e00630061005f00670062002e00680074006d006c000000000000000078000000000000000000000000000000600000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Our_Country_Vol_1/opechanca_gb.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 HYPERLINK "http://www.textbookleague.org/44smlpx.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid11880036 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740065007800740062006f006f006b006c00650061006700750065002e006f00720067002f003400340073006d006c00700078002e00680074006d00 0000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000100000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 http://www.textbookleague.org/44smlpx.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 HYPERLINK "http://www.csulb.edu/projects/ais/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid11880036 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300730075006c0062002e006500640075002f00700072006f006a0065006300740073002f006100690073002f000000000001000100000000001000 000000000000000000000003000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 http://www.csulb.edu/projects/ais/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8919038 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid597504\charrsid597504 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2828361 Isolationism \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14421593 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 Throughout its history, it was {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} which prided itself for its splendid isolation - ostensibly aloof and detached from the petty squabbles of continental countries across the channel. Yet, the record is held not by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} but by the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . It was established in 1776 - yet the first time an American president ever visited {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} while in office was in 1918. In the wake of the }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14421593 f}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 irst world war, Woodrow Wilson left {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to participate in the peace negotiations. He stayed in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} for 6 months to the great chagrin and consternation of his countrymen.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2828361 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8919038 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 HYPERLINK "http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/07/isolationism.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2828361 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0068006900730074006f00720079002e00610063007500730064002e006500640075002f00670065006e002f00570057003200540069006d0065006c0069006e0065002f00300037002f00690073006f006c006100 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"http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/foreign/asiso.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2828361 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740068006500610074006c0061006e007400690063002e0063006f006d002f0070006f006c00690074006900630073002f0066006f0072006500690067006e002f0061007300690073006f00 2e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740068006500610074006c0061006e007400690063002e0063006f006d002f0070006f006c00690074006900630073002f0066006f0072006500690067006e002f0061007300690073006f 002e00680074006d0000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d70000000000000000000042000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/foreign/asiso.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 HYPERLINK "http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-057es.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2828361 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003100000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300610074006f002e006f00720067002f0070007500620073002f00660070006200720069006500660073002f006600700062002d00300035003700650073002e00680074006d006c000000 e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300610074006f002e006f00720067002f0070007500620073002f00660070006200720069006500660073002f006600700062002d00300035003700650073002e00680074006d006c000000000000000061000000 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ae0000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000030000100000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-057es.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2828361\charrsid2828361 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16530195 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, economy of \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16530195 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16530195\charrsid16530195 At $105 billion annual Gross Domestic Product ( GDP), Israel's economy is larger than Bulgaria's ($19 billion gross domestic product per year), the Czech Republic (91), Hungary (77), Romania (53), Slovakia (27), Ukraine (47), Kazakhstan (28), Pakistan (72), Singapore (97), Vietnam (35), Argentina (99), Chile (69), Colombia (77), Kenya (10), Nigeria (45), South Africa (101), Algeria (59), Egypt (78), Iraq (26), Jordan (10), Lebanon (19) and dozens of other countries. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid597504 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16530195\charrsid16530195 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} 's GDP per capita exceeds $15,600 a year. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} spends $10 billion on foreign aid - $3 billion of which go to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} pledged to increase its foreign aid by $5 billion as of next year. \par \~ \par (Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003) \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16530195\charrsid16530195 HYPERLINK "http://www.mof.gov.il/beinle/ie/israe_1.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3216804 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d006f0066002e0067006f0076002e0069006c002f006200650069006e006c0065002f00690065002f00690073007200610065005f0031002e006800 74006d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16530195\charrsid16530195 http://www.mof.gov.il/beinle/ie/israe_1.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16530195\charrsid16530195 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6685795 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6685795 HYPERLINK "}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6685795\charrsid6685795 http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_E}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6685795 ast/Israel/Business_and_Economy" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12611942 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004100000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0052006500670069006f006e0061006c002f004d006900640064006c0065005f0045006100730074002f00490073007200610065006c002f0042007500730069006e00 6500730073005f0061006e0064005f00450063006f006e006f006d0079000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8200000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0052006500670069006f006e0061006c002f004d006900640064006c0065005f0045006100730074002f0049 0073007200610065006c002f0042007500730069006e006500730073005f0061006e0064005f00450063006f006e006f006d0079000000000000000000000000610061000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 960000000000000000000078001400000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid6685795\charrsid12611942 http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Israel/Business_and_Economy}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid6685795 \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid16530195 \~}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid3216804 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3216804 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12736814\charrsid3216804 Jack the Ripper \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12736814 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 Jack the Ripper, who committed his atrocities in}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 September-October 1888, was}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 not the tall, gaunt, gothic, }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 d}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 ark figure we all "know" from countless}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 movies.\line \line Actually, he was probably seen more than once shortly}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 before he committed}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 his crimes.\line \line He was described as short, stocky (stout), shabbily}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 dressed (though a}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 gentleman), foreign-looking }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 euphemism for Jewish-looking), and with a}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 moustache. He wore a deersta lker hat (similar to Sherlock Holmes'),}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 wore no}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 cape and carried no cane.\line \line Read more}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814 about this elusive figure here}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12736814\charrsid12736814 \line \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12736814\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.casebook.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630061007300650062006f006f006b002e006f00720067002f0000000067006900000000000000000064000000000000006500000000000000000000 00640000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000001000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12736814\charrsid14244673 http://www.casebook.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14444653 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Jesus, Family of}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par Jesus' mother, Mary, was a virgin before it gave birth to him - and remained a virgin in perpetuity. This is the official (Catholic) doctrine. \par But Jesus had brothers and sisters - plenty of siblings. \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}St. Paul{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} wrote (Galatians {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 13}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0 {\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 18}}}1:18{\*\xmlclose}-19): \par 'Then after three years I went up to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Jerusalem{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to see Peter, and abode with him fifteen days. But of the other apostles saw I none save }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 James the Lord's brother.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 " \par This very same James is also the son of one, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alpheus{\*\xmlclose}! All the brothers of Jesus are the sons of this {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alpheus{\*\xmlclose} whose wife's name was ... Mary! \par Matthew 1:25: \par "And he [Joseph] knew her [Mary] not until she had brought forth her }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 first-born}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 son..." \par First-born meaning there were others who followed (second-born, third-born, etc.) \par Matthew 13:55-56: \par "Is this not the carpenter's son? Is not his mother called Mary? And his brethren, }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 James and Joses and Simon and Judas}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 ? And his }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 sisters}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 , are they not all with us?" \par Mark 6:3 (referring to Jesus): \par "Is this not the carpenter, the }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 brother of James, and Joses, and of Judas, and Simon}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 ? And are not his }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 sisters}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 here with us?" \par According to both Matthew and Mark, }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 three}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 women stood by the cross at the crucifixion: Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and of Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's chil dren (Salome). Salome was Virgin Mary's sister and, therefore, Jesus' maternal aunt. \par John (an eyewitness to the events) identifies Mary as Jesus' mother - but distinguishes her from Mary, wife of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alpheus{\*\xmlclose} and two other women (for a total of }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 four}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 women rather than three): \par John 19:25: "Now there stood by the cross of Jesus (1) his mother, and (2) his mother's sister, (3) Mary the wife of Cleophas [Alpheus], and (4) Mary Magdalene." \par Mary, wife of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alpheus{\*\xmlclose}, could not have been the sister of the Virgin Mary, as the Church would have us believe. In Jewish families, two sisters cannot share the same name. \par John implies that Mary, mother of Jesus was not the wife of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alpheus{\*\xmlclose}, father of James and Joses, and Judas, and Simon, who are identified as the brothers of Jesus by all the other gospels! \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch HYPERLINK "http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010328.htm" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006b00650079007700610079002e00630061002f00680074006d0032003000300031002f00320030003000310030003300320038002e00680074006d00 00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010328.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch HYPERLINK "http://www.trosch.org/the/brothers.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740072006f007300630068002e006f00720067002f007400680065002f00620072006f00740068006500720073002e00680074006d006c0000000000 000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.trosch.org/the/brothers.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 HYPERLINK "http://www.godonthe.net/evidence/catholic.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11943586 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0067006f0064006f006e007400680065002e006e00650074002f00650076006900640065006e00630065002f0063006100740068006f006c0069006300 2e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2 http://www.godonthe.net/evidence/catholic.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12736814 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13464960\charrsid13464960 Jesus, Year of Birth}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13464960 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13464960 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13464960\charrsid13464960 Was Jesus born 2002 years ago? Was he born in year zero? \par \~ \par The first year AD was 1 - so, Jesus could not have been born in year zero. The very concept of zero was invented much later. \par \~ \par Numerous historical minutia in the gospels indicate that Jesus must have been born before 4 BC. \par \~ \par For example, He was said to have been born during the reign of King Herod, who died in 4 BC. \par \~ \par Much more here: \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f00770065006200650078006800690062006900740073002e006f00720067002f00630061006c0065006e0064006100720073002f0079006500610072002d00680069007300 74006f00720079002e00680074006d006c0000000060006100000043004200ff0043007400000000006c00008000000000000000000000000000006400000065000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000f1000000000000000000000000030000003b00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.new-life.net/chrtms10.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00650077002d006c006900660065002e006e00650074002f0063006800720074006d007300310030002e00680074006d0000000042000000000000 0000006f00000000000000000000000000000065000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006000000000000e000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 http://www.new-life.net/chrtms10.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.isleofavalon.co.uk/GlastonburyArchive/2000/texts-p3/m22_jeez.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00690073006c0065006f0066006100760061006c006f006e002e0063006f002e0075006b002f0047006c006100730074006f006e006200750072007900 41007200630068006900760065002f0032003000300030002f00740065007800740073002d00700033002f006d00320032005f006a00650065007a002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000880400000000330860000000000000ff0300000800000000000000df00000000000000000000650000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000780000000000000000000000e000000000000000000000000000000000003a00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 http://www.isleofavalon.co.uk/GlastonburyArchive/2000/texts-p3/m22_jeez.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13464960 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.biblequestions.org/Archives/BQAR373.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006200690062006c0065007100750065007300740069006f006e0073002e006f00720067002f00410072006300680069007600650073002f0042005100 410052003300370033002e00680074006d0000000010006e000000500072006f0000000000000000000000000000006100000000000000000000000000000000007000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000100000000000000a4000000000000000e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000450000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13464960\charrsid14244673 http://www.biblequestions.org/Archives/BQAR373.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10377332\charrsid14244673 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10377332 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10377332 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid10377332\charrsid10377332 {\*\bkmkstart L}L}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid13464960\charrsid10377332 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3629870 {\*\bkmkend L}Library of Congress \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3629870 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 The library of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place }}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Alexandria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~was many centuries old when it was devastated by fire in the\~civil war under the Roman emperor Aurelian in the late 3rd century AD.\~Its branch\~ was destroyed by Christians in AD 391. This was a traumatic event. \par It is little known that the Library of Congress had a similar fate 1500 years later. \par On Christmas\~Eve\~1851, the\~Library of Congress burnt down entirely. More than 35,000 volumes - out of 55,000\~ - went up in smoke, including two thirds of Thomas Jefferson's invaluable library. It was reconstructed, but nearly 900 volumes (out of 6487 books) are still missing. The fire was caused by faulty chimney flues. \par Librarian Meehan wrote to Senator Pearce of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Maryland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library: }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4983062 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3629870\charrsid4983062 "It is my melancholy duty to inform you that a fire originated in the principal room of the Library of Congress this morning, about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0 {\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 19}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}half past seven o'clock{\*\xmlclose}, and that nearly everything in the room was destroyed before the flames were subdued." \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 This was the second fire to have devastated this cultural depository. \par On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 8}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 24}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1814}}}August 24, 1814{\*\xmlclose} , the Library's core collection of 3,000 volumes was destroyed when the British burned the Capitol, where the Library was housed. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 HYPERLINK "http://www.loc.gov/preserv/history/growing.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8657423 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006f0063002e0067006f0076002f0070007200650073006500720076002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f00670072006f00770069006e00 67002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000078000000c90000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 http://www.loc.gov/preserv/history/growing.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 HYPERLINK "http://www.loc.gov/today/fascinate.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8657423 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006f0063002e0067006f0076002f0074006f006400610079002f00660061007300630069006e006100740065002e00680074006d006c0000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000880000000000030000000000000003000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 http://www.loc.gov/today/fascinate.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 HYPERLINK "http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/sanborn.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8657423 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c00690062002e006200650072006b0065006c00650079002e006500640075002f0045004100520054002f00730061006e0062006f0072006e002e00 680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003b00920100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/sanborn.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3629870\charrsid3629870 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2978486 Lili Marlene \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978486 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 "Lili Marlene" was authored by Hans Leip, a 19-year old German soldier in the first world war. It was put to music by Norbert Schultze (1911-2002), a collaborator with the Hitler regime. But contrary to what {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Hollywood{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} would have us believe, it was not an exclusively Nazi song, crooned in smoke-filled bars in occupied {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Europe{\*\xmlclose} by drunk SS officers. \par \~ \par "Lili Marlene" was played, sung, and broadcast\~by all the armies in the second world war - the British, the German, in occupied {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , and the Americans (Marlene Dietrich). It was translated to 48 languages, including Hebrew, the language of most holocaust survivors. It made it into the Japanese music charts in 1986. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 HYPERLINK "http://ingeb.org/garb/lmarleen.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16604037 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e006700650062002e006f00720067002f0067006100720062002f006c006d00610072006c00650065006e002e00680074006d006c00000000010063000400610000 00000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000 000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 http://ingeb.org/garb/lmarleen.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 HYPERLINK "http://home.istar.ca/~townsend/early_years/lili_marlene.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16604037 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f0068006f006d0065002e00690073007400610072002e00630061002f007e0074006f0077006e00730065006e0064002f006500610072006c0079005f007900650061007200 73002f006c0069006c0069005f006d00610072006c0065006e0065002e00680074006d0000000000002100650013000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 http://home.istar.ca/~townsend/early_years/lili_marlene.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2978486\charrsid2978486 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3629870 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5584055 Lindbergh, Charles Augustus \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5584055\charrsid5584055 Charles Augustus Lindbergh was the first person to cross the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Atlantic{\*\xmlclose} in a nonstop flight. This made him an instant celebrity. When, in 1932, his 19-months old son was kidnapped and murdered, the nation was appalled. \par \~ \par Finally, a German carpenter, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, was apprehended and, following a much-publicized trial, executed. \par \~ \par The police chief who arrested Bruno Richard Hauptmann was the father of Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of the American forces in the Gulf War in 1991. \par \~ \par The affair had many repercussions, both personal and national. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978486 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5584055\charrsid5584055 The Lindberghs, revolted by the media's unrelenting prying, moved to live in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} in 1935. Lindbergh became a fan of Adolf Hitler and in 1938 received from him a decoration for having praised the German Luftwaffe as superior to all other air forces. In 1939, upon his return to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , Lindbergh embarked on a cross-country tour of antiwar and pro-Nazi speeches. Consequently, he was ousted from\~the air corps reserve and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2978486 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5584055\charrsid5584055 Still, when war broke out, Lindbergh served as a civilian consultant to aircraft manufacturers. Later, the US Army sent him on clandestine missions to the Pacific and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} . But he never regained his stature in the eyes of the American public. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3629870 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5584055\charrsid5584055 He won the Pulitzer prize in 1953 for his tome, The Spirit of Saint Louis and died in 1974 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname State}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5584055\charrsid5584055 \~ \par The kidnapping and gruesome murder of his son prompted lawmakers to pass the Lindbergh Act in 1932. The Encarta: "The s tatute made it a federal crime, punishable by life imprisonment, to kidnap a person and transport that person to another state. This law was amended in 1934 making conspiracy to commit a kidnapping also a federal crime. In 1968 the U.S. Supreme Court inva lidated that section of the Lindbergh Act that gave the jury the power to recommend the death penalty for kidnapping."}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5584055 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2101798\charrsid5584055 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2101798 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2101798\charrsid16010551 HYPERLINK "http://www.lindberghtrial.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16010551 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006e0064006200650072006700680074007200690061006c002e0063006f006d002f00000000400000ff000000ffcd00650000000000000000 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\f0\fs20\charrsid16010551 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006e0064006200650072006700680066006f0075006e0064006100740069006f006e002e006f00720067002f00000000000000000000000064 0065000000690000007000000013000000bf000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000420000000000010000000000000000f1 0000000000000010000000000000000000002800000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2101798\charrsid16010551 http://www.lindberghfoundation.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4000518\charrsid9136725 Lloyd\rquote s of London \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4000518\charrsid10377332 The world's most famous insurance market, Lloyd's of }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4000518 L}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4000518\charrsid10377332 ondon, started in a coffee house owned by one, Edward Lloyd.\line \line The coffee house was situated on the Thames bank in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname address}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname Street}}Tower Street{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , close to all the maritime and shipping activities.\~ It was a well known establishment and is mentioned in contemporary documents as early as 1688.\line \line Lloyd himself had nothing to do with insurance.\line \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.lloydsoflondon.co.uk/entrypoints/her_index_gi.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006c006f007900640073006f0066006c006f006e0064006f006e002e0063006f002e0075006b002f0065006e0074007200790070006f0069006e00 740073002f006800650072005f0069006e006400650078005f00670069002e00680074006d000000006000000000000000000064007400720000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f2000000000000010000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4000518\charrsid14244673 http://www.lloydsoflondon.co.uk/entrypoints/her_index_gi.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14957176 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4000518 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14957176 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1898-1976) was an agronomist.\~During the reign of Lenin and Stalin years in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Soviet Union{\*\xmlclose} , he became the chief proponent of the work of\~the\~ self-taught plant breeder Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935) and his brand of\~ Lamarckism - a pre-Darwinian theory of evolution of the species proposed in the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). He was appointed as the president (1938-56) of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the dire ctor (1940-65) of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Institute{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Genetics{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , USSR Academy of Sciences. The leadership of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USSR{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} believed his promises to deliver rapid increases in crop yields.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14957176 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14957176 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 Lamarck proposed that\~organisms can inherit traits\~ acquired by their ancestors. The first giraffes stretched their necks to eat leaves on tall trees. Their offspring acquired this elongated neck and the desire to further stretch it. A species with long necks was born.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \par The Soviet leadership sought an indigenous theory to counter the "capitalistic" works of\~Mendel and Charles Darwin and to separate evolution from genetics. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 Following a speech he gave at a conference in 1948 denouncing Mendelian genetics as "reactionary and decad ent", Lysenko rose to prominence. Geneticists who opposed Lysenkoism were dispatched to the gulag as "enemies of the Soviet people". Most confessed to their "errors" in propounding Mendel's and Darwin's teachings - and, consequently, kept their jobs.}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \par No one dared challenge Lysenko until 1964 -\~ 9 years after Stalin died - even when he claimed, between 1948 and 1953, that wheat plants can produce seeds of rye. But, as the Encyclopedia Britannica observes, "he and his followers, however, long retained their d egrees, their titles, and their academic positions and remained free to support their aberrant trend in biology."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14957176 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 HYPERLINK "http://skepdic.com/lysenko.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5576566 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006b00650070006400690063002e0063006f006d002f006c007900730065006e006b006f002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00620000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 http://skepdic.com/lysenko.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14957176 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 HYPERLINK "http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/lysenkoism.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5576566 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0073006f0066007400700061006e006f00720061006d0061002e006f00720067002f0053006b006500700074006900630073002f006c00790073006500 6e006b006f00690073006d002e007300680074006d006c00000000000000100000000103000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/lysenkoism.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14957176\charrsid14957176 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16010551 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \f1\fs20\insrsid16010551 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 {\*\bkmkstart M}M}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid3672207\charrsid16010551 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16010551 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3422878 {\*\bkmkend M}May Day \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28\insrsid3422878 Long before the first congress (1889) of the Second International, a socialist gathering,\~ appropriated May 1, it was being celebrated by the Celts. They considered it the day when the supernatural invaded the earthly and placed\~living things\~ in great jeopardy. To protect their precious livestock, they used to herd it between two bonfires in what became known as the Beltane (or Belltane) festival. The Romans honored the spring goddess Flora on May Day. \~ \par May 1 is still celebrated throughout the countries of the former communist bloc and in many other\~places in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Europe{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Asia{\*\xmlclose} as a kind of Labor Day while\~in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North America{\*\xmlclose}, Labor Day is celebrated in September.\~ \par }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28 HYPERLINK "http://www.mayweek.ab.ca/" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d00610079007700650065006b002e00610062002e00630061002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid3422878 http://www.mayweek.ab.ca/ \par }}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28 HYPERLINK "http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/016.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\kerning28 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00680061007200740066006f00720064002d006800770070002e0063006f006d002f00610072006300680069007600650073002f00320036002f003000 310036002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\kerning28\insrsid3422878 http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/016.html \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16010551 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 }}\pard\plain \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16010551 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 Mayonnaise}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16010551 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16010551 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 Mayonnaise was invented by the chef of the Duc de Richelieu in 1756.\~ The Duc\~was in the habit of holding nude dinner parties. Having beaten the British at Port Mahon, he instructed his\~chef to prepare a culinary feast, replete with a "sauce made of cream and eggs". The terrified chef discovered, at the last moment, that there was no\~cream in the kitchen. He hurriedly poured\~olive oil and scrambled it with the eggs. Thus emerged the\~"Mahonnaise". \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 HYPERLINK "http://www.angelfire.com/punk/mayonnaise/Mayonnaise.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4000518 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006e00670065006c0066006900720065002e0063006f006d002f00700075006e006b002f006d00610079006f006e006e0061006900730065002f00 4d00610079006f006e006e0061006900730065002e00680074006d00000000000000006f00200000000000000000000000000000002000000072000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 http://www.angelfire.com/punk/mayonnaise/Mayonnaise.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 HYPERLINK "http://www.mayo.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4000518 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d00610079006f002e0063006f006d002f00000000000000006300000000007400000200000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001810000000000000100000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000001400000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 http://www.mayo.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 HYPERLINK "http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpotatochip.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4000518 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e00760065006e0074006f00720073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f0069006e00760065006e007400 6f00720073002f0062006c0070006f007400610074006f0063006800690070002e00680074006d0000000100000000000069000000720000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000001a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000014000000000000000000000000010000030000000000ac0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16010551\charrsid16010551 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpotatochip.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16010551 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9068932 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9068932 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9068932 Microchips \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9068932 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9068932\charrsid9068932 The }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9068932\charrsid9068932 Journal of Environmental Science and Technology published\~ study according to which\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9068932\charrsid9068932 1.6 kilograms of\~fuel, 72 grams of chemicals and 32 kilograms of water are consumed in the\~manufacturing of a typical two-gram chip. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9068932 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9068932\charrsid9068932 A\~32-MB RAM microchip requires\~630 times\~its mass to manufacture.\~Microchip production\~utilizes 160 times the amount of energy needed to make\~ mere silicon. Thousands of chemicals are used in the\~process, some of them highly toxic. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9068932 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9068932\charrsid9068932 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs20\insrsid9068932\charrsid12941276 HYPERLINK "http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?articleID=000BD05C-D352-1C6A-84A9809EC588EF21" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12941276 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bb800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0073006300690065006e007400690066006900630061006d00650072006900630061006e002e0063006f006d002f00610072007400690063006c006500 2e00630066006d003f00610072007400690063006c006500490044003d00300030003000420044003000350043002d0044003300350032002d0031004300360041002d003800340041003900380030003900450043003500380038004500460032003100000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000ee0000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9068932\charrsid12941276 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?articleID=000BD05C-D352-1C6A-84A9809EC588EF21}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9068932\charrsid12941276 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9068932 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9068932\charrsid9068932 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16010551 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4811451\charrsid16010551 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4811451 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4811451 Mirages}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4811451 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4811451 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 Debunkers of UFO sightings often propose to explain the persistent and recurrent reports as atmospheric phenomena, such as mirages. \par UFO enthusiasts counter that "mirages cannot be seen more than 1\'b0 above or below the observer's horizon." UFO's are almost always observed high in the sky or even directly above the observer's head (zenith). \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9068932 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 Mirages are generated by the bending of\~light rays \~when they move across layers in the atmosphere with different temperatures and, thus, densities. Mirages are real and can be photographed. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9068932 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 All mirages contain one regular ("erect") image and one or more mirror ("inverted") images. "Fata Morgana" is a mirage with many interlaced inverted and erect\~images. It is named after\~ King Arthur's sister, the\~enchantress (magician-witch) Morgan le Fay. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4811451 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 Other refractive phenomena include looming, towering, sinking, stooping, etc. In looming\~an object below the horizon is projected\~into the sky. Objects under the horizon can thus appear to be above it. \par And who is right in the UFO debate? \par Due to refraction, even under normal atmospheric conditions, we all see objects that are under the astronomical horizon. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7109533 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 How much we see depends on our elevation, the width of the sky between the two horizons,\~and the distance to the objects, among other variables. Our APPARENT horizon (what we can actually see) and the "real", astronomical horizon (what we would have seen in the absence of refracting atmosphere) are not the same. The difference between them is the "dip".}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 Optics tells us that multiple or i nverted images must occur under the astronomical horizon and above the apparent horizon - i.e. within the dip. Theoretically, the dip can be larger than 1 degree. But, practically, on our small planet, with the highest point at 9 kilometers ( {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mount Everest{\*\xmlclose}), and our eyes constructed as they are}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451 , and out atmosphere composed as it is}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 - it is impossible to see mirages displaced by more than 1 degree. UFO fans are right after all. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 HYPERLINK "http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/mirages/mirintro.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9642164 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f006d0069006e00740061006b0061002e0073006400730075002e006500640075002f00470046002f006d006900720061006700650073002f006d006900720069006e007400 72006f002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900000000000f70000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002200000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000c0000000000000000000000f1ba00000000000000000000000000000000007800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/mirages/mirintro.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7109533 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 HYPERLINK "http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/mirages/mirintro.htmlhttp:/www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/mirage1.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9642164 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bd400000068007400740070003a002f002f006d0069006e00740061006b0061002e0073006400730075002e006500640075002f00470046002f006d006900720061006700650073002f006d006900720069006e007400 72006f002e00680074006d006c0068007400740070003a002f007700770077002e00690073006c0061006e0064006e00650074002e0063006f006d002f007e007300650065002f0077006500610074006800650072002f0065006c0065006d0065006e00740073002f006d006900720061006700650031002e00680074006d 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030048000000000000000007000000000000010000000000000000 0100000000000000000000a10000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4811451\charrsid4811451 http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/mirage1.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7876570 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5194051 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 Miss {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}America}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid5194051 {\*\xmlclose} \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5194051 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 Mary Katherine Campbell, the only woman to win the Miss America title twice (1922 and 1923), who was 5-foot-7 and weighed 140 pounds (c. 65 kg.)}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5194051 . }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 Norman Rockwell, the painter, was on the panel of judges in 1923. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Campbell{\*\xmlclose} died in 1990. She declined offers\~from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hollywood{\*\xmlclose} and Broadway, married, and led a staid life to her death.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5194051 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 HYPERLINK "http://www.pressplus.com/missam/pastwinners/pw_1923.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13709491 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000720065007300730070006c00750073002e0063006f006d002f006d0069007300730061006d002f007000610073007400770069006e006e006500 720073002f00700077005f0031003900320033002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007000000000000000000000000 0000780000000000000000000300000000000010000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 http://www.pressplus.com/missam/pastwinners/pw_1923.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 HYPERLINK "http://www.missamerica.org/meet/history/1920/1923.asp" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13709491 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0069007300730061006d00650072006900630061002e006f00720067002f006d006500650074002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f003100 3900320030002f0031003900320033002e0061007300700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b00000000 0001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5194051\charrsid5194051 http://www.missamerica.org/meet/history/1920/1923.asp}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid22727 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8327698 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 Money}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5194051 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22727 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 The "paper" notes we use to pay for goods and services (which, together with coins, constitute "money" or "tender") are\~ made of a blend of cotton and linen. \par Throughout history, numerous objects served as money: seashells, stones, whales' teeth, cattle and manillas (ornamental jewelry). The word "salary" reflects the fact that Roman soldiers were paid in salt. As recently as 1932, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tenino{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Washington{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , notes of $1, $5 and $10 denominations were printed on wood. \par Money comes in all sizes, shapes and forms. One meter long and half a meter wide copper plates were used in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Alaska{\*\xmlclose} in the 1850s. They weighed 40 kilograms. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 HYPERLINK "http://www.banktech.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12809987 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00620061006e006b0074006500630068002e0063006f006d002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 http://www.banktech.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 HYPERLINK "http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/llyfr.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12809987 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00650078002e00610063002e0075006b002f007e0052004400610076006900650073002f0061007200690061006e002f006c006c007900660072002e00 680074006d006c000000000010000000000000001000000000000000009800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/llyfr.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid22727\charrsid22727 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5194051 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 Monsters, Human}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4933974 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4933974 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid4933974 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8327698 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4933974\charrsid8327698 Humans made monsters by inhuman treatment abound in literature. In "The Man Who Laughs", published in 1869, the French author, Victor Hugo (1802-1885), described the comprachicos thus:}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8327698\charrsid8327698 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4933974\charrsid8327698 "The comprachicos (child buyers) were strange and hideous nomads in the 17th century. They made children into sideshow freaks. To succeed in producing a freak one must get hold of him early; a dwarf must be started when he is small. They stunted growth, t h ey mangled features. It was an art/science of inverted orthopedics. Where nature had put a straight glance, this art put a squint. Where nature had put harmony, they put deformity and imperfection. The child was not aware of the mutilation he had suffered . This horrible surgery left traces on his face, not in his mind. During the operation the little patient was unconscious by means of a stupefying magic powder. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4933974 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid214906\charrsid8327698 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4933974\charrsid8327698 In {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose} since time immemorial, they have achieved refinement in a special art and industry: the molding of living man. One takes a child two or three years old and puts them into a grotesquely shaped porcelain vase. It is without cover or bottom, so the head and feet protrude. In the daytime the vase is upright, at nigh t it is laid down so the child can sleep. Thus the child slowly fills the contours of the vase with compressed flesh and twisted bones. This bottled development continues for several years. At a certain point, it becomes an irreparable monster. Then the va se is broken and one has a man in the shape of a pot." \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid214906\charrsid4933974 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 The Kyrgyz writer, Chingiz Aitmatov (or}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid214906 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 Aytmatov)\~(1928 - )\~ recounts in "The Day Lasts More than One Hundred Years" (1980) the legend of the Ana-Beiit cemetery and the zombies known as "mankurts".\~}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8327698 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 According to\~tradition, the nomad Zhuan\rquote zhuan,\~shaved the\~heads of the younger and more fit prisoners of war and wrapped their skulls in\~raw camel hide.\~ The prisoners were then left to shrivel in the desert's scorching sun, without food or water. As the caps shrank around their heads, they perished in terrible agony.\~ The survivors completely lost their memory. Their subsequent submissiveness and loyalty made them ten times more valuable than a regular slave and three times as precious as a free man\~(in terms of pecuniary damages\~when accidentally killed).}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4933974 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid214906\charrsid4933974 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4933974 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 HYPERLINK "http://www.stormy.org/edcompr.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14444166 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730074006f0072006d0079002e006f00720067002f006500640063006f006d00700072002e00680074006d00000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 http://www.stormy.org/edcompr.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 HYPERLINK "http://www.freeman.org/m_online/may99/shusteff1.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14444166 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0066007200650065006d0061006e002e006f00720067002f006d005f006f006e006c0069006e0065002f006d0061007900390039002f00730068007500 7300740065006600660031002e00680074006d00000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4933974\charrsid4933974 http://www.freeman.org/m_online/may99/shusteff1.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid22727\charrsid4933974 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4933974 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7876570\charrsid4933974 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid7876570 {\*\bkmkstart N}N \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7876570 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7876570\charrsid7876570 {\*\bkmkend N}Napoleon Bonaparte}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\fs36\insrsid7876570 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7876570 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7876570 Napoleon did invade {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}. During the Irish rebellion of 1798, in September, a sizable French fleet got close to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}shore{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ireland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} but was dispersed by a storm. A part of the flotila went back to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose} but other French ships landed invading troops on the shores of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ireland{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Wales{\*\xmlclose}. \par These surrendered to superior British forces later on. The costs of the Irish war and Napoleon's impending threat across the channel forced the British government to introduce the first income tax in British history. \par Another attempt by the French, in 1804, with 100,000 troops was aborted.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13503030 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7876570\charrsid7876570 http://home.inforamp.net/~radfordr/1800a.html \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336248 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848701 HYPERLINK "}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848701\charrsid7876570 http://www.inlandrevenue.gov.uk/history/taxhis1.htm}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848701 " }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\charrsid12808274 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0069006e006c0061006e00640072006500760065006e00750065002e0067006f0076002e0075006b002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f0074006100780068006900730031002e006800 74006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0069006e006c0061006e00640072006500760065006e00750065002e0067006f0076002e0075006b002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f0074006100780068006900730031002e00680074006d 000000004400000000000000000000010000000900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010fc000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000030000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848701\charrsid12808274 http://www.inlandrevenue.gov.uk/history/taxhis1.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid336248 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8745838 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 Narcissism}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8745838 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8745838 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 Narcissism is\~a pattern of traits and behavio rs which signify infatuation and obsession with one's self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's gratification, dominance and ambition. \par According to the legend of Narcissus, this Greek boy fell in love with his own reflection in a pond. Presumably, this amply sums up the nature of his namesakes: narcissists. The mythological Narcissus was rejected by the nymph Echo and was punished by Nemesis, Consigned to pine away as he fell in love with his own reflection. \par Most narcissists (75%) are men. \par NPD is one of a "family" of personality disorders (formerly known as "Cluster B"). \par Other members: Borderline PD, Antisocial PD and Histrionic PD. \par NPD is often diagnosed with other mental health disorders ("co-morbidity") - or with substance abuse, or impulsive and reckless behaviors ("dual diagnosis"). \par NPD is new (1980) mental health category in the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual (DSM). \par There is only scant research regarding narcissism. But what there is has not demonstrated any ethnic, social, cultural, economic, genetic, or professional predilection to NPD. \par It is estimated that 0.7-1% of the general population suffer from NPD. \par Pathological narcissism was first described in detail by Freud. Other major contributors are: Klein, Horney, Kohut, Kernberg, Millon, Roningstam, Gunderson, Hare. \par The onset of narcissism is in infancy, childhood and early adolescence. It is commonly attributed to childhood abuse and trauma inflicted by parents, authority figures, or even peers. \par There is a whole range of narcissistic reactions - from the mild, reactive and transient to the permanent personality disorder. \par Narcissists are either "Cerebral" (derive their narcissistic supply from their intelligence or academic achievements) - or "Somatic" (derive their narcissistic supply from their physique, exercise, physical or sexual prowess and "conquests"). \par Narcissists are either "Classic" - see definition\~here ( }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/npdglance.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid13831125 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006e007000640067006c0061006e00630065002e00680074006d006c0000000000 00000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 http://samvak.tripod.com/npdglance.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 )\~- or they are "Compensatory", or "Inverted" - see definitions here:\~( }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/faq66.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid13831125 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00660061007100360036002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000bb000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 http://samvak.tripod.com/faq66.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 )\~. \par NPD is treated in talk therapy (psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral). The prognosis for an adult narcissist is poor, though his adaptation to life and to others can improve with treatment. Medication is applied to side-effects and behaviors (such as moo d or affect disorders and obsession-compulsion) - usually with some success. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13831125 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3400000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f000000000000000000007800000000000000000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 http://samvak.tripod.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 HYPERLINK "http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php/type/doc/id/419" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13831125 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0065006e00740061006c00680065006c0070002e006e00650074002f0070006f0063002f0076006900650077005f0064006f0063002e0070006800 70002f0074007900700065002f0064006f0063002f00690064002f00340031003900000000000000000000000000f300000009000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php/type/doc/id/419}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 HYPERLINK "http://www.suite101.com/links.cfm/npd" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730075006900740065003100300031002e0063006f006d002f006c0069006e006b0073002e00630066006d002f006e00700064000000000000780000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8745838\charrsid8745838 http://www.suite101.com/links.cfm/npd}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid336248 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336248 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 Nero \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336248 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 According to the historian Suetonius, Emperor Nero (37-68), fifth Emperor of Rome\~from\~AD 54 to 68, was a fan of murder.\~Clad in disguise, he\~assaulted passing pedestrians in back alleys, stabbed them repeatedly, and\~dumped the\~ bodies into the sewer. When he was almost killed by one of his would-be\~victims,\~he surrounded himself with armed bodyguards\~who overcame any unexpected resistance. \par \~ \par Nero's original name was Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. When Agrippina the Younger married her uncle, Emperor Claudius I, she convinced him to adopt the child and he acquired his new name, Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Nero married his stepfather's daughter, Octavia. He was declared Emperor at the tender age of 17. Nero promptly\~had his mother poison Claudius' son, Britannicus - but his first five years\~ were marked by the moderating influence of Burrus, the prefect of the Praetorian Guards, and the philosopher Seneca, his tutor. \par \~ \par Nero abolished\~the pernicious habit of\~secret trials, put the affairs of the state at the hands of a nascent bureaucracy, and made the Senate more independent. He forbade bloodshed in public circus contests, abolished capital punishment, reduced taxes and allowed slaves to sue their unjust masters. He initiated competitions in poetry, drama, and athletics. He pardoned plotters and authors of scathing epigrams against him. Claudius, by comparison, has executed 40 Senators for treason. Nero even helped the Jews - a scourge of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Roman empire{\*\xmlclose} - and rehabilitated disaster-stricken cities. \par \~ \par But then there was a marked - and mysterious - change for the worse. Nero murdered his mother, who criticized his mistress, whom he later married, having executed Octavia. Burrus died, probably poisoned. Seneca retired to his estate. \par \~ \par Two thirds of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rome{\*\xmlclose} burnt to the ground in July 64. Nero was in Antium at th e time - 60 kilometers away. He did not burn the city, he did not play the violin, or the lyre while it burnt. It is dubious whether - as Tacitus and Suetonius claim -\~he\~blamed the few Christians in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rome {\*\xmlclose} for the conflagration, let alone persecute}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12021615 d}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 them. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid336248 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 On the contrary, he sheltered the homeless and rebuilt {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rome{\*\xmlclose} with strict fire precautions. His contemporaneous notoriety had to do with the fact that he appeared as an actor, lyre player and charioteer\~in religious dramas all over the empire, sometimes absent from Rome for as long as 15 months at a time. \par \~ \par Following a coup and assassination attempt, he executed 18 of the 41 conspirators - including his beloved Seneca. He kicked his wife to death, murdered Statilia Messalina's husband and\~ wed her and finally - faced with a rebellion of his legions - he fled {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rome{\*\xmlclose} and committed suicide. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 HYPERLINK "http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/nero-index.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2586528 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0072006f006d0061006e002d0065006d0070006900720065002e006e00650074002f0065006d007000650072006f00720073002f006e00650072006f00 2d0069006e006400650078002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/nero-index.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 HYPERLINK "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10752c.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2586528 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006500770061006400760065006e0074002e006f00720067002f00630061007400680065006e002f003100300037003500320063002e0068007400 6d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000220000002200000022007800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001400000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10752c.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 HYPERLINK "http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2586528 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0072006f006d0061006e002d0065006d007000650072006f00720073002e006f00720067002f006e00650072006f002e00680074006d00000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000e3000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000001000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid336248\charrsid336248 http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid336248 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 \par New Economic Policy (NEP) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15236955 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15236955 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 Mikhail Gorbachev (1931- ) was not the first to introduce Perestroika - the economic liberalization of the communist system along capitalistic lines. \par \~ \par During\~the Russian civil war\~(1918-1922) the Bolsheviks implemented what they called "War Communism" (1917-1921), the militarization of the economy. Between 1916 and\~1920, industrial output plunged by more than four fifths. Grain harvests in both\~ 1920 and 1921 disastrously dwindled, leading to widespread\~famine, claiming five million lives.\~A series of rebellions of sailors broke out, most famously\~in the Krohnstadt naval base. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15236955 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 To counter the party's loosening grip on power, Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) introduced the New Economic Pol icy (NEP). Trade was liberalized,\~as were industrial and agricultural\~production.\~Peasants were allowed\~to sell\~surplus produce on the open market and taxes were made\~proportional to\~net output. \par \~ \par In stark departure from communist ideology, farmers could\~lease land and hire laborers. The state embarked on an ambitious privatization program of small and medium-size\~enterprises, though\~it maintained control of\~ the finance, transportation, heavy industry, and foreign trade sectors (the "commanding heights", as they were called at the time). \par \~ \par In 1921-2, Lenin re-introduced money to re-monetize the economy which\~consisted of\~barter, quotas, and centrally issued economic directives. Within less than 7 years, production in many parts of the economy reverted to\~p re-revolutionary levels. Nor did the NEP die with Lenin. It continued for\~4 years after his death in 1924. \par \~ \par But the policy was not without its faults. \par \~ \par NEP was characterized by inflation and the need to cap the prices\~of non-agricultural goods. Peasants hoarded grain for speculation purposes. A black market in goods was developed by\~ Nepmen - private traders. Communist party General Secretary Joseph Stalin (1879-1953),\~reinstated agricultural production quotas\~in 1929, collectivized all arable land, and criminalized private trading in 1930. In 1928, he promulgated\~ the first Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) and\~central planning replaced market mechanisms. The NEP was dead. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 HYPERLINK "http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob40.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14957176 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700650062002e006a006a00610079002e00630075006e0079002e006500640075002f007e006a006f0062007200690065006e002f007200650066006500720065006e00 630065002f006f006200340030002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 http://web.jjay.cuny.ed u/~jobrien/reference/ob40.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 HYPERLINK "http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/russia/lenin/nep.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14957176 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0070007600680073002e0063006800690063006f002e006b00310032002e00630061002e00750073002f007e006200730069006c00760061002f007000 72006f006a0065006300740073002f007200750073007300690061002f006c0065006e0069006e002f006e00650070002e00680074006d00000000000001000000000000000000000000000000c8000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/russia/lenin/nep.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 HYPERLINK "http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/NEP.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14957176 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8a00000068007400740070003a002f002f006d006100720073002e00610063006e00650074002e0077006e00650063002e006500640075002f007e006700720065006d00700065006c002f0063006f00750072007300 650073002f007300740061006c0069006e002f006c0065006300740075007200650073002f004e00450050002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000010000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/NEP.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15236955\charrsid15236955 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7876570 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848701 Newton, Isaac}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7876570 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848701 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the father of modern physics and mathematics, was an avowed and dedicated alchemist, mystic, theologian,\~and astrologer. He was a bad student and his mother wanted him to become a farmer. He was admitted to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Trinity{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}College{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose} as a "subsizar" - i.e., on condition that he performs certain domestic services. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15236955 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 The story of the apple\~is not a legend. It was recounted by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Newton{\*\xmlclose} himself when he was old. He said the falling apple made him think about the movement of the moon around the earth. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Newton{\*\xmlclose}'s work was so savagely criticized when it was first published that, fora few years thereafter he\~ceased publishing altogether. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 HYPERLINK "http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14554592 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002d006700610070002e006400630073002e00730074002d0061006e0064002e00610063002e0075006b002f007e0068006900730074006f00720079002f00 4d0061007400680065006d006100740069006300690061006e0073002f004e006500770074006f006e002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 HYPERLINK "http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14554592 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006500770074006f006e002e00630061006d002e00610063002e0075006b002f006e006500770074006c006900660065002e00680074006d006c00 000000000000000000000000000000000000006f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000 000000000000010000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5848701\charrsid5848701 http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5848701 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid9723116 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New World{\*\xmlclose} }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Screwworm F}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid9723116 ly}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid9723116 The bestselling thriller "The Dante Club" op ens with a particularly gruesome murder committed with an unusual weapon: a very rare insect \endash the New World Screwworm Fly (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\charrsid9723116 Cochliomyia hominivorax)}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0 .}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par \par Hominivorax in Latin means "Man-Eater", the name given to the fly by Dr. Coquerel, the French Imperial Navy medical doctor who discovered it, busy devouring colonists on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Devil's Island{\*\xmlclose}, in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}French Guiana{\*\xmlclose}, off the coast of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Brazil{\*\xmlclose}, in 1859.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\charrsid16731058 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par These are bluish-green flies with three longitudinal black stripes across the thorax. The insect's face is orange-brown. \par \par As opposed to virtually all other types of maggots, these fly's larvae cannot feed on carrion (dead tissue). Instead, they burrow into the live flesh of warm blooded creatures, such as livestock, or humans. \par \par The female mates only once in her lifetime, when she reaches 3-4 days old. Two days later, and during the next 30 days, she lays up to 5000 eggs (usually 2000-3000). These are divided to "lots" of up to 500 eggs per single sitting. \par \par The female deposits the eggs near body orifices with mucous membranes or adjacent to fresh wounds, even the tiniest (such as a tick bite). \par \par The eggs hatch in 12-21 hours. Within the next 24 hours, the tiny maggots embark on their destructive mission. \par \par The Merck Veterinary Manual describes these killing machines thus: \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid13980298 "}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs30\b\i\f0\charrsid13980298 The parasitic larvae are tapered and have mouth hooks at the narrow end and breathing spiracles at the wide end. Body segments are ringed with spines. Fully grown larvae can be as long as 1.5 cm. Larvae are often identified by their \'93wood screw\'94 shape and appearance and can be distinguished from the larvae of the facultative myiasis-producing flies by the darkly pigmented tracheal tubes on the dorsal aspect of the posterior end of the third-stage la rva. These tubes can be easily visualized through the larval cuticle."}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\charrsid13980298 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par They gnaw their way into their victim, tearing and digesting morsels of tissue and the resulting malodorous, reddish-brown wound fluid as they go along. \par \par As the flesh around them withers, insects whose larvae subsist on carrion are attracted to the writhing organism. The wound becomes a veritable zoo of various kinds of parasitic insects. \par \par Between 5 and 9 days later, the fully developed larvae abandon what is left of the host and fall to the ground (spill over from the wounds) to pupate in the surface soil. Depending on the temperature, this takes anywhere from 7 days to 2 months. \par \par Following massive eradication programs carried out in 1958-9, the insect is to be found only in Central and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South America{\*\xmlclose} and in some {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Caribbean {\*\xmlclose} islands. Treatment with "smears" containing ronnel and lindane are effective in checking the process and preventing further infection. \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13980298 HYPERLINK "http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/selhome/gbu/cochliomyia.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730065006c002e0062006100720063002e0075007300640061002e0067006f0076002f00730065006c0068006f006d0065002f006700620075002f00 63006f00630068006c0069006f006d007900690061002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\charrsid13980298 http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/selhome/gbu/cochliomyia.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13980298 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13980298 HYPERLINK "http://icb.usp.br/~marcelcp/Cochliomyia.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f006900630062002e007500730070002e00620072002f007e006d0061007200630065006c00630070002f0043006f00630068006c0069006f006d007900690061002e006800 74006d00000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\charrsid13980298 http://icb.usp.br/~marcelcp/Cochliomyia.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13980298 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13980298 HYPERLINK "http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/71721.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d006500720063006b007600650074006d0061006e00750061006c002e0063006f006d002f006d0076006d002f00680074006d002f00620063002f00 370031003700320031002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\charrsid13980298 http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/71721.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13980298 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848701 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8791614 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8791614 Nightmare \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8791614 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8791614 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 The word nightmare\~ is the private name of a medieval female demon that attacked sleeping people. "Mare" means goblin in\~Old English. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8791614 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 HYPERLINK "http://psychology.about.com/cs/dream/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4984479 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f00700073007900630068006f006c006f00670079002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f00630073002f0064007200650061006d002f000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007800000000000000d800000078000000090000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000003b00330000000000} }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 http://psychology.about.com/cs/dream/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 HYPERLINK "http://www.shpm.com/articles/dreams/index.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid4984479 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300680070006d002e0063006f006d002f00610072007400690063006c00650073002f0064007200650061006d0073002f0069006e00640065007800 2e007300680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000380000000005000000000000330000000000000028000010000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000001400000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8791614\charrsid8791614 http://www.shpm.com/articles/dreams/index.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8791614 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13258575 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 Nobel Prizes \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13258575 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 The Nobel prizes are awarded on December 10.\line \line In 1911, the Polish-French scientist, Marie Curie, became the}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 first person to win a second Nobel prize for the discovery of radium & polonium. Her second prize was in Chemistry. She won her first Nobel prize in physics only eight years earlier, in 1903. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10964451 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 Marie Curie was also the first woman to win the prize and}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 a member}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 of the first couple, together with her hus}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 b}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 and,}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pierre{\*\xmlclose}, to win the}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 coveted award (in 1903).}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 \line Linus Pauling won the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1954 and The Nobel prize for Peace in 1962.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 HYPERLINK "http://www.nobel.se/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2895357 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006f00620065006c002e00730065002f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000009a45000000000000000003100000000000000000006a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000078000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13258575\charrsid13258575 http://www.nobel.se/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2957634 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2957634\charrsid2957634 Nokia}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8791614\charrsid2957634 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2957634 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2957634 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634\charrsid2957634 Some companies have at least nine lives, it would seem. Nokia was founded in southwestern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Finland{\*\xmlclose}, in 1865, by a mining engineer, one, Frederik Idestam, as\~ a wood-pulp mill. An eponymous town formed around it. Independently, the Finnish Rubber Works took on the town name in the 1920s, having been established there in 1898. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634\charrsid2957634 The Nokia rubber company acquired\~ Finnish Cable Works - another enterprise\~located in Nokia since 1912.\~In 1967, the three\~became the\~ Nokia Group. In the 1980s, Nokia took over Mobira, Salora, Televa and Luxor of Sweden and became a consumer electronics group - manufacturing televisions and such. \par \~ \par Nokia continued with its acquisitions spree and, in 1987,\~bought the consumer electronics operations and part of the component business of the German Standard Elektrik Lorenz, the French consumer electronics company Oceanic,\~ and the Swiss cable machinery company Maillefer.\~It proceeded to become the largest Scandinavian information technology company by digesting\~Ericsson's data systems division. In 1989, Nokia emerged as a leader in the cable industry in Continental Europe by\~purchasing the Dutch cable company NKF. \par \~ \par During the 1990s the consolidated group refocused on the mobile phone market and divested all its other businesses. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13258575 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634\charrsid2957634 HYPERLINK "http://www.nokia.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11940028 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006f006b00690061002e0063006f006d002f0000000000000000000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2\insrsid2957634\charrsid2957634 http://www.nokia.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 Number Notation \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4095391 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336248 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} does not use the metric system. But this is not the only confusing difference between the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region }}USA{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 The hierarchy of numbers is universal: milli on, billion, trillion, quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, septillion, octillion, nonillion, decillion, undecillion, duodecillion, tredecillion, quat(t)uordecillion, quindecillion,}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid336248 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 sexdecillion, }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid336248 septendecillion, octodecillion, \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 novemdecillion, vigintillion. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4095391 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 \~ \par In the French and American system of notation, each number is a thousand times the preceding number. Thus, one billion is a thousand times one million and one trillion is a thousand billions.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2957634 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 Yet, in the English and German system, each number is a\~MILLION times the preceding one! \par \~ \par While a\~vigintillion is written as a 1 followed by 63 zeros\~by the French and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Americas{\*\xmlclose} - it is\~followed by no less than\~120 zeros in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}England {\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}! \par \~ \par Googol is universally 1 followed by 100 zeros. Googolplex }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391 is }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 10 to the power of googol. \par \~ \par To exacerbate matters, decimals are written in the form 1.23 in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}, 1\'b723 in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose} , and 1,23 in continental {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}. Thus $14,100 is 14 thousand US dollars in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} - but only 14 dollars and ten cents in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Vienna{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 HYPERLINK "http://www.ma th2.org/math/general/numnotation.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3366992 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d0061007400680032002e006f00720067002f006d006100740068002f00670065006e006500720061006c002f006e0075006d006e006f0074006100 740069006f006e002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 http://www.math2.org/math/general/numnotation.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11370049 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4095391 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 HYPERLINK "http://www.math.com/tables/general/numnotation.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3366992 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d006100740068002e0063006f006d002f007400610062006c00650073002f00670065006e006500720061006c002f006e0075006d006e006f007400 6100740069006f006e002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006d00000000000001000000000000000000000300a8000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000003b00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 http://www.math.com/tables/general/numnotation.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4095391\charrsid4095391 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4095391 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs20 \ltrch \b\i\fs20\insrsid7876570\charrsid4095391 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid3672207\charrsid7876570 {\*\bkmkstart o}O}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid2101798\charrsid7876570 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid7278104 {\*\bkmkend o}OK \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7278104 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), the American President (1829-1837) was much ridiculed for his Bushisms (lack of grasp of the English language). He was - erroneously - "credited" with the creation of the much used OK by spelling\~ "all correct" as "oll korrect." \par \~ \par This apocryphal story competes with yet another anachronism: during the second World War OK (zero+K) meant "zero killed". But OK much preceded the twentieth century, let alone the 1940s.\~It is found in\~the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region} }March 23, 1839{\*\xmlclose} issue of the Boston Morning Post, for instance, and did, indeed, stand for "Oll Korrect". OK caught on fast. By 1840, it was all over the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} from\~ {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New York{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Orleans{\*\xmlclose}.\~President Van Buren (1782-1862) used it in his campaign, when it signified\~ "Old Kinderhook", his birthplace\~in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hudson{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Valley{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par There are numerous other etymologies attributing OK to a host of other languages, from Native-American to Creole, and to everything from telegraphic signaling to German generals - but they have all been convincingly debunked. \par \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 HYPERLINK "http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/4/4-694.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13837820 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006e0067002e00650064002e00610063002e0075006b002f006c0069006e00670075006900730074002f006900730073007500650073002f00 34002f0034002d003600390034002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000005000000e400000000000000000000000000000010000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010003000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/4/4-694.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 HYPERLINK "http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_250" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13837820 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006100690067006800740064006f00700065002e0063006f006d002f0063006c006100730073006900630073002f00610032005f003200 3500300000000000008a00000000100000000000000010000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_250}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 HYPERLINK "http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EtymologyOfOkay" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13837820 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00630032002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002f00770069006b0069003f004500740079006d006f006c006f00670079004f0066004f006b0061007900000000000000 00780000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EtymologyOfOkay}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 HYPERLINK "http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EtymologyOfOk" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13837820 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f00630032002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002f00770069006b0069003f004500740079006d006f006c006f00670079004f0066004f006b0000000000000000a01000 000000001000000000000000000000000000840010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EtymologyOfOk}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid7278104\charrsid7278104 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14105953 Oil Spills \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14105953 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14105953\charrsid14105953 The largest oil spill in history was in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tobago{\*\xmlclose}. The Atlantic Empress spilled 287,000 tons in 1979. Then comes the ABT Summer in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Angola{\*\xmlclose} (260,000 in 1991), The Castillo de Bellver in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}South Africa{\*\xmlclose} (252,000 in 1983), the Amoco Cadiz in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region} }France{\*\xmlclose} (223,000 in 1978). \par \~ \par By comparison, the famous Exxon Valdez spill in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United states{\*\xmlclose} in 1989 involved only 37,000 tons. The Prestige in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose} in 2002 carried a load of 77,000 tons but most of its sank with it to a depth of 4 kilometers. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 HYPERLINK "http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/kids/spills.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7673086 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0072006500730070006f006e00730065002e0072006500730074006f0072006100740069006f006e002e006e006f00610061002e0067006f0076002f006b00690064007300 2f007300700069006c006c0073002e00680074006d006c0000000000007000630000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004b00000000000000003400000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000001400680000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/kids/spills.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12021615\charrsid7673086 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 HYPERLINK "http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Environment/Energy/Petroleum_in_the_Environment/Oil_Spills/?tc=1" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7673086 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bd200000068007400740070003a002f002f006400690072006500630074006f00720079002e0067006f006f0067006c0065002e0063006f006d002f0054006f0070002f0053006300690065006e00630065002f004500 6e007600690072006f006e006d0065006e0074002f0045006e0065007200670079002f0050006500740072006f006c00650075006d005f0069006e005f007400680065005f0045006e007600690072006f006e006d0065006e0074002f004f0069006c005f005300700069006c006c0073002f003f00740063003d00310000 000000006f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff000000000000000000000000001000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15665369\charrsid7673086 http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Environment/Energy/Petroleum_in_the_Environment/Oil_Spills/?tc=1}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12021615\charrsid7673086 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Energy/Petroleum_in_the_Environment/Oil_Spills/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7673086 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba800000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006300690065006e00630065002f0045006e007600690072006f006e006d0065006e0074002f0045006e00650072006700 79002f0050006500740072006f006c00650075006d005f0069006e005f007400680065005f0045006e007600690072006f006e006d0065006e0074002f004f0069006c005f005300700069006c006c0073002f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ac000000680000004e00000000000000780000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 http://dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Energy/Petroleum_in_the_Environment/Oil_Spills/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14105953\charrsid7673086 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14105953 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14105953 \~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5584055 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3672207\charrsid3672207 Organelles}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid3672207 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7278104 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3672207\charrsid3672207 Multi-cellular organisms, such as plants and humans, evolved over billions of years. Ancient bacteria infiltrated the first eukaryotic cells - i.e., the first cells with a nucleus. They helped these cells convert food into ATP - the cellular "battery" molecule.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7278104 \par \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3672207\charrsid3672207 As time passed, these bacteria degenerated. Their remains still occupy the cytoplasm of eukaryotes in the form of "organelles", tiny organs. But these remains contain their own DNA - distinct from the host cell's. They also encompass their own ribosomes - cellular miniature protein factories. So, in a way these organelles - the mitochondria in living creatures and the chloroplasts in plants - are separate organisms. They maintain a symbiotic relati onship with cells. They are symbionts. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3672207 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3672207\charrsid3672207 \~ \par All the cells in the human body contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are more abundant in cells with heavy energy requirements, like muscle cells. \par \~ \par A third type of such symbiont was recently discovered in the malaria parasite, the Plasmodium falciparum. It is called an apicoplast and is, perhaps, the remains of an alga. It, too, has its own unique genome. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3672207\charrsid537563 HYPERLINK "http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~striepen/apicoplast.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid537563 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300610073002e007500700065006e006e002e006500640075002f007e0073007400720069006500700065006e002f0061007000690063006f007000 6c006100730074002e00680074006d006c000000007500000069006e00000000000097000000000000bf00000000000000000000000000000072000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000 00007800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000f1000000000000000000000000000000003b000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3672207\charrsid537563 http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~striepen/apicoplast.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3672207\charrsid537563 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid537563 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3672207\charrsid537563 HYPERLINK "http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Genetics/Organelles/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid537563 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8a00000068007400740070003a002f002f006400690072006500630074006f00720079002e0067006f006f0067006c0065002e0063006f006d002f0054006f0070002f0053006300690065006e00630065002f004200 69006f006c006f00670079002f00470065006e00650074006900630073002f004f007200670061006e0065006c006c00650073002f000000006b00630000000000240000000000000004000031000000df00000000000000006900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000140000000000003400000000000000000010000000000001000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000990000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3672207\charrsid537563 http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Genetics/Organelles}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11604255 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9913957 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9913957 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 Oscars (Academy Awards) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9913957 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 Ben Hur (1959) and Titanic (1997) won 11 academy awards (Oscars) each. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 Gigi}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1958) and }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 The Last Emperor}{ \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1987) were nominated for 9 awards and won them all. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 The Turning Point}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1977) and }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 The Color Purple}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1985) were nominated for 11 awards each, but didn't win even a single one. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 Limelight}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1952) by Charlie Chaplin won an Oscar for original dramatic score only in 1973, a year after it was screened in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Los Angeles{\*\xmlclose} for the first time. \par \~ \par These winners were still shot in black and white. Notice the years: Schindler's List (1993), The Apartment (1960) , Marty (1955), On the Waterfront (1954), From Here to Eternity (1953). \par \~ \par These winners were shot in color. Notice the years: Gone With the Wind (1939), An American in Paris (1951), The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 War and Peace}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1968) is the longest film ever to win the Oscar\~at 7 hours 33 minutes. }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs24\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 Gone With the Wind}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1939) and }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 Lawrence of Arabia}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1962) were each\~3 hours and\~42 minutes. \par \~ \par Walt Disney - with 26 statues - won the most awards. Alan Menken for music and Denis Muren for visual effects each garnered 8 Oscars. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 John Ford}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 won consecutively for }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 The Grapes of Wrath}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1940) and }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 How Green Was My Valley}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1941) \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 So did Joseph L. Mankiewicz}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 for }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 A Letter to Three Wives}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1949) and }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 All About Eve}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 (1950). \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 HYPERLINK "http://academyawards.20m.com/trivia.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9189836 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f00610063006100640065006d0079006100770061007200640073002e00320030006d002e0063006f006d002f007400720069007600690061002e00680074006d0000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 http://academyawards.20m.com/trivia.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9913957\charrsid9913957 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9913957 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid9913957 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9913957 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11604255 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 {\*\bkmkstart PQ}P}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid12673664 -Q}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid11604255 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11604255 {\rtlch \af0\afs36 \ltrch \f0\fs36\insrsid11604255 {\*\bkmkend PQ} \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11604255 {\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11604255 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11604255 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 Under British rule, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Pakistan{\*\xmlclose} was part of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}. At the request of the Muslim League, the British decided, in 1947, to split it from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pakistan{\*\xmlclose} became independent one day before {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} did. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}West Pakistan{\*\xmlclose} was separated by 1600 kilometers from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}East Pakistan{\*\xmlclose} (today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bangladesh{\*\xmlclose}).\~Three principalities, including {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose}, chose not to join either country and to become independent. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} annexed by force of arms two of these and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Kashmir{\*\xmlclose}'s Hindu prince joined {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} as well. As a result, a war broke between the two countries in 1948. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 HYPERLINK "http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/pak/history.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12673664 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006c00610073002e00750066006c002e006500640075002f00750073006500720073002f00670074006800750072007300620079002f0070006100 6b002f0068006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000780000002800 00000000000078000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/pak/history.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 HYPERLINK "http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/govt/history.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12673664 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00700061006b002e0067006f0076002e0070006b002f007000750062006c00690063002f0067006f00760074002f0068006900730074006f0072007900 2e00680074006d006c00000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007000100000000000000000000001078000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11604255\charrsid11604255 http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/govt/history.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11604255 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8262754 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 Parachute}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8262754 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 The word "parachute" means, in French, "fall-preventing". "Paratroopers" means parachute troopers. The Chinese\~used\~parachutes for entertainment purposes or attached them in the 11th and 12th centuries\~to prisoners and forced them off steep cliffs.\~ Drawings of clumsy, square, parachutes can be found in Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks from 1483.\~The Thai king's tumblers vaulted from trees armed with umbrellas as late as 1687.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 A Venetian, Fausto Veranzino, leaped, using a parachute from a tower. Louis-S\'e9bastien Lenormand jumped from a }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 tree with two parasols in 1783. \par \page Another French Jean Pierre Blanchard parachuted }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 a}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 do}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 g from a balloon in 1785. A\~more }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 intrepid\~inventor,\~Andr\'e9-Jacque Garneri}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 n, sprang, on }{ \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}October 22, 1797{\*\xmlclose},\~f}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 rom a hot air balloon over Parc }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 Monceau in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Paris{\*\xmlclose}, danglin}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 g from a cloth canopy. In 1802, }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}England{\*\xmlclose}, he jumped from 2.4 kilometers (8000 feet). \par \~ \par The Encyclopedia Britannica (2003 edition): \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 "Early parachutes\emdash made of canvas or silk\emdash had frames that held them open (like an umbrella). Later in the 1800s, soft, foldable parachutes of silk were used; these were deployed by a device (attached to the airborne platform from which t he jumper was diving) that extracted the parachute from a bag. Only later still, in the early 1900s, did the rip cord that allowed the parachutist to deploy the chute appear." \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 \~ \par Capt. Albert Berry of the United States Army was the first to\~hop from an airplane over {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}St. Louis{\*\xmlclose} in 1912. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 HYPERLINK "http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blparachute.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12478016 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7a00000068007400740070003a002f002f0069006e00760065006e0074006f00720073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f0069006e00760065006e007400 6f00720073002f0062006c007000610072006100630068007500740065002e00680074006d00000000080000000000000100080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blparachute.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11604255 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754\charrsid8262754 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12467919 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 Pentagon \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12467919 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12467919 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 The Pentagon was completed in 16 months.\~ It was built on a swamp and on the area of the old {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Washington{\*\xmlclose} airport.\~Trucks hauled\~some 5.5 million cubic yards (4.2 million cubic meters) of\~junk and soil and dumped it in the marshes.\~ The building's foundation rests on 41,492 concrete piles. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 The purchase of land cost $2.25 million (in 1943 dollars). The building itself cost c. $50 million, or $83 million with outside facilities.\~The Pentagon\~stands on 29 acres (=c. 120,000 sq.m.). }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2116692 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 The center court alone occupies 5 acres (c. 20,000 sq.m.). The heating and refrigeration plant and the sewage structure sprawl on 1 acre each (c. 4,000 sq.m.). Fifty miles (=80 kilometers) of access highways were especially constructed, replete with 21 ov erpasses and bridges. The parking space is spread over 67 acres (c. 270,000 sq.m.) and can accommodate up to 8,800 vehicles. \par \~ \par Each wall of the Pentagon is more than 920 feet long (=300 meters). It is almost 78 feet high (or a little short of 25 meters). It should have been higher but the planners wanted to preserve the view of\~the neighboring {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Arlington{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}National{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cemetery{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . There are almost 18 miles (c.\~29 kilometers) of corridors in the building, 131 st airways, 19 escalators, 13 elevators, 672 fire hose cabinets, 284 rest rooms (toilettes), 691 drinking fountains, 4200 electric clocks with sockets for another 2800, 16,250 light fixtures (250 bulbs are replaced daily), 7,754 windows, and 7 acres of glass - or c. 29,000 sq.m. \par \~ \par More than 23,000 people work in the Pentagon. It contains a heliport, huge restaurant and shopping mall, and bus and taxi terminals. The Pentagon has its\~own metro (subway) station. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 This masterpiece of engineering\~was designed by George Edwin Bergstrom. Despite its gargantuan size, the distance between every two points in the complex never requires more than a 7 minutes walk. Plans to convert\~the Pentagon\~ to a hospital after the second world war were abandoned with the outbreak of the Cold War. \par \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 The September 11 attack demolished 400,000 sq. feet of space and damaged another 1.6 million. To recover them would cost $700 million. About 1000 tons of limestone in 3700 separate pieces were\~quarried in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Indiana{\*\xmlclose}\~to overhaul the facade. More than a 1000\~laborers worked in three shifts for almost nine months until the facade was remade. Restoration will be completed in Spring 2003. \par \~ \par The State Department says that "a condolence book, a Presidential photo, and hand made sympathy cards written by children were included in a bronze box that was sealed into the limestone facade of the newly rebuilt section of the Pentagon. The capsule is not intended to be opened." \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 HYPERLINK "http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pentagon/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13307251 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0064006500660065006e00730065006c0069006e006b002e006d0069006c002f0070007500620073002f00700065006e007400610067006f006e002f00 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000078000000000000005000000000003a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000052000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pentagon/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 HYPERLINK "http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/020815pentagon.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13307251 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007500730069006e0066006f002e00730074006100740065002e0067006f0076002f0074006f0070006900630061006c002f0070006f006c002f0074006500720072006f00 72002f00300032003000380031003500700065006e007400610067006f006e002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000400000000000a3000000000000000000000000000000000001003b004000000000003a000000000000000000000000000010 0000000100000000000100000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/020815pentagon.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 HYPERLINK "http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2002/t06112002_t611pren.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13307251 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0064006500660065006e00730065006c0069006e006b002e006d0069006c002f006e006500770073002f004a0075006e0032003000300032002f007400 300036003100310032003000300032005f0074003600310031007000720065006e002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000022000000000000000000000000000000a20000000000000021000000000000000000000000000800000000000300000000010000000000f1 000000000000001000000000140000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12467919\charrsid12467919 http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2002/t06112002_t611pren.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12467919 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7691298 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 Phi \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7691298\charrsid12467919 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7691298 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 The irrational number Phi - the golden ratio or divine proportion of antiquity - is 1.6180339887. It is found in the\~arrangement of rose petals, mollusc shells, sunflower florets, spirals of pine cones, hurricanes, fractals, the breeding patterns of rabbits, the structure of crystals, the behaviour of the stock market, and the shape of\~the Milky Way. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13067458 \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 It is -\~wrongly - said to be found in the proportions of the Great Pyramids, the Pantheon, the Mona Lisa,\~and\~ in Stradivarius violins. It is present, though, in Dali's "The Sacrament of the Last Supper".}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 Phi\~is crucial to the drawing of the pentagram, a powerful magic symbol. The\~ ratio enchanted scholars throughout the ages - from Pythagoras, Kepler, and Penrose to current mathematicians dedicated to studying the Fibonacci numbers (permutations of phi). Artists like Goethe, Cezanne, Bartok studied it obsessively. \par \~ \par Its discovery is attributed to Euclid (c. 300 BC) who postulated that\~phi is yielded by dividing a line into two segments such that the ratio of the length of whole line to that of the bigger segment is the same as the ratio of the length of the bigger s egment to that of the smaller one. \par \~ \par If you divide phi by\~one you get 0.6180339887 - that is phi minus 1.\~Leonardo Fibonacci (1170-1240) developed his famous series in the 12th century.\~Each number in the series is the sum of the previous two:\~0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55.\~ Dividing any number in the series by the preceding\~one yield almost-phi (the results of the division are phi-asymptotic).\~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 HYPERLINK "http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/phi.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6045153 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d00630073002e007300750072007200650079002e00610063002e0075006b002f0050006500720073006f006e0061006c002f0052002e004b006e00 6f00740074002f004600690062006f006e0061006300630069002f007000680069002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003030008000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000ba00000000000000000000000000b800000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/phi.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 HYPERLINK "http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/Student.Folders/Frietag.Mark/Homepage/Goldenratio/goldenratio.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6045153 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bca00000068007400740070003a002f002f006a00770069006c0073006f006e002e0063006f0065002e007500670061002e006500640075002f0065006d0074003600360039002f00530074007500640065006e007400 2e0046006f006c0064006500720073002f0046007200690065007400610067002e004d00610072006b002f0048006f006d00650070006100670065002f0047006f006c00640065006e0072006100740069006f002f0067006f006c00640065006e0072006100740069006f002e00680074006d006c00000000003c00000000 0000000000100000000000000000c0000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/Student.Folders/Frietag.Mark/Homepage/Goldenratio/goldenratio.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7691298\charrsid7691298 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1277378 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1277378 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 Plane Crashes \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4213848 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}September 11, 2001 {\*\xmlclose} was not the first time an airplane crashed into a skyscraper. Actually, such tragedies are more common than is thought.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8262754 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}July 28, 1945{\*\xmlclose}, for instance, a U.S. Army B-25 bomber traveling at 200 miles (c. 370 kilometers) per hour\~ in heavy fog crashed into the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Empire{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}State{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New York City{\*\xmlclose}.\~Luckily it was a Saturday, though dozens were injured and 14 killed. People thought the city was being bombed: \par \~ \par Doris Pope, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Boynton Beach{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Fla.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} told\~}{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 The Palm Beach Post}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 in 1999: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid15885907 "We heard this terrible noise, and the building started to shake. \'85 As we looked out our third-floor window, we saw debris fall on to the street. We immediately thought {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New York{\*\xmlclose} was being bombed." \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4213848 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 Another eyewitness, Helen J. Hurwitt, from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Greenacres{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Fla. {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, told the }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 Post:}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\insrsid4213848 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4213848\charrsid15885907 "I heard a horrendous noise. My husband and I were in a building directly opposite the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Empire{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}State{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \'85 Large plate-glass windows looked out onto {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}34th Street{\*\xmlclose}. The floor we were on was pretty high. At some point, we heard a horrendous noise and rushed to the windows. \'85 We were horrified to see a B-25 half in and half out of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Empire{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}State{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4213848 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid15885907 "The building shuddered, realigned itself, and settled. Probably instantly, although several witnesses said there seemed to be a moment's interval, came the explosion, and the top of the fog-shrouded {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Empire{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}State{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was briefly seen in a bright orange glow. High-octane airplane fuel spewed out of the ruptured tanks and sprayed the building\'85The heat was so intense that partition frames within offices disappeared, and the shattered glass from windo ws and lamp fixtures melted and fused into stalactites\'85 .One engine, part of the fuselage, and a landing gear tore through the internal office walls, through two fire walls and across a stairway, through another office wall and out of the south wall of the building, with the parts coming to a fiery rest at 10 West Thirty-Third Street in the penthouse studio/apartment of sculptor Henry Hering, who was off playing golf in Scarsdale at the time" \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 HYPERLINK "http://www.thecityreview.com/tauranac.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11420578 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0074006800650063006900740079007200650076006900650077002e0063006f006d002f00740061007500720061006e00610063002e00680074006d00 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 John Tauranac, }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf2\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 The Making of a Landmark}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 ,}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New York{\*\xmlclose}: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}St. Martin{\*\xmlclose}'s {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Griffin{\*\xmlclose}, 1997, (originally printed in hardcover by Scribner, 1995) \par \~ \par One of the massive aircraft's engine crossed the entire skyscraper, from north wall to south wall, and landed on the roof of\~ another building nearby. The damage was estimated at $1 million (that's 1945 dollars). It took 3 months to repair the 78th and 79th floors. \par \~ \par But the September atrocities provoked a wave of copycats and renewed awareness of such risks. \par \~ \par On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}April 18, 2002{\*\xmlclose} a small airplane ran into the 26th floor of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Milan{\*\xmlclose}'s tallest building, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pirelli{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tower{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Three people were killed, dozens injured and the building was severely damaged. \par \~ \par On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}January 5, 2002{\*\xmlclose}, a 15-year old deliberately crashed a small, single engine, craft into the 28th floor of the Bank of America Plaza in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tampa{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Florida{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The pilot dies. There were no other casualties. \par \~ \par At the beginning of May 2002, an Indian air force jet hit crashed into a bank building in northwestern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}. Eight died in the ensuing fire. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 HYPERLINK "http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/WTC_planecrash_empirestate010911.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11420578 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba400000068007400740070003a002f002f006100620063006e006500770073002e0067006f002e0063006f006d002f00730065006300740069006f006e0073002f00750073002f004400610069006c0079004e006500 770073002f005700540043005f0070006c0061006e006500630072006100730068005f0065006d007000690072006500730074006100740065003000310030003900310031002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000cb0000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000001 000000000010000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/WTC_planecrash_empirestate010911.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 HYPERLINK "http://www.esbnyc.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11420578 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006500730062006e00790063002e0063006f006d002f0000000000e3000000000000000000000000000000f20000000000000000000000000000010000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 http://www.esbnyc.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 HYPERLINK "http://www.thecityreview.com/tauranac.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11420578 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0074006800650063006900740079007200650076006900650077002e0063006f006d002f00740061007500720061006e00610063002e00680074006d00 000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000003a000001000000000000000014000000000000000010000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4213848\charrsid4213848 http://www.thecityreview.com/tauranac.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4213848 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14627638 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 Planets \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14627638 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 The planets in the solar system rotate anticlockwise, except Venus, Uranus and Pluto\~which\~rotate clockwise. No one knows why. \par In the case of Venus, the Sun's gravity may have slowed it down until its rotational period equa}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14627638 l}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 led its orbital period, a situation known as spin-orbit resonance. It would not account for its retrograde rotation, though. This may be the outcome of an impact with a large cel estial body. Uranus' strange angle of rotation is almost certainly due to such a collision - but Venus' unusual direction of spin requires another explanation. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8600963 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 HYPERLINK "http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15880719 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8200000068007400740070003a002f002f006300730065007000310030002e0070006800790073002e00750074006b002e006500640075002f0061007300740072003100360031002f006c006500630074002f007300 6f006c00610072007300790073002f007200650076006f006c007500740069006f006e002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 http://csep10.phy s.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8600963 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 HYPERLINK "http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15880719 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007000640073002e006a0070006c002e006e006100730061002e0067006f0076002f0070006c0061006e006500740073002f00770065006c0063006f006d0065002e006800 74006d000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8600963 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 HYPERLINK "http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8a00000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006500640073002e006c0070006c002e006100720069007a006f006e0061002e006500640075002f006e0069006e00650070006c0061006e006500740073002f006e00 69006e00650070006c0061006e006500740073002f006e0069006e00650070006c0061006e006500740073002e00680074006d006c000000000001000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14627638\charrsid14627638 http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14627638 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14627638 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14627638 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid16612455\charrsid14627638 Polygamy}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16612455\charrsid14627638 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4213848 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16612455 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16612455 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16612455\charrsid16612455 Polygamy refers to both polyandry - marrying more than one\~ man - and polygyny, wedding more than one woman. Hard to believe, but the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} outlawed polygamy only in 1882. \par \~ \par Humans are not the only polygamous species. The Northern Fur Seal and the Baikal Seal, for instance, mate with all the females in their territory. \par \~ \par Examples of polygamous societies include the Kikuyu, Masai and Oromo in east Africa; Swaziland in southeast Africa; some Native American tribes (such as the Blackfoot and Illinois); some nations in the Philippines, Indonesia\~ and Polynesia and, in west Africa, in Cameroon, Ghana, Mali and Niger; the Mormons in the United States and throughout the world (though they rarely practice it). \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid16612455\charrsid4592210 HYPERLINK "http://www.polygamy.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid597504 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0070006f006c007900670061006d0079002e0063006f006d002f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16612455\charrsid4592210 http://www.polygamy.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid16612455\charrsid4592210 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid16612455\charrsid4592210 HYPERLINK "http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/polygamy.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid597504 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007500730063002e006500640075002f0064006500700074002f004d00530041002f00680075006d0061006e00720065006c006100740069006f006e00 73002f0077006f006d0065006e0069006e00690073006c0061006d002f0070006f006c007900670061006d0079002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16612455\charrsid4592210 http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/polygamy.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid16612455\charrsid4592210 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4213848 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15205567 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8600963 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 Popcorn \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1277378 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4213848 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15205567 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 Corn pollen more than 80,000 years old was found in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose}.\~Proper popcorn\~was known in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sumatra{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} for at least 5000 years.\~Popped\~popcorn and kernels\~5600 years old were discovered in the "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bat{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cave{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}" in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Mexico{\*\xmlclose} in 1948-1950. Popcorn kernels - ready to pop - were unearthed in ancient Peruvian tombs. In a cave is southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Utah{\*\xmlclose}, fluffy, fresh looking, white popcorn was dated to 1000 years ago. \par \~ \par Popcorn was used by the Aztecs and Indians as a decorative motif in headdresses, necklaces, and ornaments on statues of divinities. In the 16th century, both Hernando Cortes (in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mexico{\*\xmlclose} ) and Christopher Columbus (in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}West Indies{\*\xmlclose}) described these unusual uses of the snack. Father Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590), a Franciscan priest with deep interest in\~Mexican culture,\~ described a ritual in honor of\~the Aztec gods of fisheries: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 "They scattered before him parched corn, called momochitl, a kind of corn which bursts when\~parched and discloses its content s and makes itself look like a very white flower; they said these were hailstones given to the god of water." \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid14627638 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 French explorers in the early 17th century reported that the\~Iroquois Indians in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Great Lakes{\*\xmlclose} region\~ drank popcorn beer and ate popcorn soup. In either 1621, or in 1630,\~popcorn was brought as a gift by the Indian Quadequina, brother of Chief Massasoit of the Wampanoag tribe,\~to the\~colonists in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Plymouth{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Massachusetts{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at\~their first\~Thanksgiving dinner in the new land.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 This may be an apocryphal story but, in any case, it\~would not have\~been\~ popcorn as we know it today. An oiled ear was held on a stick over an open fire and the popped kernels would be chewed off. Popcorn later served as a morning cereal, eaten with cream or milk. The colonists called it "popped corn", "parching corn", or "rice corn".}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid8600963 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 Most of the world's popcorn ("prairie gold") is produced in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Nebraska{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iowa {\*\xmlclose}\~and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Indiana{\*\xmlclose}, in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}. The kernel is a seed\~ containing a plant embryo and its soft, starchy food. The seed is protected by a hard shell. Heating the kernel converts water held in the seed into pressurized steam which causes the kernel to pop and the starch to expand to 40 times its original size. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15205567 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 HYPERLINK "http://www.factmonster.com/spot/popcorn1.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11886779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0066006100630074006d006f006e0073007400650072002e0063006f006d002f00730070006f0074002f0070006f00700063006f0072006e0031002e00 680074006d006c000000000010000000000000000032000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000f000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 http://www.factmonster.com/spot/popcorn1.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 HYPERLINK "http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/PopcornHistory.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11886779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700680061007400730063006f006f006b0069006e00670061006d00650072006900630061002e006e00650074002f0048006900730074006f00720079002f0050006f00 700063006f0072006e0048006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000001400641000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/PopcornHistory.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 HYPERLINK "http://okok.essortment.com/whatisthehist_rsdt.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11886779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f006f006b006f006b002e006500730073006f00720074006d0065006e0074002e0063006f006d002f0077006800610074006900730074006800650068006900730074005f00 72007300640074002e00680074006d00000000000000f2000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000078000000000000000004000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15205567\charrsid15205567 http://okok.essortment.com/whatisthehist_rsdt.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14627638 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1277378 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1277378 Potemkin Village \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1277378 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15205567 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin (1739-1791) attained the rank of Count and Field Marshall at an early age. He was involved\~in a palace coup against Peter III, husband of Catherine the Great, whose lover\~Potemkin was rumored to have been between 1774-6. \~He was appointed by her, long after their two year affair ended, to be governor of the new province of "New Russia" (southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ukraine{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Crimea {\*\xmlclose}).\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5266595 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8600963 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 The apocryphal (untrue) story is that, in 1787 , anxious to prove his administrative skills, Potemkin organized a lavish royal tour of southern {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose} for Catherine the Great. The tour took 4 years to prepare and covered 1000 miles along the river Dnepr. Throngs of peasants welcomed the queen. Yet, all the villages - and villagers - were fake. The houses consisted only of facades. The crowds were transported from one scenery to another ahead of the visiting monarch. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1277378 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 \~ \par Hence the expression "Potemkin village" - a false political facade aimed to disguise unsavory facts. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 HYPERLINK "http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/catherine.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12676604 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c00690062002e006e006400730075002e006e006f00640061006b002e006500640075002f0067007200680063002f0068006900730074006f007200 79005f00630075006c0074007500720065002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f0063006100740068006500720069006e0065002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000314000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000100000000 00000000000001000000000000000000000000003a00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/catherine.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 HYPERLINK "http://www.ehistory.com/world/amit/display.cfm?amit_id=2216" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid12676604 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00650068006900730074006f00720079002e0063006f006d002f0077006f0072006c0064002f0061006d00690074002f0064006900730070006c006100 79002e00630066006d003f0061006d00690074005f00690064003d00320032003100360000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004800000000000000000000000000000000000000000114000000000000000000000000000000000000003b00000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1277378\charrsid1277378 http://www.ehistory.com/world/amit/display.cfm?amit_id=2216}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1277378 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5652299 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 President of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States of America{\*\xmlclose} ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose})}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5652299 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5652299 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5652299 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 The first president of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region }}united States{\*\xmlclose} was not George Washington. \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Washington{\*\xmlclose} was the first president under the Constitution of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}June 21, 1788{\*\xmlclose}, ratified by 1790. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15205567 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 The first constitution of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} was titled "Articles of Confederation" and was in force between 1781 and 1788. It created a single house of Congress and no executive - but for one year during this period (1781-2, John Hanson served as "President of US in Congress Assembled" - or, in sh ort, President of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}. He was elected by his peers, including George Washington.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5266595 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid8600963 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 Hanson was followed by Elias Boudinot (1783), Thomas Mifflin (1784), Richard Henry Lee (1785), Nathan Gorman (1786), Arthur St. Clair (1787), and Cyrus Griffin (1788). \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5652299 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Washington{\*\xmlclose} was the EIGHTH president of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 HYPERLINK "http://www.marshallhall.org/hanson.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7691298 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d00610072007300680061006c006c00680061006c006c002e006f00720067002f00680061006e0073006f006e002e00680074006d006c0000000000 000000000001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090000000000000000070000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 http://www.marshallhall.org/hanson.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 HYPERLINK "http://www.stamponhistory.com/people/hanson.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7691298 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740061006d0070006f006e0068006900730074006f00720079002e0063006f006d002f00700065006f0070006c0065002f00680061006e007300 6f006e002e00680074006d006c0000000100000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100ba0000001410000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5652299\charrsid5652299 http://www.stamponhistory.com/people/hanson.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5652299 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2325203 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5266595 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2325203\charrsid5182627 Many of the features of the American presidency are fairly recent.}{ \rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5266595 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2325203\charrsid2325203 The\~length of the presidency was not limited to 2 terms until 1951\~in the\~22nd Amendment to the\~ US Constitution. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was elected to\~4 successive\~terms between 1932 and 1944. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325203 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2325203\charrsid2325203 \~ \par The president's inauguration day used to be on March 4. After {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Roosevelt{\*\xmlclose} died in office in 1945, it was changed to February 20. \par \~ \par Blacks could not become president until 1870 and women not until 1920. \par \~ \par The presidential salary remained the same for almost 100 years. It was pegged at $25,000 per year\~until 1873 when it was doubled. The president had no expense account until 1907 when $25,000 were added to his compensation to cover expenses connected to his office. The salary today stands at $390,000 plus $50,000 in expenses.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5266595 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2325203\charrsid2325203 Retired presidents were not eligible for a state pension until 1958. The Former President's Act gave them $25,000 a year, an office and minimal staff. The pension today stands at c. $161,000 - the same as a cabinet secretary. \par \~ \par Presidents are not elected by popular vote but by an electoral college representing the states. John Quincy Adams (1824), Rutherford Hayes (1876), Benjamin Harrison (1888) and George W. Bush (2000) lost the overall vote but won the presidency. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid2325203\charrsid5182627 HYPERLINK "http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/preshome.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid685242 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00670069002e00670072006f006c006900650072002e0063006f006d002f0070007200650073006900640065006e00740073002f00700072006500730068006f006d006500 2e00680074006d006c000000000000000000009d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2325203\charrsid5182627 http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/preshome.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid2325203\charrsid5182627 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8600963 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid2325203\charrsid5182627 HYPERLINK "http://web.uccs.edu/~history/index/presidency.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid685242 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700650062002e0075006300630073002e006500640075002f007e0068006900730074006f00720079002f0069006e006400650078002f00700072006500730069006400 65006e00630079002e00680074006d006c00000000000000010000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000140000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2325203\charrsid5182627 http://web.uccs.edu/~history/index/presidency.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid8600963 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 Prions \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5266595 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 Prions are aberrant proteins that cause diseases collectively known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Prions have normal, non-pathogenic forms, resident on the surface of brain cells, white blood cells, muscle cells and other tissues - but who se function is unknown. Prions are infectious and multiply. Not susceptible to enzymatic activity, they accumulate within the nerves, destroying them. The brain becomes potholed, like Swiss cheese or a sponge - hence, spongiform.\line \line In humans, prions cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Str\'e4 ussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia (FFI), Alpers Syndrome and kuru. Animals are afflicted by scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease or BSE), transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), and chronic wasting disease (CWD).}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5266595 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8600963 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 Prions have no nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) - they are not destroyed by ultraviolet radiation - and therefore are not a life form. They are also thought to cause hereditary and sporadic forms of disease. Neurodegenera tive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease may be caused by prions as well.\line \line "Proteinaceous infectious particles\'94 or \'93prions\'94 - about one hundred times smaller than any known virus - were isolated in the early 1980s by American biochemist Stanley B. Prusiner and others. Prusiner was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his discovery. \par Prions are controversial. Some scientists think that the encephalopathies are caused either by slow acting viruses or by another class of proteins called chaperones. \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8600963 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 HYPERLINK "http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/3035/prions.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf18\charrsid15676779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002d006d006900630072006f002e006d00730062002e006c0065002e00610063002e0075006b002f0033003000330035002f007000720069006f006e007300 2e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/3035/prions.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid8600963 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 HYPERLINK "http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/C10/C10.228.228.800.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf18\charrsid15676779 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f006800730075002e006500640075002f0063006c0069006e0069007700650062002f004300310030002f004300310030002e003200320038002e00 3200320038002e003800300030002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/C10/C10.228.228.800.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5266595\charrsid4677037 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325203 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8600963 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5266595\charrsid5266595 Progeria \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5266595 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf2\insrsid5266595\charrsid5266595 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5266595\charrsid5266595 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, discovered in 1886, causes an accelerated ageing of the body starting at the age of 18 months. By the age of 4, most patients are bald, their skin sag ging and their bones brittle. Even ten years later, they weigh as little as 15 kilos and are no more than a meter tall. The afflicted die of old age - from a heart attack or a stroke - in their early adolescence. Most of them have above average intelligen ce. The syndrome is now thought to be caused by a misplaced amino acid\~(mutation) on a gene called LMNA and affects 1 in 4 to 8 million newborn - but it is not genetically inherited. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5266595\charrsid5266595 HYPERLINK "http://www.progeriaresearch.org" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid3422878 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00700072006f0067006500720069006100720065007300650061007200630068002e006f00720067002f000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5266595\charrsid5266595 http://www.progeriaresearch.org}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5266595\charrsid5266595 }{ \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5266595 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Prohibition \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033 Prohibition - the legal enforcement of abstinence from alcoholic beverages - is not an American invention. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} was preceded by the Aztecs, ancient {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}China{\*\xmlclose}, feudal {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}, the Polynesian islands, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Iceland{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Finland{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Norway{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sweden{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose} , and all the Muslim countries (where prohibition is still the law). All secular prohibition laws have been repealed within 10-20 years from their introduction. \par \~ \par Some prohibition laws - {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Finland{\*\xmlclose} is an example - were the result of lobbying by breweries. These enterprises wanted to divert demand\~from stiff drinks to the softer varieties of alcohol\~ - for instance, to beer. \par Prohibition in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} wa s not sudden. Temperance movements flourished there in the 1820s - a century before the passage of the Constitutional Amendment. By that time, pure alcohol consumption per person reached 27 liters (about 7 gallons). {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Massachusetts{\*\xmlclose}\~had a prohibition law between 1838 and 1840. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Maine{\*\xmlclose} followed in 1846-1851 and then was imitated by a host of other states. Alcohol consumption per head dropped to 8 liters (2 gallons). \par \~ \par The Anti-Saloon League spearheaded another successful drive to prohibit the manufacture and sale of liquor between 1906-13. It pointed to the existence of\~well over 100,000 drinking, prostitution,\~and gambling establishments (saloons) throughout the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} in 1870. In 1873 women across the country - the true victims of drunken men - marched from church services to saloons and demanded their closure (The Women's War). \par \~ \par The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} had a Wartime Prohibition Law during World War I (intended to conserve grain stocks). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica: \par \~ \par "By January 1920 prohibition was already in effect in 33 states c overing 63 percent of the total population. In 1917 the resolution for submission of the Prohibition Amendment to the states received the necessary two-thirds vote in Congress; the (eighteenth) amendment was ratified on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jan. 29, 1919{\*\xmlclose}, and went into effect on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Jan. 29, 1920{\*\xmlclose}. On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Oct. 28, 1919{\*\xmlclose} , the National Prohibition Act, popularly known as the Volstead Act (after its promoter, Congressman Andrew J. Volstead), was enacted, providing enforcement guidelines." \par \~ \par So the V olstead Act was not about the Prohibition. It merely dealt with the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. It was actually vetoed by President Wilson - but to no avail. It defined "intoxicating drink" as any libation containing more than 0.5% (that's HA LF a percent) of alcohol. This draconic\~threshold was amended to 3.2%, just before the Amendment was repealed. \par \~ \par Prohibition inevitably brought on bootlegging. Criminals like Al Capone (see our First Book of Factoids) made 60 million US dollars a year in the 1920s. In 1933, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Utah{\*\xmlclose} was the 36th state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to repeal the Eighteenth. But prohibition continued to be enforced in a few states until 1966! \par \~ \par Contrary to distorted media repo rts, Prohibition was very popular. By 1934, annual alcohol consumption per capita slumped to 0.97 gallons (3.7 liters). Though the crime rate during this period did rise - it did not explode spectacularly. Actually, the Prohibition Party, established in 1 869, still exists and fields candidates in most states of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Union{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par The Amendment was repealed on two grounds: \par \~ \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}I.{\*\xmlclose} Economic - Prohibition was said to inhibit economic activity and job creation during the Depression era. \par \~ \par II. Legal - The sporadic and arbitrary enforcement of the law threatened individual liberties and the integrity of police forces and the courts, claimed the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA). \par \~ \par Alcohol consumption never really recovered. In 1975, it stood at 10.2 liters (2.7 gallons) per head. \par \~ \par Amendment [XVIII] [1919]\{15\} Section 1--After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. \par \~ \par Section 2--The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. \par \~ \par Section 3--This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the subm ission hereof to the States by the Congress. \par Amendment [XXI] [1933] Section 1--The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} is hereby repealed. \par \~ \par Section 2--The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. \par \~ \par Section 3--This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f00700072006f006800690062006900740069006f006e002e0068006900730074006f00720079002e006f00680069006f002d00730074006100740065002e00650064007500 2f00000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-157.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300610074006f002e006f00720067002f0070007500620073002f007000610073002f00700061002d003100350037002e00680074006d006c000000 00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-157.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14748406 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14627638 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10642100 Puccini, Gi}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14748406 acomo}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10642100 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10642100 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10642100 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10642100 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14748406 Giacomo}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 Puccini (1858-1924) is known and loved today as one of the greatest opera composers ever. Suffice it to mention "Manon Lescaut" and "La Boheme". Yet, his early career was quite disheartening. \par \~ \par The first performance of his "Madame Butterfly" on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}February 17, 1904{\*\xmlclose}\~in La Scala was an unmitigated fiasco. It was booed because the audience found it too much like his earlier work. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4677037 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 The\~crowd also recalled his elopement with a married woman, Elvira Gemignani, and the birth of his son, Antonio,\~out of wedlock in the late 1880s. This was, at the time,\~the cause\~ of an enormous scandal. They married only in 1904, after her husband died. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5266595 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 Nor was "Madame Butterfly" Puccini's only failure. His second opera, "Edgar", also flopped badly in 1889. His publisher, Giulio Ricordi, was so desperate that he sent him to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bayreuth{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose} to listen to the works of Richard Wagner. \par \~ \par His marriage to the madly envious Elvira was tumultuous. \par \~ \par In 1908 the Puccinis returned from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cairo{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Egypt{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to\~ Torre del Lago. Elvira\~suspected Doria Manfredi, a young servant from the village and veteran employee of the Puccinis, of having an affair with her husband. She threatened to kill Doria, who then ran away and\~ poisoned herself. An examination of the body, commissioned by\~the incensed parents,\~found her virginity intact. \par \~ \par The Manfredis charged Elvira Puccini\~with persecution and calumny and she was found guilty but used her husband's connections to avoid sentencing.\~Puccini paid\~an undisclosed amount to the grieving family and they\~ withdrew their accusations. Elvira, blackmailed by her husband, agreed to grant him full freedom - presumably, also romantically. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 HYPERLINK "http://opera.stanford.edu/Puccini/main.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid9128343 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f006f0070006500720061002e007300740061006e0066006f00720064002e006500640075002f00500075006300630069006e0069002f006d00610069006e002e0068007400 6d006c00000000220000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 http://opera.stanford.edu/Puccini/main.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid10642100 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid8600963\charrsid10642100 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5266595 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 HYPERLINK "http://www.puccini.it/portale%20ing.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid9128343 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00700075006300630069006e0069002e00690074002f0070006f007200740061006c006500200069006e0067002e00680074006d000000000000001000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000900000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10642100\charrsid10642100 http://www.puccini.it/portale%20ing.htm}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid5266595 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5266595 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid5266595 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid10290565\charrsid10290565 {\*\bkmkstart R}R}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid3672207\charrsid10290565 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid3672207 {\*\bkmkend R}\~}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid11017623 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 Revolution \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid11017623 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 Around 2800-2500 BC, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Lagash{\*\xmlclose} and Umma were two Sumerian city-states located 25 kilometers apart in today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}territory{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Clay cylinders and albast, copper and gold tablets found at the site recount the story of the first revolution in hu man history: the people rose and deposed officials who kept raising taxes but pocketed the proceeds. The earliest-known written appearance of the word "freedom" (amagi), or "liberty" is in a clay cuneiform document written about 2300 B.C. in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lagash{\*\xmlclose}.\~\~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 HYPERLINK "http://campus.northpark.edu/history/classes/Sources/UmmaLagash.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid147789 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f00630061006d007000750073002e006e006f007200740068007000610072006b002e006500640075002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f0063006c00610073007300 650073002f0053006f00750072006300650073002f0055006d006d0061004c00610067006100730068002e00680074006d006c000000000000180000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 http://campus.northpark.edu/history/classes/Sources/UmmaLagash.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 HYPERLINK "http://www.earth-history.com/Ancient-texts/Sumer/sumer-iinscription-umma-lagash.htm" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00650061007200740068002d0068006900730074006f00720079002e0063006f006d002f0041006e006300690065006e0074002d007400650078007400 73002f00530075006d00650072002f00730075006d00650072002d00690069006e0073006300720069007000740069006f006e002d0075006d006d0061002d006c00610067006100730068002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11017623\charrsid11017623 http://www.earth-history.com/Ancient-texts/Sumer/sumer-iinscription-umma-lagash.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid11017623 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14554592\charrsid11017623 Rigor Mortis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14554592 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11017623 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14554592\charrsid14554592 The stiff is poised theatrically at the scene of the crime, hand extended to heaven, eyes wide open in unspeakable terror. This is the onset of rigor mortis.\~ Ten hours after death, as the muscles' energy stores - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -\~are depleted, the small muscles of the body and muscles that were most vigorously exercised prior to death stiffen. In most cadavers, rigor morti s progresses from the upper parts of the body downward (Nysten law). Three to four days after the event the body's muscles begin to decompose. Some studies suggest that rigor mortis progresses faster in red muscles and in higher room temperatures. \par \~ \par Rigor mortis implies that the natural state of muscles is rigid and contracted. Muscles invest energy in ... relaxing!\~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14554592\charrsid14554592 HYPERLINK "http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/ia/SRP/vfp/timeofdeath.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9068932 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007600650074002e007500670061002e006500640075002f007600700070002f00690061002f005300520050002f007600660070002f00740069006d00 65006f006600640065006100740068002e00680074006d006c000000008700000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000070000000770000007800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007a00 000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000000000000000004e3a00000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14554592\charrsid14554592 http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/ia/SRP/vfp/timeofdeath.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14554592\charrsid14554592 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14554592 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12021615\charrsid14554592 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14554592\charrsid14554592 HYPERLINK "http://anil298.tripod.com/vol_003_no_002/papers/paper001.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid9068932 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0061006e0069006c003200390038002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0076006f006c005f003000300033005f006e006f005f003000300032002f00 7000610070006500720073002f00700061007000650072003000300031002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006e000000000000000000000000000000f10000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14554592\charrsid14554592 http://anil298.tripod.com/vol_003_no_002/papers/paper001.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid11017623 \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid12610938 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 Roman Family \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12610938 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 The father in the Roman family (paterfamilias) exercised absolute and lifelong power over all other family members (patria potestas): his wife,}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12610938 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 children, and slaves. If the father's father was alive - then he was the supreme authority in the household. Fathers were even allowed to execute their grown sons for serious offenses like treason. \par Each house maint ained a cult of ancestors and hearth gods and the paterfamilias was its priest. The family was thought to posses a "genius" (gens) - an inner spirit - passed down the generations. The living and the dead members of the family shared the gens and were boun d by it. \par Legitimate offspring belonged to the father's family. The father retained custody if the couple (rarely) divorced exclusively at the husband's initiative. The father had the right to disown a newborn - usually deformed boys or girls. This led to a severe shortage of women in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Rome{\*\xmlclose}. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12610938 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 The father of the bride had to pay a sizable dowry to the family of the groom, thus impoverishing the other members of the family. Moreover, daughters shared equally in the estate of a father who died without a will - thus transferring assets from their family of origin to their husband's family. No wonder females were decried as an economic liability. \par At the beginning, slaves were considered to be part of the family and were well-treated. They were allowed to save money (peculium) and to purchase their freedom. Freed slaves became full-fledged Roman citizens and usually stayed on with the family as hired help or paid laborers. Only much later, in the vast pla ntations amassed by wealthy Romans, were slaves abused and regarded as inanimate property.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12610938 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12610938 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 HYPERLINK "http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa081997.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10749712 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f0061006e006300690065006e00740068006900730074006f00720079002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f007700 650065006b006c0079002f00610061003000380031003900390037002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa081997.htm}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 HYPERLINK "http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/SOCIAL/art1.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10749712 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f006d00790072006f006e002e0073006a00730075002e006500640075002f0072006f006d0065007700650062002f0053004f004300490041004c002f006100720074003100 2e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/SOCIAL/art1.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12610938\charrsid12610938 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af35 \ltrch \b\i\insrsid11017623 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid11017623 Rubber \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11017623\charrsid10290565 It was the British chemist, Joseph Priestley, who gave rubber its name in 1770, when he discovered that it can rub away - erase - pencil marks. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11017623\charrsid537563 HYPERLINK "http://www.rubber.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid537563 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200750062006200650072002e006f00720067002f000000000000000000000000240000000000000000000000630065006900000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000001000000000000000f100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11017623\charrsid537563 http://www.rubber.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11017623\charrsid537563 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11017623\charrsid537563 HYPERLINK "http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/priestley/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid537563 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f0068006f006d0065002e006e0079006300610070002e00720072002e0063006f006d002f007500730065006c006500730073002f007000720069006500730074006c006500 79002f000000000000000000000a00000000006400000065006101fc000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014000900 000000000010000000010001000000000000000000000000000000003b0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11017623\charrsid537563 http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/priestley/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11017623\charrsid537563 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11017623 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid3672207 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid14444653 {\*\bkmkstart S}S \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 {\*\bkmkend S}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sahara{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Desert{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sahara{\*\xmlclose} desert covers 8.6 million square kilometers (or 3.2 million square miles)}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4000518 \endash the size of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 {\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4000518 Only 2.5-3 million people live in it \endash one hundredth the population of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}. C}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 ontra ry to its popular image, only 25% of this surface is covered by sand. The rest of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sahara{\*\xmlclose} is made or rocks and desert varnish (weathered rock). The word "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sahara{\*\xmlclose}" in Arabic means "deserts", in the plural. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7673086 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 HYPERLINK "http:// library.thinkquest.org/16645/the_land/sahara_desert.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15864751 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8200000068007400740070003a002f002f006c006900620072006100720079002e007400680069006e006b00710075006500730074002e006f00720067002f00310036003600340035002f007400680065005f006c00 61006e0064002f007300610068006100720061005f006400650073006500720074002e007300680074006d006c00000000690000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000007d0000000100000000000000c00000000009000000000000003f00000000000000000000000000000000000000003a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 http://library.thinkquest.org/16645/the_land/sahara_desert.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4000518\charrsid12541793 \~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid537563 HYPERLINK "http://www.danheller.com/sahara.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid537563 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00640061006e00680065006c006c00650072002e0063006f006d002f007300610068006100720061002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000 000000720000002000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0100000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000 3a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4000518\charrsid537563 http://www.danheller.com/sahara.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 Salmon \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13307251 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 The Pacific Salmon, when sexually mature,\~return from the ocean to the freshwater stream of\~ their birth to lay eggs and die. The trip is hundreds to thousands of miles long. The Atlantic Salmon make it a few times in a lifetime - the Pacific varieties (there are five) only once. \par \~ \par The Salmon do not eat until\~they reach their\~destination and built a nest. The US Fis}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12021615 h and Wildlife Service describe}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 the few survivors as\~}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13307251\charrsid201510 "often gaunt, with grotesquely humped backs, hooked jaws, and battle-torn fins . The females are swollen with a pound or more of eggs. Both have large white patches of bruised skin on their backs and sides." \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 \~ \par The\~ordeal continues in the spawning grounds - males fight over females, females over nesting sites. \par \~ \par Why do the Salmon die after spawning? \par \~ \par Probably because of stress.\~Their cortisol level\~surges as they struggle upstream. This potent hormone facilitates the provision of energy but also eliminates the appetite, destroys the immune system and adversely af fects the digestive tract. The Salmon die of exhaustion, starvation,\~and infection - not because they are "programmed" to die.\~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 HYPERLINK "http://species.fws.gov/bio_salm.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11273525 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f0073007000650063006900650073002e006600770073002e0067006f0076002f00620069006f005f00730061006c006d002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000046000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a020000000000000000000000ad0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dd0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 http://species.fws.gov/bio_salm.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 HYPERLINK "http://www.psc.org/Pubs/Frp98-webb.pdf" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11273525 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000730063002e006f00720067002f0050007500620073002f00460072007000390038002d0077006500620062002e00700064006600000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000210000000000000000000000000000000000a9000000000000000000000000003a0000d70000000000000001000000000000000003000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13307251\charrsid13307251 http://www.psc.org/Pubs/Frp98-webb.pdf}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13307251 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 Senses \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8940435 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435\charrsid8940435 Scientifically speaking,\~ onions, apples and potatoes share the same taste molecules but emit different smell molecules. Their differing "tastes" are, therefore,\~actually, the way we experience their\~smells.\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435\charrsid8940435 \par In humans, the senses of taste and smell are connected. That is why we fail to taste well when we have a cold. But\~in snails the functions are separate. One pair of antennas is to smell with and another pair to taste with. \par We can detect four tastes (sweet, salty, bitter and sour) - and, maybe, a fifth one (MSG or monosodium glutamate).\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435 \par \par \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435\charrsid8940435 But we can distinguish more than 10,000 separate smell molecules by their shape. Still, there appear to be seven primary odors\emdash camphorlike, musky, floral, peppermintlike, ethereal (like dry-cleaning fluid), pungent (vinegarlike), and putrid. They correspond to the seven types of smell receptors in the olfactory-cell hairs \par When the food is high energy, we taste it as sweet.\~When the food contains certain chemicals it tastes salty.\~}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435\charrsid8940435 \par Heated food releases more molecules to the air and to the saliva and thus is easier to smell and taste.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435\charrsid8940435 \par Children have more taste buds than adults. Women have more taste buds than men. They experience tastes much more intensely. Adults have c. 9000 taste buds on and around the tongue. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8940435\charrsid8940435 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7623556 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 HYPERLINK "http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SU/taste42k.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8940435 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006300630065007300730065007800630065006c006c0065006e00630065002e006f00720067002f0057004e002f00530055002f00740061007300 74006500340032006b002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000008c0000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SU/taste42k.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 HYPERLINK "http://www.reciprocalnet.org/common/taste.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8940435 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650063006900700072006f00630061006c006e00650074002e006f00720067002f0063006f006d006d006f006e002f0074006100730074006500 2e00680074006d006c00000000000000007800000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 http://www.reciprocalnet.org/common/taste.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 HYPERLINK "http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Scott/Taste/taste.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8940435 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300680065006d002e0075007700650063002e006500640075002f00530063006f00740074002f00540061007300740065002f007400610073007400 65002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000005b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Scott/Taste/taste.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid7623556\charrsid7623556 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13307251 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 S/he (Etymology) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1465802 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1465802 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 The widespread\~use of the word "she" as the female singular pronoun is astoundingly new. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 \par The word "she" existed in both\~Middle English, where\~it was written as "scae", or "sche" and\~in Old English where it was "sio", or (as in Norsk-Viking languages) "seo", or, in the accusative, sie. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 \par But women simply did not deserve a pronoun all their own.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 \par Prior to the 12 century - when the English language was already 400 years old -\~the\~female\~pronoun was\~"heo" ("hye", or "hie"\~in Middle English). "Heo" was\~also was the plural of all genders. "She" as a noun (she-cousin) was not in\~ acceptable use prior to the 14th century. \par Even today, the plurals of all genders in English have no feminine forms, as opposed, for instance, to Semitic languages. "We" and "they" in english are unisex. In Hebrew, for example, "hem" is the male plural and "hen" the female plural. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 \par "He" derives from the Indo-European word for "this (here)". Hence here, her, and ... hence.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/etymonline/s5etym.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15337070 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f006500740079006d006f006e006c0069006e0065002f0073003500650074007900 6d002e00680074006d0000000000000001000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010b8000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1465802\charrsid1465802 http://www.geocities.com/etymonline/s5etym.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1465802 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15676779 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid15676779\charrsid15676779 Shooting Stars}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15676779\charrsid15676779 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15676779 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15676779\charrsid15676779 The average meteor - a piece of a steroid or planet, or dust left by passing comets - is the size of a baseball and is moving through space at 50,000 kilometers per hours. Hence the myth tha t meteors burn upon entry due to friction with the Earth's atmosphere. The truth is that meteors do not burn - they vaporize due to "ram pressure". \par Meteors do heat - to more than 3000 degrees Fahrenheit or 1649 Celsius - and, as a result, they glow. But t his is not due to friction. The meteor's advancing front compresses the air and raises its temperature. It is this seething air that, in turn, vaporizes most meteors, transforming them into shooting stars, 100 kilometers above. Larger meteors splatter int o exploding fireballs. But they all finally become meteorites - cold shreds of meteors found on the ground. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3826336 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15676779\charrsid3826336 HYPERLINK "http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/meteors-ez.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid11017623 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730070006100630065002e0063006f006d002f0073006300690065006e006300650061007300740072006f006e006f006d0079002f0073006f006c00 61007200730079007300740065006d002f006d006500740065006f00720073002d0065007a002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15676779\charrsid3826336 http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/meteors-ez.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2692599 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1465802 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 Sistine Chapel \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2692599 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2692599 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 Ross King published a book titled "Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling" debunking many of the myths attending to this masterpiece. \par \~ \par Michelangelo (1475-1564) collaborated with assistants on painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . He did not paint his bits on his back, suspended inches from the ceiling. Aged 71 and already\~ a wealthy artist, he got well paid for the job - though he had practically no experience with wet plaster (or, for that matter, painting). It took three and a half years to complete. It was unveiled, unfinished,\~ in November 1509. It was restored 1979-1999. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 HYPERLINK "http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/books/03/05/michelangelo.ceiling/index.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8262754 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006e006e002e0063006f006d002f0032003000300033002f00530048004f005700420049005a002f0062006f006f006b0073002f00300033002f00 300035002f006d0069006300680065006c0061006e00670065006c006f002e006300650069006c0069006e0067002f0069006e006400650078002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/books/03/05/michelangelo.ceiling/index.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 HYPERLINK "http://sun.science.wayne.edu/~mcogan/Humanities/Sistine/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8262754 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f00730075006e002e0073006300690065006e00630065002e007700610079006e0065002e006500640075002f007e006d0063006f00670061006e002f00480075006d006100 6e00690074006900650073002f00530069007300740069006e0065002f0000000000731400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000de0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 http://sun.science.wayne.edu/~mcogan/Humanities/Sistine/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 HYPERLINK "http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/tours/sistina/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006b0066006b0069002e00680075002f007e00610072007400680070002f0074006f007500720073002f00730069007300740069006e0061002f000000 000074001000f5000000010000000000000000030000da000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/tours/sistina/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2692599\charrsid2692599 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1465802 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid12588507 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 Smog \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid281847 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 Smog - airborne smoke particles combined with solid and liquid fog - could be lethal. Among numerous other substances,\~smog also contains cyanide and sulfuric acid. During the autumn of 1909, there were\~ more than 1,000 \'93smoke-fog\'94 deaths\~in Glasgow and Edinburgh. In }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 1952\~smog killed more than 4000 people in Greater London\~within\~the three weeks.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\f0\fs24\cf19\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Los Angeles{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tokyo{\*\xmlclose} also suffer from smog pollution.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid2692599 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 Photochemical smog has nothing to do with either\~smoke or fog. It originates from\~nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions mainly from cars. These\~ then undergo photochemical reactions in the lower atmosphere and yield\~the highly toxic gas ozone in\~the presence of sunlight. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2895357 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 \~ \par Smog was so severe in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose} well into the end of the 1970s that\~winter sunshine hours were reduced by one third. \par }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \f1\fs20\insrsid2895357 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 HYPERLINK "http://www.aqmd.gov/smog/inhealth.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2113508 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00610071006d0064002e0067006f0076002f0073006d006f0067002f0069006e006800650061006c00740068002e00680074006d006c00000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000004e0000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 http://www.aqmd.gov/smog/inhealth.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16335943 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 HYPERLINK "http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/Air_Quality/Older/Great_London_Smog.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid2113508 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0064006f0063002e006d006d0075002e00610063002e0075006b002f0061007200690063002f006500610065002f004100690072005f00510075006100 6c006900740079002f004f006c006400650072002f00470072006500610074005f004c006f006e0064006f006e005f0053006d006f0067002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002100000000000000000000000300001000008900000000000000000000100000 00000000000000000000090000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2895357\charrsid2895357 http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/Air_Quality/Older/Gr eat_London_Smog.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid5576566 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 Soccer War}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2895357\charrsid5576566 \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid11273525 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5576566 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 Wars were fought for strange reasons - but none as bizarre as the one that led to the 4 days long\~skirmish between\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}El Salvador{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Honduras {\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}July 14, 1969{\*\xmlclose}.\~ \par \~ \par The former lost to the latter in\~a playoff game for the 1970 World Cup. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}El Salvador{\*\xmlclose} fans\~then proceeded to\~beat up their Honduran counterparts.\~ Soon, the two countries were engaged in a full-blown war, known ever since as\~the Soccer War. It left 3000 dead, 6000 wounded and more than $50 million in damages. It led to the election of Colonel Sanchez Hernandez as president of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}El Salvador{\*\xmlclose} a year later. \par \~ \par But this was merely the latest manifestation of constant friction between the two neighboring polities. Their international\~border was never undisputedly demarcated. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Honduras{\*\xmlclose} was the destination country for 300,000 impoverished El Salvadoran immigrants. Hondurans long campaigned to have them expelled. In 1968, thousands of them were. Honduran and Salvadoran businesses bitterly competed in the same markets. The Soccer War merely epitomized this deep-set rivalry. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/8350/war.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2957634 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f0053006f0048006f002f004d0075007300650075006d002f003800330035003000 2f007700610072002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000400000000000100da000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/8350/war.html} }}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 HYPERLINK "http://ldbelveal.net/futbol_war.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2957634 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f006c006400620065006c007600650061006c002e006e00650074002f0066007500740062006f006c005f007700610072002e00680074006d00000000000000000010000000 00000000000000000000000000000f0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 http://ldbelveal.net/futbol_war.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5576566\charrsid5576566 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16335943 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2692599 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 Spam \par }{\rtlch \af35\afs24 \ltrch \fs24\insrsid11273525 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11273525 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 Spam is a slang word. The official term is Unsolicit ed Commercial E-mail (UCE) - defined by the US Federal Trade Commission as\~"any commercial electronic mail message sent, often in bulk, to a consumer without the consumer's prior request or consent." Unsolicited non-commercial e-mail is also spam. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid281847 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 SPAM ( in capital letters) has been a trademark of the Hormel Foods Corporation since 1937 (acronym of "}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\cf20\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 S}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 houlder }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\cf20\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 P}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 ork and h}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\cf20\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 AM}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 "/"}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\cf20\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 SP}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 iced h}{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch \cs25\b\f0\fs24\cf20\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 AM}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 "). It is a kind of fluffy canned luncheon meat and it gained fame (or notoriety) during the second world war when it was ser ved to American soldiers throughout the world. The Hormel Foods Corporation failed in its legal battle to block the use of the word "spam".}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid281847 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 No one knows how the term originated. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid281847 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 Yourdictionary.com suggests that it is derived from a Monty Python skit in their Flying Circus television show in 1970. In it a group of Vikings harass two patrons in a restaurant with incessant chants of "spam, spam, spam..." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11273525 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11273525\charrsid11273525 Spam may be an acronym of\~Simultaneously Posted Advertising Message. It was the derogatory phrase used to describe the April 1994 marketing campaign of the Canter and Siegel law firm. They\~posted\~ an offer to every news group thus provoking an outcry and giving rise to - spam.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid11273525 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16323762\charrsid11273525 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229841 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11273525\charrsid16323762 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb32.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16323762 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006200750073006900770065006200330032002e00680074006d006c0000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11273525\charrsid16323762 http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb32.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2229841 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2692599 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14444653 Spanish Inquisition \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid281847 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 The Spanish Inquisition is notorious for its prosecution}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 and bestial}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 torture of the Jews in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Spain{\*\xmlclose} and its territories. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 Y}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 et, contrary to}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 common "knowledge", the Inquisition }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 h}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 ad no jurisdiction over the}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 Jews. It did not detain or }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 t}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 orture a single Jew.\line \line Its remit was, as the Catholic Encyclopedia reminds us:\line \line "The Spanish Inquisition, however, properly begins with}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 the reign of}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella (at the }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 e}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 nd of the 15}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\super\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 th}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 century). The Catholic faith was then }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 e}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 ndangered by pseudo converts}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 from Judaism (Marranos) and Mohammedanism (Moriscos). }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid281847 \par O}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 n {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}1 November,}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 1478{\*\xmlclose} , Sixtus IV empowered the Catholic sovereigns to set up the}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid16335943 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 Inquisition."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid2692599 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 The Inquisition persecuted, tortured, imprisoned, and prosecuted}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 only Jews and Moslems who }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid217444\charrsid217444 converted}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 to Christianity. Since the}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 property of the "pseudo" converts was impounded, both the crown and}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid217444 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14444653\charrsid217444 ecclesia were happy to pursue this profitable vocation.\line \line } {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14444653\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Church_History/Inquisitions/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000005c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f00520065006c006900670069006f006e005f0061006e0064005f00530070006900720069007400750061006c00690074007900 2f00430068007200690073007400690061006e006900740079002f004300680075007200630068005f0048006900730074006f00720079002f0049006e0071007500690073006900740069006f006e0073002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bb800000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a 002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f00520065006c006900670069006f006e005f0061006e0064005f00530070006900720069007400750061006c006900740079002f00430068007200690073007400690061006e006900740079002f004300680075007200630068005f004800690073007400 6f00720079002f0049006e0071007500690073006900740069006f006e0073002f000000000000000000004e0200000000640000346500000000000000000000007000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f500000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14444653\charrsid14244673 http://dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Church_History/Inquisitions/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14444653\charrsid14244673 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229841 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14244673\charrsid14244673 http://www.catholic.net/RCC/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/article2.html}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14244673 " }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid4274294 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006100740068006f006c00690063002e006e00650074002f005200430043002f0050006500720069006f0064006900630061006c0073002f0044006f00730073006900650072002f003100 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\ltrch \insrsid14444653\charrsid14244673 \line \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid14444653\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006500770061006400760065006e0074002e006f00720067002f00630061007400680065006e002f003000380030003200360061002e0068007400 6d000000220000000000006f310000000000001f00e4000000000000000000000000006100420000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000021000800000001000000000000000000 00000000040000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000050000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14444653\charrsid14244673 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid2229841 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2692599 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid2767530\charrsid2229841 Spider Silk \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767530 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 Spiders are not the only insects to produce "webs" of silk.\~Centipedes,\~millipedes, and\~mites, among others, do it too.\~Spider silk is made of\~a protein called\~fibroin and is secreted from up to\~7\~ glands in the spider's abdomen.\~The spider exerts abdominal pressure to force the silk out\~ and varies the rate of flow by using muscles in the ducts and spigots at the extremities of the glands. Each gland produces a different type of silk intended for distinct purposes - wrapping prey,\~constructing th e web, issuing sperm drops, and manufacturing the egg sac.\~ \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid281847 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 Spider s}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530 i}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 lk strands are\~more uniform in diameter that\~most man-made artifacts. Per same diameter and weight, spider silk is 5 times stronger than steel and one of the most elastic substances on earth. It does not break even if stretched to 4 times the original length. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid281847 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 It is water resistant. It does not become brittle even at minus 40 degre}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530 es C}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 elsius. \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767530 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 HYPERLINK "http://www.szgdocent.org/ff/f-ssilk.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6556460 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0073007a00670064006f00630065006e0074002e006f00720067002f00660066002f0066002d007300730069006c006b002e00680074006d0000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000e100000000000001f9000038000000000000000000000000003b000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f30000000000000000 0000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 http://www.szgdocent.org/ff/f-ssilk.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 HYPERLINK "http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/stories/spidrweb.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6556460 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0075006b0079002e006500640075002f004100670072006900630075006c0074007500720065002f0045006e0074006f006d006f006c006f0067007900 2f00790074006800660061006300740073002f00730074006f0072006900650073002f00730070006900640072007700650062002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000380000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100f300000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2767530\charrsid2767530 http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/stories/spidrweb.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2767530 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2109666\charrsid2109666 Squid, Giant}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2109666 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2109666 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2109666\charrsid2109666 On the morning of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} 25 March 1941{\*\xmlclose}, the 8799 ton passenger ship Britannia of the Anchor Line, carrying 500 passengers, was sunk by a German marine raider, Thor, off the west coast of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Africa{\*\xmlclose} . The few survivors\~insisted that one of them was gobbled up by a giant squid. \par \~ \par Giant squids (Architeuthis dux) - up to 20 meters long and\~one ton (1000 kilograms)\~heavy - are not fabulous sea monsters. They exist. There have been more than 250 sightings of these behemoths, mostly stranded or dead. In 1874, Rev. Moses Harvey of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Newfoundland{\*\xmlclose} displayed a dead giant squid caught by fishermen\~in his tub. The specimen was described in a scientific monograph written by Professor Addison\~Verrill of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Yale{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}University{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} six years later. \par \~ \par Undigested pieces of giant squids have been found in the stomachs of sperm whales. Whale skins are often scarred by the tentacled suckers of their foes. The marks are between 2 and 5 centimeters in diameter. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid2109666\charrsid2109666 The eyes of this beast - which stalks the darkness of the deepest\~seas, up to 1000 meters below the surface\~ - are as big as human heads. The squid grows fast and attains full size in 3-4 years. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2109666\charrsid2109666 \par \~ \par Giant squids eat deep sea fishes - as well as smaller squids. They use their very long feeding tentacles, equipped with "clubs" (suckers, or suction cups) to capture their prey. The hapless victim\~ is then held by eight smaller arms ("arm crown"). The squid\~proceeds to bite chunks off the game, using its sharp and powerful beaks (the parrot-like equivalents\~of jaws). \par \~\~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 HYPERLINK "http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/squid.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16612455 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006500610077006900660073002e0067007300660063002e006e006100730061002e0067006f0076002f00730071007500690064002e00680074006d006c0000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/squid.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 HYPERLINK "http://partners.si.edu/squid/Default.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16612455 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f0070006100720074006e006500720073002e00730069002e006500640075002f00730071007500690064002f00440065006600610075006c0074002e00680074006d006c00 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 http://partners.si.edu/squid/Default.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 HYPERLINK "http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/giantsquid/giantsquid.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid16612455 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8000000068007400740070003a002f002f006400730063002e0064006900730063006f0076006500720079002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006e00760065007200670065006e00630065002f006700690061006e00 7400730071007500690064002f006700690061006e007400730071007500690064002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000019000000001000000001000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/giantsquid/giantsquid.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2109666\charrsid9781640 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767530 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2109666\charrsid2109666 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12078349 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9781640 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 Stamps}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12078349 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12078349 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 On\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}May 1, 1840{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Great Britain{\*\xmlclose} was the first county to issue a postage stamp - the Penny Black, a one penny, adhesive, paper quadrangle.\~The government\~saw no need to\~print\~the country of origin on the stamps\~- as no other\~polity\~produced such. But it did carry the image of Queen {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Victoria{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid9781640 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 All British stamps since\~bear the simile of the reigning royal and\~do not name the country of origin - the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}. \par The stamp was good for use from May 6. Thus the first letter bearing the Black Penny is dated May 6 - and not May 1. On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}May 8, 1840{\*\xmlclose} another stamp - a two pence blue {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Victoria{\*\xmlclose} - was disseminated. Both the Black Penny and the Blue Victoria enjoyed print runs of millions and so - contrary to urban legend - are not rare , though highly valued by philatelists. The two immediately became collectors' items. Perforation was introduced only in 1848-54. \par Stamps were first proposed by a schoolmaster and civil servant, Rowland Hill, in 1837, in his manifest\~"Post Office Reform". He was knighted for the idea - but it wasn't his. Some countries in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Europe {\*\xmlclose} printed stamps as early as a century before. They were used to pay a tax on\~newspaper delivery. At first he proposed pre-paid envelopes - but they were largely ignored by the public, partly due to their flawed design. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 HYPERLINK "http://members.tripod.com/~midgley/rowlandhill.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15236955 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f006d0065006d0062006500720073002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f007e006d006900640067006c00650079002f0072006f0077006c0061006e00 6400680069006c006c002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 http://members.tripod.com/~midgley/rowlandhill.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 HYPERLINK "http://www.glassinesurfer.com/f/gsrowlandhill.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15236955 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0067006c0061007300730069006e0065007300750072006600650072002e0063006f006d002f0066002f006700730072006f0077006c0061006e006400 680069006c006c002e007300680074006d006c000000100000da000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000060001000000002d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 http://www.glassinesurfer.com/f/gsrowlandhill.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12078349\charrsid12078349 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12541793 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4984479\charrsid4984479 Star of David \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4984479 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4984479 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4984479\charrsid4984479 The "Magen David" ("Shield of King David") - two interpenetrating triangles that form a six-pointed star - has been the symbol of the Zionist movement since 1897. It is an important part of the flag of the State of Israel. It has been a Jewish symbol for a mere 400 years, though.\~It appears, for instance,\~on medieval cathedrals. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16323762 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4984479\charrsid4984479 The symbol in known in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} India{\*\xmlclose} as the Sri-Yantra ("the complete interpenetration o f the sexes"). The pupils of the Christian mystic and alchemist Jacob Bohme, who lived in the early part of the 17th century, believed that it symbolized Christ who, as a second Adam, restored the first Adam's androgyny (bisexuality).\~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4984479 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid4984479\charrsid4984479 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4984479\charrsid4984479 HYPERLINK "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/star.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14494442 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00750073002d00690073007200610065006c002e006f00720067002f006a0073006f0075007200630065002f004a00750064006100690073006d002f00 73007400610072002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000c800000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000003a00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid4984479\charrsid4984479 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/star.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4984479 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3036273 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3036273\charrsid3036273 Statues \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3036273 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036273 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3036273\charrsid3036273 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} boasts a few statue-related records. The Statue of Liberty is the largest copper sculpture in the world. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Mount Rushmore{\*\xmlclose} - in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Black Hills{\*\xmlclose} near Keystone - is both the largest monument and the most sizable figure carved in a rock. Each of the four heads of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}U.S.{\*\xmlclose} Presidents measure 18 meters tall. Compare it to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Zizkov{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Monument{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Prague{\*\xmlclose}, the biggest equestrian memorial. It stands a mere 9 meters tall. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3036273 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3036273\charrsid3036273 There are rules regulating the appearance of horse-mounted m ilitary men. If the person died in battle, the two front legs of the horse must be extended in the air. If only one of the horse's front legs is lifted, the person was merely wounded in battle, though he died later of his wounds. All four legs firmly on t he ground - the person died of natural causes. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036273 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3036273\charrsid3036273 HYPERLINK "http://www.nps.gov/stli/" }{ \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14565688 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00700073002e0067006f0076002f00730074006c0069002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3036273\charrsid3036273 http://www.nps.gov/stli/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3036273 \par }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3036273\charrsid3036273 HYPERLINK 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\f0\fs20\insrsid16323762 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16323762 Suicide \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16323762 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16323762 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 According to British law, there were two types of suicide: an act committed by a person of unsound mind and "felo de se" ("felon upon himself") - an act of self-destruction committed knowingly and willingly by a person of sound mind: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 \'93A felo-de-se, therefore, is he that deliberately puts an end to his own existence.\'94\emdash }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 Blackstone: Commentaries,}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 book iv. chap. xiv. p. 189. \par \~ \par But killing oneself inadvertently, while trying to kill another, is also considered felo-de-se: \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4607663 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 \'93If one commits any unlawful malicious act, the consequence of which is his own death, as if attempti ng to kill another he runs upon his antagonist\rquote s sword, or shooting at another the gun bursts and kills himself.\'94\~}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9781640 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 Prior to 1870, the estate of a feb-de-se - except his land - reverted to the crown. The relatives could redeem the chattels and goods for a fee. The body was subjected to an\~\'93 ignominious burial on the highway, with a stake driven through the body.\'94 The Burial Act of 1823 forbade such practices and ordered to bury the feb-de-se within 24 hours after the coroner's inquest, between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}9 PM{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}midnight{\*\xmlclose}, and without Christian last rites. \par \~ \par The Interments act of 1882 permitted to inter the culprit in a churchyard or parish burial grounds, again without rites - though a special kind of rite was allowed. \par \~ \par British law did not cross the ocean. Thus, William Penn included this clause in the charter of privileges he granted\~to the inhabitants of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pennsylvania{\*\xmlclose}: \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid281847 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 "If any person, through temptation or melancholy, shall destroy himself, his estate, real and personal, shall notwithstanding, descend to his wife and children, or relations, as if he had died a natural death."}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid281847 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 HYPERLINK "http://www.lectlaw.com/def/f106.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13514730 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006500630074006c00610077002e0063006f006d002f006400650066002f0066003100300036002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000 00000800000800000000000000000000000800000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000190000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 http://www.lectlaw.com/def/f106.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16323762 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12021615 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16323762 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 HYPERLINK "http://3.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FE/FELO_DE_SE.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid13514730 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f0033002e00310039003100310065006e006300790063006c006f00700065006400690061002e006f00720067002f0046002f00460045002f00460045004c004f005f004400 45005f00530045002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000000000000000060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000002f0000007800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid16323762\charrsid16323762 http://3.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FE/FELO_DE_SE.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid16323762 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10749712 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10749712 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 The "winter blues" are supposed to cause suicidal ideation. There is even a mental health syndrome called Seasonal Affective Disorder, supposedly alleviated by bright light therapy (therapy using artificial sources emulating daylight). \par But suicide rates a re highest in the spring and summer months. They are lowest in winter. The propensity to commit suicide INCREASES with increasing hours of daylight. It is not correlated with any other meteorological variable, such as rainfall or temperature. \par Suicide rates appeared to increase with increasing hours of daylight, and showed no connection to other meteorological factors such as changing temperature or rainfall. \par Surprisingly , sunlight is known to indirectly induce heightened brain levels of serotonin, a biochemical inversely linked to depression. The lower the levels - the deeper the depressive episode. Serotonin drops during winter months. \par SOURCE: American Journal of Psychiatry 2003;160:793-795. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 HYPERLINK "http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514256042/html/x1225.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8331734 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f006800650072006b0075006c00650073002e006f0075006c0075002e00660069002f006900730062006e0039003500310034003200350036003000340032002f0068007400 6d006c002f00780031003200320035002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514256042/html/x1225.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 HYPERLINK "http://www.vifp.monash.edu.au/raicog/season.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8331734 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0076006900660070002e006d006f006e006100730068002e006500640075002e00610075002f0072006100690063006f0067002f007300650061007300 6f006e002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 http://www.vifp.monash.edu.au/raicog/season.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10749712\charrsid10749712 \par }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \f1\fs20\insrsid10749712 \~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16323762 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid10749712\charrsid16323762 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12541793 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid4000518\charrsid537563 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12541793\charrsid537563 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12541793 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid16323762 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid217444 {\*\bkmkstart T}T \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid217444 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid545335 {\*\bkmkend T}Tapeworms \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid545335 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 Tapeworms affect not only the digestive tract - but also the liver. They range in size from 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) to a whopping 15 meters (50 feet!). \par \~ \par They are found in almost all vertebrates, including fish. Many of them have distinct heads and bodies. None of them has a mouth or any trace of a digestive tract. They absorb their food rather than digest it. \par \~ \par Tapeworms are hermaphrodite - i.e., each\~individual is both male and female. They fertilize themselves. When "pregnant"\~each tapeworm\~contains hun dreds of thousands of embryos. Such embryos, when lodged in the intestinal wall can bore through it into a blood vessel and be carried to their final destination in a muscle. \par \~ \par Tapeworms are only one of a few kinds of human worm-parasites. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 HYPERLINK "http://www.eeb.uconn.edu:591/tapewormsdotorg/home.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7876570 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006500650062002e00750063006f006e006e002e006500640075003a003500390031002f00740061007000650077006f0072006d00730064006f007400 6f00720067002f0068006f006d0065002e00680074006d000000ff00004200000042010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000021002000000000000000000400000000000000002200000000000000f70000000000000000000100 0000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 http://www.eeb.uconn.edu:591/tapewormsdotorg/home.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 HYPERLINK "http://www.dr-dan.com/tapeworm.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7876570 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00640072002d00640061006e002e0063006f006d002f00740061007000650077006f0072006d002e00680074006d000000006300000000010000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004600000000000000000000e8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ae000000000000e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 http://www.dr-dan.com/tapeworm.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 HYPERLINK "http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Microbiology/Parasites/?tc=1" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7876570 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9a00000068007400740070003a002f002f006400690072006500630074006f00720079002e0067006f006f0067006c0065002e0063006f006d002f0054006f0070002f0053006300690065006e00630065002f004200 69006f006c006f00670079002f004d006900630072006f00620069006f006c006f00670079002f005000610072006100730069007400650073002f003f00740063003d003100000000640000000000fc0800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000210000000000bf000000000000001f0000000000000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001400000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid545335\charrsid545335 http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Microbiology/Parasites/?tc=1}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid147789 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Teapot Dome{\*\xmlclose} }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid147789 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid147789 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 With the exception of Watergate, there has never been a scandal more egregious and with wider implications than the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Teapot Dome{\*\xmlclose} affair during the presidency of Warren G. Harding. It involved the secret leasing to private companies of oil-containing tracts owned by the Navy, mainly in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Wyoming{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par "Domes" are natural reservoirs of crude oil. The "{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Teapot Dome{\*\xmlclose}" - named after a rock resembling the kitchen implement - was near {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Casper{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Wyoming{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It was "reserved" in 1920 for the future energy needs of American Navy vessels. \par Senator Albert B. Fall of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Mexico{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - Harding's secretary of the Interior - opposed this "conservation" policy. Hence his furtive attempt - in collusion with Secretary of the Navy, Edward Denby and others - to lease the domes to private extractors. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Teapot Dome{\*\xmlclose} was leased to Harry F. Sinclair's Mammoth Oil Company. The Elk Hills reserve in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was rented to Edward L. Doheny's Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company. The two gave Fall and others gifts and "loans" amounting to $400,000 - an enormous fortune at the time. \par The scandal was made public in 1922 in a long investigation by the U.S. Senate's Committee on Public Lands led by Senator Thomas J. Walsh from Montana and Senator Robert M. Lafollette. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid147789 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 After much prevarication by Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty, Fall was brought to justice. He sentenced to one year in prison and $100,00}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid14840667 0}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 fine in 1929 and many officials were imp licated. Daugherty himself resigned in 1924. When Harding died in 1923, he was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge and public outrage subsided. Coolidge acted resolutely and appointed special prosecutors under his personal supervision to protect the interests of the government. \par The Supreme Court annulled both the Elk Hills and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Teapot Dome{\*\xmlclose} leases in 1927. But, though government officials were convicted of corruption and conspiracy - no oilman was found guilty of bribing (still, they paid damages). Sinclair refused to collaborate with a second Senate investigation and hired gumshoes to shadow members of the jury in his case. He served a short sentence for tampering with a jury and for criminal contempt. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 The Democrats failed to capitalize on the affair and lost the presidential elections in both 1924 and 1928. \~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid147789 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 HYPERLINK "http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/teapot.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid8719579 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f00670069002e00670072006f006c006900650072002e0063006f006d002f0070007200650073006900640065006e00740073002f00650061002f0073006900640065002f00 74006500610070006f0074002e00680074006d006c0000000078000300000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/teapot.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 HYPERLINK "http://www.teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-2851.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\charrsid8719579 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740065006100630068006500720076006900730069006f006e002e0063006f006d002f006c006500730073006f006e002d0070006c0061006e007300 2f006c006500730073006f006e002d0032003800350031002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 http://www.teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-2851.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid147789\charrsid147789 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid545335 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf2\insrsid1005437\charrsid147789 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 Telev}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1005437 i}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 sion}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15665369\charrsid1005437 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1005437 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 The transmission of images obsessed inventors as early as 1875 when George Carey of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Boston{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} proposed\~ his cumbersome system. Only five years la ter, the principle of scanning a picture, line by line and frame by frame - still used in modern television sets - was proposed simultaneously in the USA (by W.E. Sawyer) and in France (by Maurice Leblanc). The first complete television system - using the newly discovered properties of selenium - was patented in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1884, by Paul Nipkow. Boris Rosing of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} actually transmitted images in 1907. The idea to incorporated cathode -ray tubes was proposed in\~ 1911 by a Scottish engineer, Campbell Swinton. \par \~ \par Another\~Scot, John Logie Baird, beat American inventor C.F. Jenkins to the mark by giving the first public demonstration of - a\~dim and badly flickering - television in 1926 in Soho, London. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} commenced experimental broadcasting almost immediately thereafter. Irish actress Peggy O'Neil was the first to be interviewed on TV in April 1930. The Japanese televised an elementary school baseball\~match in September 1931. Nazi Germany started its own broadcasting service in 1935 and offered coverage of the 1936 Olympics. By November 1936, the BBC was broadcasting daily }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5444783 from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Alexandra{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Palace{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 to all of 100 TV sets in the kingdom. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 At the beginning there were many competing standards on both sides of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Atlantic {\*\xmlclose}. Baird's technological solutions were trounced by Isaac Shoenberg and his team, set up in 1931 by Electric and\~ Musical Industries (EMI). RCA refined its own system, as did the Dutch Philips. Not until 1951 were the standards for public broadcasting set in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par But the Americans were the ones to grasp the commercial implications of television.\~ Bulova Clock paid $9 to WNBT of New York for the first 20-seconds TV spot, broadcast during a game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies in July 1941. Soap operas followed in February 1947 (DuMon t TV's A Woman to Remember) and the first\~TV news helicopter was\~launched by KTLA Channel 5 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Los Angeles{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}4 July 1958{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1005437 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 The first patent for color television was issued in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1904. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, the Russia-born American\~ innovator, came up with a complete color system in 1925. Baird himself demonstrated color TV transmission in 1928. Various researchers at Bell Laboratories perfected color television in the late 1920s. Georges Valenso of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} patented a series of breakthrough technologies in 1938. But color TV became widespread only in the 1960s.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1005437 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 HYPERLINK "http://www.tvhistory.tv/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2914732 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400760068006900730074006f00720079002e00740076002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000140000a200 007800000000000000d0000000000000000000000000003a00000000000000000000450000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 http://www.tvhistory.tv/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 HYPERLINK "http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2914732 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006f007600690061002e006e00650074002f007e006500720065006900740061006e002f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000003a0100090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1005437\charrsid1005437 http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9511335 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 Terrorists}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid1005437\charrsid9511335 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9511335 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 \par Domestic terrorism is not }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9511335 a new phenomenon in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United S}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 tates{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}March 1, 1954{\*\xmlclose},\~Puerto Rican freedom fighters - or terrorists -\~led by Lolita Lebron, opened fire in the US House of Representatives (Congress).\~ Five congressmen were wounded. They protested the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} ' "military occupation" of their country. The attackers were apprehended, imprisoned and released in 1979. They are considered heroes by the island's independence movement to this very day. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 HYPERLINK "http://www.albizucampos.com/march4.asp" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2325203 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006c00620069007a007500630061006d0070006f0073002e0063006f006d002f006d00610072006300680034002e00610073007000000000000000 000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000003d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 http://www.albizucampos.com/march4.asp}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 HYPERLINK "http://www.nzz.ch/english/background/background1999/background9905/bg990504puerto_rico_usa.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid2325203 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bc000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e007a007a002e00630068002f0065006e0067006c006900730068002f006200610063006b00670072006f0075006e0064002f006200610063006b00 670072006f0075006e00640031003900390039002f006200610063006b00670072006f0075006e00640039003900300035002f0062006700390039003000350030003400700075006500720074006f005f007200690063006f005f007500730061002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000c90000000003000100 000000000000000014000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 http://www.nzz.ch/english/background/background1999/background9905/bg990504puerto_rico_usa.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9511335\charrsid9511335 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid545335 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9511335 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 Thunder}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8879150 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8879150 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 Lightning strikes men about\~fo}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid282640 ur times more often than it strikes}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 women. Most men are under the age of 39. Men account for 84% of lightning-related fatalities and 82% of injuries, according to a study titled "Demographics of\~US Lightning Casualties and Damages from 1959 - 1994," by Ronald L. Holle and Ra\'fal {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}E. L\'f3pez{\*\xmlclose} of the National Severe Storms Laboratory and E. Brian Curran of the National Weather Service. \par In the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} alone there were 3,239 deaths and 9,818 injuries from lightning strikes betwe en 1959 and 1994, according to The National Weather Service publication }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\f0\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 Storm Data}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 . \par Lightning travels less than 20 kilometers from the cloud in which it was hatched. The air within the bolt is heated to many times the temperature on the surface of the sun (50,000 degrees Fahrenheit, or c. 28,000 degrees Celsius). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12021615 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 HYPERLINK "http://www.lightningstorm.com/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5652299 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006700680074006e0069006e006700730074006f0072006d002e0063006f006d002f00000000000000010000000000100000ae000001000000 00000000000000000000000000000000010003000000000000000000000000000000000000a80000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 http://www.lightningstorm.com/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12021615 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 HYPERLINK "http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd18jun99_1.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5652299 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006300690065006e00630065002e006e006100730061002e0067006f0076002f006e006500770068006f006d0065002f0068006500610064006c0069006e0065007300 2f006500730073006400310038006a0075006e00390039005f0031002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd18jun99_1.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12021615\charrsid8879150 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 HYPERLINK "http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid5652299 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00770073002e006e006f00610061002e0067006f0076002f006f006d002f00680061007a00730074006100740073002e007300680074006d006c00 0000000300000000000000000000000000a00000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid8879150\charrsid8879150 http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid9511335 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15665369\charrsid15665369 Titanic}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid545335\charrsid15665369 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15665369 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid15665369\charrsid15665369 The Titanic sank in less than 3 hours despite i ts 16 watertight compartments. Of 2220 passengers and crew aboard - 1513 died, including a few millionaires. Three survivors are still alive today. The Titanic carried passengers transferred to it from two other cruise liners due to a strike. \par The radio operator of the "Californian" was asleep and did not hear the Titanic's distress signals. \par The story of a huge gash inflicted on the 269 meters long ship is a myth. Sonar findings indicate that the damage was limited to 35 meters of the hull and had a surface area of merely 1 square meter. The ship seems to have broken in three pieces BEFORE it sank. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15665369\charrsid1005437 HYPERLINK "http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1005437 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0065006e006300790063006c006f00700065006400690061002d0074006900740061006e006900630061002e006f00720067002f000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15665369\charrsid1005437 http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15665369\charrsid1005437 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15665369\charrsid1005437 HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedrive.com/mitchk/interest.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1005437 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0073006300690065006e0063006500640072006900760065002e0063006f006d002f006d0069007400630068006b002f0069006e007400650072006500 730074002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000022100010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000046003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014000000 0000000003000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15665369\charrsid1005437 http://www.sciencedrive.com/mitchk/interest.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Tsunami}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par Tsunami - a seismic sea wave - means in Japanese "harbor-wave". It is also misleadingly called "tidal wave". It is an ocean wave caused by an }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/factoide.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0066006100630074006f006900640065002e00680074006d006c00000000000000 00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 earthquake}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 of magnitude 6.5 on the Richter scale (or greater) that occurs less than 50 kilometers beneath the seafloor. Tsunamis can also be caused by volcanic eruptions and by landslides. \par Tsunami waves are followed by three to five oscillations of the continental shelf waters. These convulsions may last up to a week. If the initial wave reaches the shore at its trough phase, the water recede and expose the seafloor. This happened in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lisbon{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Port{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}N ovember 1, 1755{\*\xmlclose}. A few minutes later, the displaced waters return with energetic vengeance. \par In the ocean, tsunami waves are merely 0.5-2 meters high with a wavelength of up to 200 kilometers. Consequently, they are virtually impalpable though they move at speeds of up to 700 kilometers per hour. As the waves near the shoreline, friction with the shallow bottom reduces their velocity, shortens their wavelength, increases their amplitude and their height. \par The tsunami wave that swept across the coasts of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Indonesia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Sri Lanka{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Thailand{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}India{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Africa{\*\xmlclose} on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}December 26, 2004{\*\xmlclose} was 10-12 meters high. It traveled almost 6000 kilometers. It killed almost 300,000 people. An earthquake in the fjord-like {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lituya Bay{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Alaska{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}July 9, 1958{\*\xmlclose}, generated a tsunami wave 524 meters (1719 feet) high, moving at a speed of 160 kilometer s per hour. Luckily, the area was largely uninhabited. \par Other notable tsunamis: \par In 1703 at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Awa{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} with more than 100,000 people dead. \par On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}April 24, 1771{\*\xmlclose}, a tsunami caused by an underwater earthquake struck the Japanese {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}island {\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ishigaki{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (in the Ryuku chain). It was 85 meters high. It was so powerful that it hurled a 750 ton piece of coral to a distance of 2.5 kilometers inland. \par Again in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 27,000 people drowned in 1896, in a giant tsunami. \par In the wake of the underwater volcanic eruptions that obliterated the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Krakatau {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (Krakatoa) on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}August 26-27, 1883{\*\xmlclose}, a wave 35 meters high swept across the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}East Indies{\*\xmlclose} killing in excess of 36,000 people. \par Triggered by a submarine landslide, a tsunami at least 375 meters high struck the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lanai {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} about 105,000 years ago. \par The 1960 earhquake in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chile{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} created tsunami waves that traveled more than 10,000 kilometers to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hilo{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hawaii{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The 12 meters high water wall killed 61 people and destroyed many buildings. \par The Seismic Sea Wave Warning System (SSWWS), based in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Honolulu{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, is an early warning system covering the entire, tsunami-prone, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pacific Ocean{\*\xmlclose}. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/welcome.html" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f0070006800790073002e00770061007300680069006e00670074006f006e002e006500640075002f007400730075006e0061006d006900 2f00770065006c0063006f006d0065002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/welcome.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f0065006e002e00770069006b006900700065006400690061002e006f00720067002f00770069006b0069002f005400730075006e0061006d00690000000000000000000000} }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid217444 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid9511335 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid217444 Tussaud, Madam Marie \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid621783 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 Marie Tussaud (her real name was a less French sounding Grosholtz) must have been a remarkable woman. From truly humble origins - her mother worked as the housekeeper of one, Dr. Philippe Curtius - she }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 \line }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 sprang to fame in less than 10 years. The good doctor owned and operated a small wax museum in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Paris{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and, when he died in 1794, Marie - who was his trainee and maybe more - inherited his collection of death masks and a house or two in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Paris{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid9511335 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 In 1780, nineteen years old Marie was appointed art tutor to the sister of King Louis XVI. For the next nine years her official residence was the sumptuous {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Palace{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Versailles{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . When the French Revolution turned into the Reign of Terror, she was commissioned to make death masks of the guillotined.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 \line \line }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 With 70 wax figures she embarked on a tour of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}England{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . The collection included replicas of the late Royal Family of France, a model of the guillotine, and an Egyptian mummy. It was a morbid hit. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4000518 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 In 1835 she settled in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and opened her establishment in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Baker Street {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The rest, as they say, is }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid4000518 h}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs28\f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 istory.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid621783\charrsid621783 \line \line } {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs28\f0\fs20\insrsid621783\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.madame-tussauds.com/frameset.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d006100640061006d0065002d00740075007300730061007500640073002e0063006f006d002f006600720061006d0065007300650074002e006800 74006d0000000000002b00000000000000000000001a000000000000000000000020006500430000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000330000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000 0000ec000000ee0000000002000100000000000000000000000078000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid621783\charrsid14244673 http://www.madame-tussauds.com/frameset.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid621783\charrsid14244673 \line \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs28\f0\fs20\insrsid621783\charrsid14244673 HYPERLINK "http://www.tussauds.com/cfm/home/index.cfm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14244673 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740075007300730061007500640073002e0063006f006d002f00630066006d002f0068006f006d0065002f0069006e006400650078002e0063006600 6d000000000000410000ff6f00000000001f00200000000000000000000000720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002200000000000000000000000000580000000100000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 0000000000000000000000003a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid621783\charrsid14244673 http://www.tussauds.com/cfm/home/index.cfm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs28\f0\fs20\insrsid3356736 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15665369 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs28\b\i\f0\insrsid9511335 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \cs28\b\i\f0\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 Twins}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid3356736 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3356736 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 Twins are born together or, at the most, a few minutes apart. Right? Wrong. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15665369 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 When one twin dies, the other can be born as much a s 153 days later. When both survive, the second twin can be born even two months later.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15665369 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 This is called "Delayed Interval Delivery". \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3356736 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15665369 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 HYPERLINK "http://am-i-pregnant.com/aip.data/article/show/birth/0/164717.shtml" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8791614 {\*\datafield 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}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10509944\charrsid3356736 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 HYPERLINK "http://www.expectingmultiples.com/Article2.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8791614 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0065007800700065006300740069006e0067006d0075006c007400690070006c00650073002e0063006f006d002f00410072007400690063006c006500 32002e00680074006d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007800000000063a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 00000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 http://www.expectingmultiples.com/Article2.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10509944\charrsid3356736 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 HYPERLINK "http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021108.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8791614 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300740072006100690067006800740064006f00700065002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006c0075006d006e0073002f0030003200310031003000 38002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000220000000000000000000000000000000000c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001100003000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021108.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 \~}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid10509944\charrsid3356736 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 HYPERLINK "http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/191/98-075.html" } {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid8791614 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006b00660073006800720063002e006500640075002e00730061002f0061006e006e0061006c0073002f003100390031002f00390038002d0030003700 35002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000001100000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid3356736\charrsid3356736 http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/191/98-075.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 Typhoid Mary}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 Mary Mallon was a "healthy carrier" of an infectious disease, the first ever reported and observed in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New World{\*\xmlclose}. \par \par But, since then, and throughout the first two decades of the 20th century, more than 100 people were added annually to the rolls of "healthy carriers" of typhoid in New-York alone. \par \par Moreover, though she infected 47 people with typhoid fever (11 of which were members of one family and their hired help) - only 3 of her inadvertent victims died. Tony Labella, another carrier, caused the death of 5 people (of 122 he had infected). \par \par But the nickname of this {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New York City{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , fiery Irish immigrant cook - Typhoid Mary - was widely dreaded in the early 1900s. Immune to the disease herself, she was the perfect carrier through her contaminated food. \par \par Private investigators hired in 1906 to find th e source of the epidemic failed. George Soper, a civil engineer, traced it back to 37-years old Mallon. When he confronted her with his suspicions and asked for samples of her blood and stool, she advanced on him with a carving knife. She similarly lunged with a "long kitchen knife" at policemen who accompanied visiting health officials. Having been found hiding in an areaway closet, under the staircase outside, on a neighbour's property, she was ultimately subdued. \par \par Atte mpts to cure her with Hexamethylenamin, laxatives, Urotropin, and brewer's yeast failed. She was quarantined in 1907 for a period of three years by health officials. She was released in February 1910 when she pledged not to prepare food for others again, to observe some rules of hygiene, to provide periodic fecal samples, and to notify the health department on changes of her address. \par She sued the Board of Health of the City of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New York{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1909. Weekly stool samples she sent to a private lab came consistently clean - while the same stool, analyzed by the department's own labs, turned out to be mostly infected with typhoid bacilli!!! \par \par She protested her innocence: \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 "This contention that I am a perpetual menace in the spread of typhoi d germs is not true. My own doctors say I have no typhoid germs. I am an innocent human being. I have committed no crime and I am treated like an outcast - a criminal. It is unjust, outrageous, uncivilized. It seems incredible that in a Christian communit y a defenseless woman can be treated in this manner.}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\super "}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 She lost the case though, in some respects, she was treated unfairly. Alphonse Cotils, another typhoid carrier, a restaurant and bakery owner who repeatedly violated his pledge not to prepare food for his clientele, got away with a mere reprimand. \par \par In 1911, inoculation for typhoid became publicly available - but few bothered as the disease had only a 10% fatality rate. \par \par Mallon reneged on her promises to the Health Board and in 1915 - using the pseudonym Ms. Brown - infected mothers and their newborns with typhoid at the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sloane {\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Maternity{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Hospital{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Manhattan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} where she worked as a cook. Twenty five people caught the fever and two of them died. \par \par She spent the next 23 years - until her death in 1938 - with her dog in quarantine at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Riverside{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Hospital{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Brother{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. She became a nurse, hospital help, and a kind of lab technician. After a massive stroke she suffered in 1932, she was transferred to the children's ward. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 HYPERLINK "http://history1900s.about.com/library/weekly/aa062900a.htm" }{ \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7600000068007400740070003a002f002f0068006900730074006f0072007900310039003000300073002e00610062006f00750074002e0063006f006d002f006c006900620072006100720079002f00770065006500 6b006c0079002f006100610030003600320039003000300061002e00680074006d00000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2 http://history1900s.about.com/library/weekly/aa062900a.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2631656 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs36 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs36\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 {\*\bkmkstart UVW} U-V-W}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid3356736 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3356736 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2631656 {\*\bkmkend UVW}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Uganda{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Scheme \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631656 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 Theodore Herzl, the visionary who founded Zionism, was an assimilated Jew, who did not consider {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} the optimal choice for a resurgent Jewish nationalism. \par \~ \par When the British offered to him a homeland in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}East Africa{\*\xmlclose} (today's {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Uganda{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}), he accepted and proposed it to the Sixth Zionist Congress in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Basle{\*\xmlclose} in 1903. After bitter recriminations, the Congress decided (295 for, 178 against) to send an "investigatory commission" to the territory to inspect it and report back. \par \~ \par Herzl vowed that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Uganda{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~scheme is not a substitute for the reclamation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} as the historic homeland of the Je wish people. But his actions defied his speech. He pursued the British proposal to his death (in 1904) as did many other prominent Jewish leaders, organized in the Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO). \par \~ \par The plan was decisively abandoned only after the Balfour Declaration which granted the Jewish people a homeland in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Palestine{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} under the British mandate. \par \~ \par Yet, in the meantime, other territorial plans emerged: in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Australia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Iraq{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Libya{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Angola{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Close to 10,000 Jews settled in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Stalin created a "Jewish Homeland" in Birobidjan. Even the Nazis tried to revive some of these "solutions to the Jewish\~ question" - notably in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Lublin{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Poland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~and in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Madagascar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 HYPERLINK "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Zionism/Uganda.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10036217 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00750073002d00690073007200610065006c002e006f00720067002f006a0073006f0075007200630065002f005a0069006f006e00690073006d002f00 5500670061006e00640061002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000de00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Zionism/Uganda.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 HYPERLINK "http://www.jewishamerica.com/ja/timeline/zionism.cfm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid10036217 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006a006500770069007300680061006d00650072006900630061002e0063006f006d002f006a0061002f00740069006d0065006c0069006e0065002f00 7a0069006f006e00690073006d002e00630066006d0000000000000000010000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001003a0000000000001b0000000000000000000000000000010000000010140000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid2631656\charrsid2631656 http://www.jewishamerica.com/ja/timeline/zionism.cfm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\charrsid11943586 Vegetarianism}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11943586 \par Vegetarianism is associated with compassion. Yet, it pops up in the most unlikely historical contexts. Hitler is alleged to have been a non-smoker (which he was) and a vegetarian (which, strictly speaking, he was not). True, he he is known t o have scathingly castigated meat eaters as cruel. He loved dogs and was surrounded by a few favourite canines even in his last days in the bunker in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Berlin {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11943586 \par But he many sources document his passion for caviar, Bavarian sausage s, liver dumplings, and ham, for instance. Moreover, the vegetarian movement in the Third Reich (Nazi Germany) was considered dangerously "cosmopolitan". It was (mildly) persecuted, was forced to abstain from participating in international activities and was forbidden to own offices or publish books. The state did allow individual vegetarians to convert their meat rations into dairy products, though.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11943586 \par Another curious affair involves the Japanese Shogun, Sunayoshi, who, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}January 28, 1687{\*\xmlclose}, fol lowing the death of his only and beloved son, became a devout Buddhist. He criminalized the killing of all land animals, and the eating of fish, shellfish, and birds. When he died, in January 1709, his successor (and cousin) Ienobu, freed 9000 violators o f the royal edict from jails across the country.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid11943586 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14053930 HYPERLINK "http://www.vrg.org" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9723116 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007600720067002e006f00720067002f0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\charrsid14053930 http://www.vrg.org}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14053930 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14053930 HYPERLINK "http://www.veg.org" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9723116 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b2800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007600650067002e006f00720067002f0000000000000000000072000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\charrsid14053930 http://www.veg.org}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14053930 \par \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid14053930 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/hitler.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \charrsid9723116 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f006800690074006c00650072002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000024 000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\charrsid14053930 http://samvak.tripod.com/hitler.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631656 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 Verdi, Giuseppe}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13653770\charrsid11420578 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11420578 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 Like Puccini, the career of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) did not start auspiciously. \par \~ \par Coming from a tiny hamlet and the son of an innkeeper and farmer, he was snootily rejected by the Milan Conservatory due to his "advanced age" and "poor playing of the piano". He, thus,\~ had to take private lessons from the Milanese composer, Vincenzo Lavigna. His second opera, King for a Day, was a flop. When his wife and two children died, he gave up composing altogether. \par \~ \par Luckily, the director of La Scala, the Milanese opera house, succeeded to convince him to rescind his vow. The result was Nabucco (1842). The opera was so adored that it was still playing in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Buenos Aires{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}St. Petersburg{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} a decade later. \par \~ \par As opposed to nostalgic re-writing of history, not least by Verdi himself,\~the fact is that the opera's \~ subject matter - the Babylonian captivity of the Jews - was not meant to allude to the subjugation of the Italian people to Austrian rule. Only after {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was unified in 1861, did Verdi propagate the apocryphal story of how he snapped out of his depression when the libretto fell and opened in the chorus "Va, pensiero", the song of the enslaved Hebrews. The new nation of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} needed heroes and Verdi was "recruited", his earlier work deliberately recast as subversively anti-Austrian and nationalistic. \par \~ \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11420578 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 A series of successful operas - such as Rigoletto (1851), Il Trovatore (1853) and La Traviata (1853) - brought him international acclaim. When the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Suez canal{\*\xmlclose} was completed, the Khedive of Egypt commissioned Aida (1871) to celebrate the opening of the waterway. \par \~ \par Verdi's dream was to retire early as a "gentleman-farmer" to land he purchased\~in 1844. He reluctantly served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies after the unification of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Italy{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1861 but soon resigned. He did finally settle down in 1873 and became a very wealthy landowner. \par \~ \par Like Puccini, Verdi lived, out of wedlock, with the common-law wife of a musical agent, the prima donna Giuseppina Strepponi. When she met Verdi, she already had three children, the oldest of whom was being reared by\~her former\~ maid. Verdi refused to allow her to accompany him on official travels, due to the scandal that swirled around their relationship. Moreover, he had at least one documented affair with the fianc\'e9 e of his best friend, Angelo Mariani. Her name was Teresa Stolz and she was a soprano opera singer. He loved her so much that she was even allowed to attend his deathbed. \par \~ \par Verdi was a very unpleasant and cantankerous p erson. He was known for his litigiousness, evasiveness, vindictiveness, reversals and constant bickering. He frequently clashed with censors due to the bold subject matter and librettos of his operas. But he gave rise to so much beauty that his personal f oibles are all but forgotten by now. \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 HYPERLINK "http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/main.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7623556 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f006f0070006500720061002e007300740061006e0066006f00720064002e006500640075002f00560065007200640069002f006d00610069006e002e00680074006d006c00 0000000000f8000000000000000000000000009e000000000000000000000000000000000000f100000000000000000000000003000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/main.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 HYPERLINK "http://www.r-ds.com/verdiana.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid7623556 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0072002d00640073002e0063006f006d002f007600650072006400690061006e0061002e00680074006d00000000000000000000000000000000000000 00100000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 http://www.r-ds.com/verdiana.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578\charrsid11420578 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631656 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid11420578 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13653770 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 Video Cassette Recorder}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid13653770 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13653770 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 \par A Californian company, Ampex Corporation, invented the video\~cassette recorder in\~1956. The Ampex VR1000 weighed 665 kilograms and stood 110 centimeters tall. It was not until 1972 that a home version was introduced by Philips of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Netherlands{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Sony introduced the first affordable home video recorder and player in 1969 but it was JVC (Matshushita) from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Japan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~which invented the VHS recording system in 1976 and\~competed with Sony's less successful Betamax standard.\~\~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 HYPERLINK "http://www.tvhistory.tv/VCR%20History.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15879435 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400760068006900730074006f00720079002e00740076002f00560043005200200048006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d0000000022 00e00000000000000000000010000000000000000001000000002a0000000000000000000000000000000000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 http://www.tvhistory.tv/VCR%20History.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 HYPERLINK "http://www.cedmagic.com/history/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid15879435 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300650064006d0061006700690063002e0063006f006d002f0068006900730074006f00720079002f00000000000000000000000000010000000000 000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid13653770\charrsid13653770 http://www.cedmagic.com/history/}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid13653770 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13653770 V}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 inci, Leonardo da}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2631656\charrsid15754159 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631656 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15754159 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15754159 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 Leona rdo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, cartographer, engineer, scientist and inventor in the 15th century. Yet, despite his genius, he referred to himself as\~"senza lettere" (the illiterate, the man without letters).\~ For good reason:\~ until late in life, he was unable to read, or write, Latin, the language used by virtually all other Renaissance intellectuals, the lingua franca, akin to English today. Nor was he acquainted with mathematics until he was 30. \par \~ \par Leonardo was born out of wedlock but was raised by his real father, a wealthy Florentine notary. He served at least ten years (1466-1476) as Garzone (apprentice) to Andrea del Verrocchio and painted details in Verrocchio's canvasses. Only in 1478, when he was 26, did he becom e independent. \par \~ \par He was not off to an auspicious start. He never executed his first commission (an altarpiece in the chapel of the Palazzo Vecchio della Signoria, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Florence {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s town hall). His first large paintings were left unfinished ("The Adoration of the Magi" and "Saint Jerome", both 1481). \par \~ \par Most of the sketches and studies for Leonardo's works of art and engineering are found on his shopping lists, personal notes, and personal expenditure ledgers. \par \~ \par No one was allowed to enter Leonardo's den, where he kept, as Giorgio Vasari in "Lives of the Artists", describes: }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid201510 "a number of green and other kinds of lizards, crickets, serpents, butterflies, locusts, hats, and various strange creatures of this nature". \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 \~ \par Leonardo's clients were often dissatisfied with his glacial pace, lack of\~professional discipline,\~and inability to\~conclude his assignments. He was frequently involved in litigation. The Cofraternity of the Immaculate Conception sued him\~ when he failed to produce the Virgin on the Rocks, an altarpiece they commissioned from him in 1483. The court proceedings lasted 10 years.\~The head of Jesus in "The Last Supper" was left\~ blank because Leonardo did not dare to paint a human model, nor did he trust his imagination sufficiently. Leonardo worked four years on the Mona Lisa but never\~completed it, either. He carried it with him wherever he went. \par \~ \par Leonardo's terra cota model for a colossal bronze sculpture of the father of his benefactor and employer, Ludovico Sforza, was used for t arget practice by invading French soldiers in 1499. The metal which was supposed to go into this work of art was molded into cannon balls. \par \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13653770 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 Leonardo was a member of the commission which deliberated where to place Michelangelo's magnificent statue of David. His cartographic work was so ahead of its time, that the express highway from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Florence{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to the sea - built in the 20th century - follows precisely the route of a canal he envisioned. His scientific investigations - in anatomy, hydraulics, mechanics, ornithology, botany - are considered valuable to this very day. Bill Gates owns some his notebooks containing scientific data and observations (known as the Codex Hammer).}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid13653770 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 But Leonardo's loyalties were fickle. He switched sides to the conquering French and in 1506 returned to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Milan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to work for its French governor, Charles D'Amboise. Later, he became court painter for King Louis XII of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} who, at the time, resided in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Milan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. In 1516, he relocated to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, to serve King Francis I and there he died. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15754159 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 \~ \par Leonardo summed up the lessons of his art in a series of missives to his students, probably in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Milan{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. These were later (1542)\~ collected by his close associate, Francesco Melzi, as "A Treatise on Painting" and published in print (1651, 1817). \par \~ \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 HYPERLINK "http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/LeoHomePage.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1005437 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006d006f0073002e006f00720067002f0073006c006e002f004c0065006f006e006100720064006f002f004c0065006f0048006f006d00650050006100 670065002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000000078001400000000003b05000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/LeoHomePage.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 HYPERLINK "http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/leonardo_da_vinci.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid1005437 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006100720074006300790063006c006f00700065006400690061002e0063006f006d002f0061007200740069007300740073002f006c0065006f006e00 6100720064006f005f00640061005f00760069006e00630069002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000100000001000000000030000000000000000000100000000dc000000100000001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid15754159\charrsid15754159 http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/leonardo_da_vinci.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5532882 \par \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 War}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12478016 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12478016 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12478016 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 In 1896\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Zanzibar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} surrendered to British forces\~ after 38-45 minutes. It was the shortest war in history. \par On {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}25 August 1896{\*\xmlclose}, following Sultan Hamid bin Thuwain death,\~an usurper declared himself the new Sultan in the palace.\line \line {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}England{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\~ran a protectorate on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Zanzibar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} since 1890.\~On\~ August 27, three warships of the Royal Navy opened fire and, in less than an hour,\~leveled the palace and deposed the wannabe.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12478016 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 \par The\~100-years war between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region }}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} lasted 117 years\~(1337-1453). The Britons were expelled from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Calais{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} only in 1558. This is by far the longest war in history.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12478016 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/factszone/history.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9913957 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006f006300690074006900650073002e0063006f006d002f00660061006300740073007a006f006e0065002f0068006900730074006f007200 79002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000780000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 http://www.geocities.com/factszone/history.html}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 HYPERLINK "http://www.readnrun.com/shortest_war.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9913957 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0072006500610064006e00720075006e002e0063006f006d002f00730068006f00720074006500730074005f007700610072002e00680074006d000000 0000000000000b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 http://www.readnrun.com/shortest_war.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 HYPERLINK "http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/hundred_years_war.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid9913957 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006b0075002e006500640075002f006b0061006e007300610073002f006d006500640069006500760061006c002f003100300038002f006c0065006300 740075007200650073002f00680075006e0064007200650064005f00790065006100720073005f007700610072002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12478016\charrsid12478016 http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/hundred_years_war.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12478016 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14565688 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 Warfare, Biological and Chemical}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14565688 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14565688 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 Chemical and biological warfare are not an invention of the 20th century. \par Solon (638-559 BC) used a strong purgative, the herb hellebore, in the siege of Krissa. During the 6th century BC, the Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with rye ergot. In the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), the Spartans flung sulfur and pitch at the Athenians and their allies. In the Middle Ages, besiegers used the bloated and dripping bodies of plague victims as readymade "dirty bombs". \par In 1346, during its siege of Kaffa (present day Feodosia in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Crimea{\*\xmlclose}), the Tartar army suffered an ou tbreak of the Plague. They hurled the corpses of their infected dead over the city walls and into the city's water wells. The resulting epidemic led to the city's surrender. It is widely believed that people afflicted with the horrendous disease fled the place and started the Black Death pandemic which consumed at least one third of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Europe{\*\xmlclose}'s population within a few years. Russian troops adopted the same tactic against {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Sweden{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1710. \par Smallpox was another favorite. Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) gave South American natives clothing items deliberately contaminated with the variola virus. During the French and Indian wars in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}North America {\*\xmlclose} (1689-1763), blankets used by smallpox victims were given to American Indians. General Jeffery Amherst (1717-1797) gifted Indians loyal to the French with smallpox-contaminated bedspreads during the French and Indian War of 1754 to 1767. An epidemic broke among the Native American defenders of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Fort{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Carillon{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and they lost it to the English.\~ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14565688 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 HYPERLINK "http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/HomePage/WhatsNew/MedAspects/contents.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6501418 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00620063002d006d00650064002e006f00720067002f00530069007400650043006f006e00740065006e0074002f0048006f006d00650050006100 670065002f00570068006100740073004e00650077002f004d006500640041007300700065006300740073002f0063006f006e00740065006e00740073002e00680074006d006c0000000000000001000000000000000000000001000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/HomePage/WhatsNew/MedAspects/contents.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 HYPERLINK "http://www.vectorsite.net/twgas.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid6501418 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0076006500630074006f00720073006900740065002e006e00650074002f00740077006700610073002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000 000000030000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 http://www.vectorsite.net/twgas.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14565688\charrsid14565688 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12478016 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid14565688 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid12809987 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid14565688 \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0\insrsid12809987\charrsid12809987 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Washington{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}DC{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12809987 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cf0\insrsid12809987\charrsid12809987 People who have resided in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Washington{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}DC{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for longer than 12 months were enfranchised - given the right to vote - only in 1961 with the passing of the 23rd amendment to the Constitution of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The Amendment was proposed in Congress on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}June 16, 1960{\*\xmlclose} and ratified on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}March 29, 1961{\*\xmlclose} . It reads: \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12809987 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid12809987\charrsid12809987 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Amendment XXIII \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12809987 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid12809987\charrsid12809987 Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: \par A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth arti cle of amendment. \par Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. \par The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}District of Columbia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was formed in 1802 from bits of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Maryland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Virginia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \insrsid12809987\charrsid12809987 HYPERLINK "http://www.vaix.net/~captainnemo/plan/23rd.htm" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0076006100690078002e006e00650074002f007e006300610070007400610069006e006e0065006d006f002f0070006c0061006e002f00320033007200 64002e00680074006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12809987\charrsid12809987 http://www.vaix.net/~captainnemo/plan/23rd.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \page }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Weimar{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}, Constitution of}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Weimar{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was established in February 1919 in defeated {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Germany{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} and lasted until March 1933, when it was replaced with Hitler's Third Reich. The Constitution of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Weimar{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was adopted in August 1919. It created a bicameral house of representatives: the Reichstag, a national assembly, and the Reichsrat, comprised of the representative of the various Lander (states). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs24\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 The Reichsrat could reject laws passed by the Reichstag. Th e Lander sported their own state parliaments, local police forces, and judiciary. During states of emergency, Lander assemblies and governments were suspended and they were ruled directly from the center. \par Elections were supposed to be held every 4 years an d anyone over 20 years of age could vote. A system of proportional representation gave voice and presence in the Reichstag to even the smallest political parties. One tenth of the population could force a referendum on draft legislation rejected by the Re ichstag. \par The President, elected by universal suffrage,\~ was the head of state and served a term in office of seven years. He appointed and dismissed the Chancellor (prime minister) and commanded the Republic's much-reduced armed forces. He had the right to veto laws passed by the Reichstag, dissolve it and call early elections and referenda. He could also rule by decree, having declared a state of emergency. \par The Weimar Constitution guaranteed the right to local self-government, a "dignified existence", economic and religious freedoms, freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and the right to form trade unions. \par The Weimar Constitution was never abrogated or replaced. it remained in force until 1949 - throughout the 12 years of the Third Reich. \par But on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}February 28, 1933{\*\xmlclose} - a day after the Reichstag building was set on fire, allegedly as part of a "Communist plot" - Hitler submitted to von Hindenburg, the ailing and octogenarian German president, an emergency decree titled }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 "For the Protection of People and State; to guard against Communist acts of violence endangering the state".}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par Article 1 of the decree suspended all rights guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution. It read: \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\f0 "Thus, restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinio n, including freedom of the press, on the right of association and assembly, and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communications, and warrants for house-searches, orders for confiscations, as well as restrictions on propert y rights are permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed."}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par Article 2 of the decree allowed the Reich government to take over the power of the Lander governments in order to restore security and order. \par The Weimar Constitution was a dead letter. \par The 13,000 word Constitution, adopted in 1949, by {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}West Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, was patterned after its {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Weimar{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} predecessor but contained safeguards against its own suspension by a wilful dictator and against the declaration of aggressive war.\~ The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Land{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bavaria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - an important constituent of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}West Germany{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - refused to ratify it because it deemed it too "centralistic" (not enough power was granted to the Lander). \par The first elections under this revamped document took place in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}August 14, 1949{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20 HYPERLINK "http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html" }{\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700650062002e006a006a00610079002e00630075006e0079002e006500640075002f007e006a006f0062007200690065006e002f007200650066006500720065006e00 630065002f006f006200310033002e00680074006d006c000000006f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2 http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs20 \ltrch \fs20 \~ \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 HYPERLINK "http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007a0075006d002e00640065002f00700073006d002f007700650069006d00610072002f007700650069006d00610072005f007600760065002e007000 6800700000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2 http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 HYPERLINK "http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006a006f0068006e00640063006c006100720065002e006e00650074002f005700650069006d006100720032002e00680074006d0000000000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2 http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 HYPERLINK "http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/ASLevel_History/week2_theweimarconsitution.htm" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007300630068006f006f006c00730068006900730074006f00720079002e006f00720067002e0075006b002f00410053004c006500760065006c005f00 48006900730074006f00720079002f007700650065006b0032005f007400680065007700650069006d006100720063006f006e007300690074007500740069006f006e002e00680074006d0000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2 http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/ASLevel_History/week2_theweimarconsitution.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15754159 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24 \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 Women\rquote s Rights}{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15754159\charrsid5532882 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631656 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid15754159\charrsid2631656 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5532882 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 The equality of the genders is a recent development. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Switzerland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} granted women the right to vote in national polls only in 1971 - long after Muslim women\~in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region }}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tunisia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Morocco{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Algeria{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Indonesia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} , for instance, were enfranchised. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} allowed them to cast ballots only in 1928-9.\~Women in\~{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}France{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} were not allowed be sole signatories of cheques until 1962. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid14565688 \par \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 In the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} women were barred from jury duty and public office until the early 1930s. Women in both the Republican and Democratic parties were relegated to special "Divisions" until 1952. The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in 1923 and passed both houses of Congress only in 1972. It expired in 1982, three states short of adoption. }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid5532882 The first woman governor }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 \endash }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid5532882 }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 Nellie Tayloe Ross}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid5532882 of }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Wyoming{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - was elected in 192}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid5532882 4}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 , upon the death of the previous governor, her husband.}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\charrsid5532882 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5532882 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 \~ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 The }{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24 second}{\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 woman governor - Ella Grasso of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Connecticut{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} - was elected in 1974 and the first judge of the Supreme Court - Sandra Day O'Connor - was appointed in 1981. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5532882 {\rtlch \af0\afs24 \ltrch \f0\fs24\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Society/People/Women/Women%27s_Rights/" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14233609 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0064006d006f007a002e006f00720067002f0053006f00630069006500740079002f00500065006f0070006c0065002f0057006f006d0065006e002f0057006f006d006500 6e0025003200370073005f005200690067006800740073002f0000000000000000000003000004000000000000000000000000140000000000000000000000ba00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 http://dmoz.org/Society/People/Women/Women%27s_Rights/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 \par \~ \par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 HYPERLINK "http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/history.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14233609 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0072006f0063006800650073007400650072002e006500640075002f005300420041002f0068006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d006c00 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100100000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/history.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\insrsid5532882\charrsid5532882 HYPERLINK "http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/timeline1.html" }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\charrsid14233609 {\*\datafield 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\page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856\charrsid3356736 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35\afs32 \ltrch \b\i\f0\fs32 {\*\bkmkstart Author}T H E A U T H O R{\*\bkmkend Author} \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs20\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs20\expnd8\expndtw40\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\cgrid0 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Shmuel (Sam) Vaknin}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Curriculum Vitae \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par \par Born in 1961 in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Qiryat-Yam{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par Served in the Israeli Defence Force (1979-1982) in training and education units. \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Education \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par Graduated a few semesters in the Technion \endash Israel Institute of Technology, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Haifa{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par Ph.D. in Philosophy (major: Philosophy of Physics) \endash {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Pacific Western University{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}California {\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par Graduate of numerous courses in Finance Theory and International Trading. \par Certified }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/transcript/public/viewtranscript.xml?pid=781937"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90ba200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0063006f006d002f0078006d006c002f00620062002f007400720061006e007300630072006900 700074002f007000750062006c00690063002f0076006900650077007400720061006e007300630072006900700074002e0078006d006c003f007000690064003d0037003800310039003300370000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 E-Commerce Concepts Analyst}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 by }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/business/aboutbrainbench.xml" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0063006f006d002f0078006d006c002f00620062002f0062007500730069006e00650073007300 2f00610062006f007500740062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0078006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Brainbench}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 . \par Certified in }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK 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"http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/business/aboutbrainbench.xml"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0063006f006d002f0078006d006c002f00620062002f0062007500730069006e00650073007300 2f00610062006f007500740062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0078006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Brainbench}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 . \par Certified }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.brainbench.com/xml/bb/transcript/public/viewtranscript.xml?pid=781937" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0063006f006d002f0078006d006c002f00620062002f0062007500730069006e00650073007300 2f00610062006f007500740062007200610069006e00620065006e00630068002e0078006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Brainbench}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 . \par Full proficiency in Hebrew and in English. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par Business Experience \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1980 to 1983 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Founder and co-owner of a chain of computerized information kiosks in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tel-Aviv{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1982 to 1985 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Senior positions with the Nessim D. Gaon Group of Companies in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Geneva{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Paris{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and New-York (NOGA and APROFIM SA): \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-120\li120\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin120\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash Chief Analyst of Edible Commodities in the Group's Headquarters in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Switzerland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par \endash Manager of the Research and Analysis Division \par \endash Manager of the Data Processing Division \par \endash Project Manager of the Nigerian Computerized Census \par \endash Vice President in charge of RND and Advanced Technologies \par \endash Vice President in charge of Sovereign Debt Financing \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1985 to 1986 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Represented Canadian Venture Capital Funds in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1986 to 1987 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 General Manager of IPE Ltd. in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. The firm financed international multi-lateral countertrade and leasing transactions. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1988 to 1990 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Co-founder and Director of "Mikbats-Tesuah", a portfolio management firm based in Tel-Aviv. \par Activities included large-scale portfolio management, underwriting, forex trading and general financial advisory services. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1990 to Present \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Freelance consultant to many of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Blue-Chip firms, mainly on issues related to the capital markets in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}. \par Consultant to foreign RND ventures and to governments on macro-economic matters. \par Freelance journalist and analyst for various media in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1990 to 1995 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 President of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} chapter of the Professors World Peace Academy (PWPA) and (briefly) {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} representative of the "Washington Times". \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1993 to 1994 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Co-owner and Director of many business enterprises: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-120\li120\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin120\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash The Omega and Energy Air-Conditioning Concern \par \endash AVP Financial Consultants \par \endash Handiman Legal Services \endash Total annual turnover of the group: 10 million USD. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Co-owner, Director and Finance Manager of COSTI Ltd. \endash {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s largest computerized information vendor and developer. Raised funds through a series of private placements locally in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1993 to 1996 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Publisher and Editor of a Capital Markets Newsletter distributed by subscription only to dozens of subscribers countrywide. \par In a legal precedent in 1995 \endash studied in business schools and law faculties across {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \endash was tried for his role in an attempted takeover of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s Agriculture Bank. \par Was interned in the State School of Prison Wardens. \par Managed the Central School Library, wrote, published and lectured on various occasions. \par Managed the Internet and International News Department of an Israeli mass media group, "Ha-Tikshoret and Namer". \par Assistant in the Law Faculty in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Tel-Aviv{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}University{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (to Prof. S.G. Shoham). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1996 to 1999 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Financial consultant to leading businesses in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}Russia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Czech{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}. \par Economic commentator in "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006f00760061006d0061006b00650064006f006e0069006a0061002e0063006f006d002e006d006b002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Nova Makedonija}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/" }{ \rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0064006e00650076006e0069006b002e0063006f006d002e006d006b002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Dnevnik}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", "Makedonija Denes", "Izvestia", "Argumenti i Fakti", "The Middle East Times", "} {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.pritomnost.cz/index.php?fulltext=vaknin" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0070007200690074006f006d006e006f00730074002e0063007a002f0069006e006400650078002e007000680070003f00660075006c006c0074006500 780074003d00760061006b006e0069006e0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 The New Presence}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-review.org/authorarchives/vaknin_archive/vaknin_main.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630065002d007200650076006900650077002e006f00720067002f0061007500740068006f007200610072006300680069007600650073002f007600 61006b006e0069006e005f0061007200630068006900760065002f00760061006b006e0069006e005f006d00610069006e002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Central Europe Review}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", and other periodicals, and in the economic programs on various channels of Macedonian Television. \par Chief Lecturer in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in courses organized by the Agency of Privatization, by the Stock Exchange, and by the Ministry of Trade. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 1999 to 2002 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Economic Advisor to the Government of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Republic{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Macedonia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and to the Ministry of Finance. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af35\afs26\alang1037 \ltrch \b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af35\hich\af35\dbch\af34\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\fs16 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 2001 to 2003 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Senior Business Correspondent for }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/briefs.html"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Author of extensive Web sites in: \par \endash Psychology (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3400000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 "Malignant Self Love"}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ) \endash An }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Personality/Narcissistic"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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"http://samvak.tripod.com/thebook.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0074006800650062006f006f006b002e00680074006d006c0000000000}} }{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 The Narcissism Series}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 (e-books regarding relationships with abusive narcissists), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1999-2007 \par "}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://samvak.tripod.com/after.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4800000068007400740070003a002f002f00730061006d00760061006b002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f00610066007400650072002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 After the Rain \endash How the West Lost the East}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ", Narcissus Publications in association with } {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-review.org/authorarchives/vaknin_archive/aftertherain.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630065002d007200650076006900650077002e006f00720067002f0061007500740068006f007200610072006300680069007600650073002f007600 61006b006e0069006e005f0061007200630068006900760065002f00610066007400650072007400680065007200610069006e002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Central Europe Review/CEENMI}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 , {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Prague{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Skopje{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 2000 \par Winner of numerous awards, among them }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.yediothsfarim.co.il/catalog1.asp?bID=3621609" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0079006500640069006f0074006800730066006100720069006d002e0063006f002e0069006c002f0063006100740061006c006f00670031002e006100 730070003f006200490044003d00330036003200310036003000390000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 Israel's Council of Culture and Art Prize for Maiden Prose}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 (1997), The Rotary Club Award for Social Studies (1976), and the Bilateral Relations Studies Award of the American Embassy in Israel (1978). \par Hundreds of professional articles in all fields of finances and the economy, and numerous articles dealing with geopolitical and political economic issues published in both print and Web periodicals in many countries. \par Many appearances in the electronic media on subjects in philosophy and the sciences, and concerning economic matters. \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \b\i\f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Write to Me: \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "mailto:palma@unet.com.mk" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b320000006d00610069006c0074006f003a00700061006c006d006100400075006e00650074002e0063006f006d002e006d006b0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 palma@unet.com.mk}}}\sectd 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\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 My Web Sites: \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af35\afs18\alang1037 \ltrch \f35\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\i\f0 Economy/Politics:}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 HYPERLINK "http://ceeandbalkan.tripod.com/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f0063006500650061006e006400620061006c006b0061006e002e0074007200690070006f0064002e0063006f006d002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://ceeandbalkan.tripod.com/}}}\sectd 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\li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\ai\af35 \ltrch \b\i\f0 {\*\bkmkend advertisement}Abused? Stalked? Harassed? Bullied? Victimized? \par Afraid? Confused? Need HELP? DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Had a Narcissistic Parent? \par Married to a Narcissist \endash or Divorcing One? \par Afraid your children will turn out the same? \par Want to cope with this pernicious, baffling condition? \par OR \par Are You a Narcissist \endash or suspect that You are one\'85 \par This book will teach you how to\'85 \par Cope, Survive, and Protect Your Loved Ones! \par You should read\'85 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited" \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The EIGHTH, REVISED PRINTING (January 2007) is now available! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Seven additional e-books, All NEW Editions, JUST RELEASED!!! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Malignant Self Love, Toxic Relationships, \par Pathological Narcissism, Coping with Divorce, \par The Narcissist and Psychopath in the Workplace \endash and MORE!!! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Click on this link to purchase the PRINT BOOK and/or \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 the EIGHT E-BOOKS \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/thebook.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002f00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063002d00610062007500730065002e0063006f006d002f0074006800650062006f006f006b002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79 f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063002d00610062007500730065002e0063006f006d002f0074006800650062006f006f006b002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/thebook.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 NEW OFFER Sell my books and earn commissions! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/thebook.html#affiliate" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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\li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Sam Vaknin published the EIGHTH, REVISED IMPRESSION of his book about relationships with abusive narcissists, }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 . \par The book deals with the Narcissistic Personality Disorder and its effects on the narcissist and his nearest and dearest \endash in 102 frequently asked questions and two essays \endash a total of 600 pages! \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 Print Edition from BARNES AND NOBLE and AMAZON \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 \par Barnes and Noble}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited" EIGHTH, Revised, Impression (January 2007) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 ON {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}SALE {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} starting at $40.45 !!! \par INSTEAD OF the publisher's list price of $54.95 (including shipping and handling)!!! \par That's more than $14 off the publisher's list price!!!! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to purchase the paper edition: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://barnesandnoble.bfast.com/booklink/click?ISBN=8023833847" }{ \rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003f00000068007400740070003a002f002f006200610072006e006500730061006e0064006e006f0062006c0065002e00620066006100730074002e0063006f006d002f0062006f006f006b006c0069006e006b002f0063006c00690063006b003f0049005300 42004e003d0038003000320033003800330033003800340037000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7e00000068007400740070003a002f002f006200610072006e006500730061006e0064006e006f0062006c0065002e00620066006100730074002e0063006f006d002f0062006f006f006b006c0069006e006b 002f0063006c00690063006b003f004900530042004e003d00380030003200330038003300330038003400370000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://barnesandnoble.bfast.com/booklink/click?ISBN=8023833847}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited" is now available from }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Amazon Canada }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash Click on this link: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/tg/detail/offer-listing/-/8023833847/new/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004b00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006d0061007a006f006e002e00630061002f0065007800650063002f006f006200690064006f0073002f00740067002f00640065007400610069006c002f006f0066006600650072002d00 6c0069007300740069006e0067002f002d002f0038003000320033003800330033003800340037002f006e00650077002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006d0061007a006f006e002e00630061002f0065007800650063002f006f0062 00690064006f0073002f00740067002f00640065007400610069006c002f006f0066006600650072002d006c0069007300740069006e0067002f002d002f0038003000320033003800330033003800340037002f006e00650077002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/tg/detail/offer-listing/-/8023833847/new/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par And from }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Amazon.com \endash }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/8023833847/" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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Lost the East"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \endash Click on this link: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35\afs17 \ltrch \f0\fs17 HYPERLINK "http://barnesandnoble.bfast.com/booklink/click?ISBN=802385173X" }{\rtlch \af35\afs17 \ltrch \f0\fs17 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003f00000068007400740070003a002f002f006200610072006e006500730061006e0064006e006f0062006c0065002e00620066006100730074002e0063006f006d002f0062006f006f006b006c0069006e006b002f0063006c00690063006b003f0049005300 42004e003d0038003000320033003800350031003700330058000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7e00000068007400740070003a002f002f006200610072006e006500730061006e0064006e006f0062006c0065002e00620066006100730074002e0063006f006d002f0062006f006f006b006c0069006e006b 002f0063006c00690063006b003f004900530042004e003d00380030003200330038003500310037003300580000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0\afs17 \ltrch \cs20\f0\fs17\ul\cf2 http://barnesandnoble.bfast.com/booklink/click?ISBN=802385173X}}}\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35\afs17 \ltrch \f0\fs17 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 Print Edition from the PUBLISHER \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par The previous revised impression of Sam Vaknin's "Malignant Self \endash Love \endash Narcissism Revisited". \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Comes with an exclusive BONUS PACK (not available through Barnes and Noble or Amazon). \par Contains the entire text: essays, frequently asked questions and appendices regarding pathological narcissism and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). \par The publisher charges the full list price \endash but throws into the bargain a bonus pack with hundreds of additional pages. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_MSL" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 are available as well as a free NEW EDITION of the Narcissism Book of Quotes \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link to download the files: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/freebooks.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003100000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063002d00610062007500730065002e0063006f006d002f00660072006500650062006f006f006b0073002e00680074006d006c000000 e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063002d00610062007500730065002e0063006f006d002f00660072006500650062006f006f006b0073002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/freebooks.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "After the Rain \endash How the West Lost the East" \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The history, cultures, societies, and economies of countries in transition in the Balkans. \par Click on this link to purchase this print book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ATR" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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\ltrch \b\f0\fs20 Electronic Books (e-books) from the Publisher \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }{\rtlch \af35\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16 An }{\rtlch \ab\af35\afs16 \ltrch \i\f0\fs16 electronic book}{\rtlch \af35\afs16 \ltrch \f0\fs16 is a computer file, sent to you as an attachment to an e-mail message. Just save it to your hard disk and click on the file to open, read, and learn! \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \f0 1.\tab "}{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The e-book version of Sam Vaknin's "Malignant Self \endash Love \endash Narcissism Revisited". Contains the entire text: essays, frequently asked questions (FAQs) and appendices regarding pathological narcissism and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_MSL-EBOOK" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f004d005300 4c002d00450042004f004f004b000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d 005f004d0053004c002d00450042004f004f004b0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_MSL-EBOOK}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 2.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "The Narcissism Series"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 EIGHT e-books (more than 2500 pages), including the full text of "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited", regarding Pathological Narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists and psychopaths, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). \par Click on this link to purchase the EIGHT e-books: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_SERIES" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0053004500 52004900450053000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f00530045 00520049004500530000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_SERIES}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 3.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Toxic Relationships \endash Abuse and its Aftermath"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Fourth Edition (February 2006) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 How to identify abuse, cope with it, survive it, and deal with your abuser and with the system in divorce and custody issues. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ABUSE" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003500000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0041004200 5500530045000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f004100420055 005300450000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ABUSE}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 4.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "The Narcissist and Psychopath in the Workplace"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 (September 2006) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Identify abusers, bullies, and stalkers in the workplace (bosses, colleagues, suppliers, and authority figures) and learn how to cope with them effectively. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_WORKPLACE" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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\fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 5.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Abusive Relationships Workbook"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 (February 2006) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Self-assessment questionnaires, tips, and tests for victims of abusers, batterers, and stalkers in various types of relationships. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_WORKBOOK" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0057004f00 52004b0042004f004f004b000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f 0057004f0052004b0042004f004f004b0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_WORKBOOK}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 6.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Pathological Narcissism FAQs"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Dozens of Frequently Asked Questions regarding Pathological Narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_FAQS" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0046004100 510053000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0046004100510053 0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_FAQS}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 7.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "The World of the Narcissist"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li312\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin312\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Eighth, Revised Edition (January 2007) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 A book-length psychodynamic study of pathological narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder, using a new vocabulary. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ESSAY" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003500000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0045005300 5300410059000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f004500530053 004100590000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ESSAY}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 8.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Excerpts from the Archives of the Narcissism List"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Hundreds of excerpts from the archives of the Narcissistic Abuse Study List regarding Pathological Narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_EXCERPTS" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0045005800 4300450052005000540053000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f 004500580043004500520050005400530000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_EXCERPTS}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 9.\tab }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Diary of a Narcissist"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 (November 2005) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The anatomy of one man's mental illness \endash its origins, its unfolding, its outcomes. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_JOURNAL" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003700000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f004a004f00 550052004e0041004c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f004a 004f00550052004e0041004c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_JOURNAL}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 10.\tab "}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 After the Rain \endash How the West Lost the East" \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The history, cultures, societies, and economies of countries in transition in the Balkans. \par Click on this link to purchase the e-book: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ATR-EBOOK" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d005f0041005400 52002d00450042004f004f004b000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00630063006e006f0077002e0063006f006d002f006300670069002d006c006f00630061006c002f0063006100720074002e006300670069003f00760061006b00730061006d 005f004100540052002d00450042004f004f004b0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.ccnow.com/cgi-local/cart.cgi?vaksam_ATR-EBOOK}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Download Free Electronic Books \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on this link: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/freebooks.html" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003100000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063002d00610062007500730065002e0063006f006d002f00660072006500650062006f006f006b0073002e00680074006d006c000000 e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063002d00610062007500730065002e0063006f006d002f00660072006500650062006f006f006b0073002e00680074006d006c0000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/freebooks.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0\fs20 More about the Books and Additional Resources \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par The Eighth, Revised Impression (January 2007) of the Print Edition of }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited"}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 includes: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-115\li115\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin115\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \bullet \tab The full text of "Malignant Self Love \endash Narcissism Revisited" \par \bullet \tab The full text of 102 Frequently Asked Questions and Answers \par \bullet \tab Covering all the dimensions of Pathological Narcissism and Abuse in Relationships \par \bullet \tab An Essay \endash The Narcissist's point of view \par \bullet Bibliography \par \bullet \tab 600 printed pages in a quality paper book \par \bullet \tab Digital Bonus Pack! (available only when you purchase the previous edition from the Publisher) \endash Bibliography, three e-books, additional FAQs, appendices and more \endash hundreds of additional pages! \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par \par }{\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Testimonials and Additional Resources \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 You can read Readers' Reviews at the Barnes and Noble Web page dedicated to "Malignant Self Love" \endash HERE: \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://barnesandnoble.bfast.com/booklink/click?ISBN=8023833847" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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\b\f0 Dozens of Links and Resources \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 Click on these links: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The Narcissistic Abuse Study List \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/narcissisticabuse" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003000000068007400740070003a002f002f00670072006f007500700073002e007900610068006f006f002e0063006f006d002f00670072006f00750070002f006e0061007200630069007300730069007300740069006300610062007500730065000000e0c9 ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f00670072006f007500700073002e007900610068006f006f002e0063006f006d002f00670072006f00750070002f006e00610072006300690073007300690073007400690063006100620075007300650000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/narcissisticabuse}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 The Toxic Relationships Study List \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/toxicrelationships" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 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Groups for Narcissists and Their Victims, and Tutorials \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 HYPERLINK "http://www.suite101.com/links.cfm/npd" }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730075006900740065003100300031002e0063006f006d002f006c0069006e006b0073002e00630066006d002f006e00700064000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4c0000006800 7400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00730075006900740065003100300031002e0063006f006d002f006c0069006e006b0073002e00630066006d002f006e007000640000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs20\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.suite101.com/links.cfm/npd}}} \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx709\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj 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\li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ab\af35 \ltrch \b\f0 Sam Vaknin \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \page }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \i\f0\fs44 Malignant Self Love}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }{\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \f0\fs28 Narcissism Revisited}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 \par The Book}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \i\f0\cgrid0 "Narcissists live in a state of constant rage, repressed aggression, envy and hatred. They firmly believe that everyone is like them. As a result, they are paran oid, aggressive, haughty and erratic. Narcissists are forever in pursuit of Narcissistic Supply. \par They know no past or future, are not constrained by any behavioural consistency, 'rules' of conduct or moral considerations. You signal to a narcissist that you are a willing source \endash and he is bound to extract his supply from you. \par This is a reflex.}{\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \i\f0 \par }{\rtlch \ai\af35 \ltrch \i\f0\cgrid0 He would have reacted absolutely the same to any other source. If what is needed to obtain supply from you is intimations of intimacy \endash he will supply them liberally."}{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 This book is comprised of two parts. \par The first part contains 102 Frequently Asked Questions related to the various aspects of pathological narcissism, relationships with abusive narcissists, and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par The second part is an exposition of the various psychodynamic theories regarding pathological narcissism and a proposed new vocabulary. \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \b\f0 The Author \par }{\rtlch \af35 \ltrch \f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl312\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0 Sam Vaknin was born in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region }}Israel{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1961. A financial consultant and columnist, he lived (and published) in 12 countries. He is a published and awarded author of short fiction and reference and an editor of mental health categories in various Web directories. This is his twelfth book.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \f0\insrsid6439856 \par }}